Hrushovski construction

In model theory, a branch of mathematical logic, the Hrushovski construction generalizes the Fraïssé limit by working with a notion of strong substructure $\leq$ rather than $\subseteq$. It can be thought of as a kind of "model-theoretic forcing", where a (usually) stable structure is created, called the generic. The specifics of $\leq$ determine various properties of the generic, with its geometric properties being of particular interest. It was initially used by Ehud Hrushovski to generate a stable structure with an "exotic" geometry, thereby refuting Zil'ber's Conjecture.

Three conjectures

The initial applications of the Hrushovski construction refuted two conjectures and answered a third question in the negative. Specifically, we have:

• Lachlan's Conjecture Any stable $\aleph _{0}$-categorical theory is totally transcendental.
• Zil'ber's Conjecture Any uncountably categorical theory is either locally modular or interprets an algebraically closed field.
• Cherlin's Question Is there a maximal (with respect to expansions) strongly minimal set?

The construction

Let L be a finite relational language. Fix C a class of finite L-structures which are closed under isomorphisms and substructures. We want to strengthen the notion of substructure; let $\leq$ be a relation on pairs from C satisfying:

• $A\leq B$ implies $A\subseteq B$.
• $A\subseteq B\subseteq C$ and $A\leq C$ implies $A\leq B$
• $\varnothing \leq A$ for all $A\in \mathbb {C}$.
• $A\leq B$ implies $A\cap C\leq B\cap C$ for all $C\in \mathbb {C}$.
• If $f:A\rightarrow A'$ is an isomorphism and $A\leq B$, then $f$ extends to an isomorphism $B\rightarrow B'$ for some superset of $B$ with $A'\leq B'$.

An embedding $f:A\hookrightarrow D$ is strong if $f(A)\leq D$.

We also want the pair (C, $\leq$) to satisfy the amalgamation property: if $A\leq B_{1},A\leq B_{2}$ then there is a $D\in \mathbb {C}$ so that each $B_{i}$ embeds strongly into $D$ with the same image for $A$.

For infinite $D$, and $A\in \mathbb {C}$, we say $A\leq D$ iff $A\leq X$ for $A\subseteq X\subseteq D$, $X\in \mathbb {C}$. For any $A\subseteq D$, the closure of $A$ (in $D$), $\operatorname {cl} _{D}(A)$ is the smallest superset of $A$ satisfying $\operatorname {cl} (A)\leq D$.

Definition A countable structure $G$ is a (C, $\leq$)-generic if:

• For $A\subseteq _{\omega }G$, $A\in \mathbb {C}$.
• For $A\leq G$, if $A\leq B$ then $B$ there is a strong embedding of $B$ into $G$ over $A$
• $G$ has finite closures: for every $A\subseteq _{\omega }G$, $\operatorname {cl} _{G}(A)$ is finite.

Theorem If (C, $\leq$) has the amalgamation property, then there is a unique (C, $\leq$)-generic.

The existence proof proceeds in imitation of the existence proof for Fraïssé limits. The uniqueness proof comes from an easy back and forth argument.

References

• E. Hrushovski. A stable $\aleph _{0}$-categorical pseudoplane. Preprint, 1988
• E. Hrushovski. A new strongly minimal set. Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 52:147–166, 1993.
• Slides on Hrushovski construction from Frank Wagner