1891 Atlantic hurricane season
| 1891 Atlantic hurricane season | |
|---|---|
 Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | July 3, 1891 |
| Last system dissipated | November 6, 1891 |
| Strongest storm | |
| Name | "Martinique" |
| • Maximum winds | 125 mph (205 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
| • Lowest pressure | 961 mbar (hPa; 28.38 inHg) |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total storms | 10 |
| Hurricanes | 7 |
| Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 1 |
| Total fatalities | 700+ |
| Total damage | Unknown |
| Related article | |
The 1891 Atlantic hurricane season began during the summer and ran through the late fall of 1891. The season had ten tropical cyclones. Seven of these became hurricanes; one becoming a major Category 3 hurricane.
Because there were no modern satellite or other remote-sensing technologies, only cyclones that affected populated land areas or that encountered ships at sea are currently known, so the true total could be higher. For the years 1886 through 1910, an undercount bias of zero to four tropical cyclones per year has been estimated.[1]
The tracks of four of the ten cyclones were revised in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas.[2] Following re-analysis in 2003, two storms previously considered distinct are now regarded as a single system, Tropical Storm 8. A number of other storms from 1891 were considered for inclusion in the Atlantic hurricane database, HURDAT, but are currently excluded due to a lack of evidence of tropical storm intensity.[3]
Timeline
[edit]
Systems
[edit]Hurricane One
[edit]| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | July 3 – July 8 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min); 977 mbar (hPa) |
Ships reported a low-pressure area in the Gulf of Mexico northwest of Campeche beginning on July 3, which is believed to have been a tropical storm.[2] The storm moved northwestward and reached hurricane status by the following day, several hours before peaking with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). Around 22:00 UTC on July 5, the hurricane made landfall near present-day Freeport, Texas.[4] Upon the cyclone's landfall, the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project estimated that it had a barometric pressure of 977 mbar (28.9 inHg) based on the pressure-wind relationship.[3] The hurricane curved north-northeastward and quickly weakened to a tropical storm by early on July 6. Weakening to a tropical depression late on the following day, the system dissipated on July 8 near the Alabama-Mississippi-Tennessee state line.[4]
In Texas, storm surge flooded sections of Galveston,[5] while washing out some street car tracks and destroying part of the breakwater at the Beach Hotel. Winds and rain also left power outages in the city.[6] Tornadoes spawned by the hurricane in Louisiana demolished one hundred homes in Baton Rouge and caused two floors of the state penitentiary to collapse, killing ten prisoners.[2] Among the many other buildings damaged was the Louisiana Governor's Mansion, losing its roof and consequently being flooded.[7] Another tornado was reported in Madison, Mississippi, destroying several buildings and downing many telegraph wires.[8]
Hurricane Two
[edit]| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | August 17 – August 29 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); ≤997 mbar (hPa) |
The official track for this storm begins on August 17 to the south of the Cabo Verde Islands,[4] based on a path created by Charles Mitchell in 1924 and reconstructed by C. J. Neumann in 1993. Although the storm was not detected prior to August 26,[2] it likely moved west-northwestward and intensified into a hurricane on August 19. The cyclone gradually shifted to a more northwestward motion over the next several days, and on August 27, it passed just under 80 mi (130 km) east of Bermuda.[4] Barometric pressures on the island fell to 997 mbar (29.4 inHg). This, as well as observations from the steamers Dunsmurry and La Touraine, led the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project to conclude that the storm did not intensity beyond a minimal hurricane with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h).[3] Considered the worst cyclone to impact Bermuda since 1880, the hurricane downed brick walls, trees, and telegraph wires.[9] Early on August 29, the storm became extratropical about 220 mi (355 km) south-southeast of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia.[4]
Chenoweth proposed a tropical depression phase to the storm's earlier stages and a more southerly track, although the system instead turned northeastward after passing Bermuda and became extratropical near Newfoundland.[10]
Hurricane Three
[edit]| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | August 18 – August 25 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 125 mph (205 km/h) (1-min); 961 mbar (hPa) |
The Martinique Hurricane of 1891 or Hurricane San Magín of 1891
A Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) was first seen at mid-day on August 18 about 100 mi (160 km) east of Barbados. The hurricane tracked northwestward and intensified into a major Category 3 hurricane. Late on August 18, the cyclone struck Martinique at its peak intensity with sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 961 mbar (28.4 inHg). The storm weakened over the northeastern Caribbean and fell to Category 2 intensity early on August 20. Several hours later, the system turned northward and brushed the extreme eastern edge of the Dominican Republic with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). Resuming its northwestward motion on August 21, the cyclone passed north of Grand Turk early the next day. The hurricane continued to weaken while traveling northwestward through the Bahamas and passed directly over Crooked Island. On August 23, a ridge of high pressure situated off the southeast coast of the United States prevented the storm, which had weakened to a Category 1 hurricane, from curving back to the north. Instead, the cyclone struck Florida near Homestead on August 24 and subsequently moved into the Gulf of Mexico, where it dissipated on August 25.[4]
On Martinique, the storm destroyed houses, crops, and trees across the entire island. Fifty boats in harbors around Martinique were damaged or destroyed. At Ducos, only four homes remained following the storm, and at St. Pierre, at least 34 people lost their lives. At Fort de France, twenty people were killed. A military camp at Balata was destroyed, with a number of soldiers there sustaining injuries from airborne debris.[11] Property damage across the island reached approximately $10 million.[2] In total, the hurricane killed approximately 700 people on Martinique.[12] Puerto Rico observed heavy rainfall and hurricane-force wind gusts. The Humacao River overflowed, inundating the city. Waterways between Cabo Rojo and Hormigueros also exceeded their banks, flooding many low-lying areas and sweeping animals away.[2] The steamship Ozama reported hundreds of downed fruit trees and numerous damaged homes in the Dominican Republic.[13] The storm drowned three people on Grand Turk and damaged some small homes and vessels.[2] In South Florida, the cyclone also produced hurricane-force winds that blew boats ashore near present-day Cutler.[14]
Hurricane Four
[edit]| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | September 2 – September 8 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); |
On September 2 a tropical storm formed northeast of the Leeward Islands. It began moving northwestward and reached category 2 hurricane strength by September 4. By September 7 the cyclone was off the coast of New England and was bringing heavy rain to that area. When the hurricane made landfall in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland on September 8, it destroyed a number of small vessels[2] but then quickly weakened and dissipated north of Newfoundland in the Labrador Sea on September 10.[4]
In Nova Scotia, the storm was compared to a hurricane in 1873.[15] Observed sustained winds reached 60 mph (97 km/h), causing "great destruction to crops, shipping, and buildings", according to The Huddersfield Daily Chronicle. Damage to fruit crops totaled nearly $58,000. The storm also partially destroyed a drain elevator and several small bridges,[16] while about two-thirds of a larger railroad bridge linking Halifax and Dartmouth collapsed, causing more than $50,000 in damage.[15] Rough seas beached a few schooners and several Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron vessels in the Halifax area, while hundreds of other small watercraft suffered some degree of damage. Farther east, several other vessels wrecked at Cape Breton Island.[15]
Hurricane Five
[edit]| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | September 16 – September 26 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); ≤980 mbar (hPa) |
On September 16, the track for this storm begins near 19°N 47°W, over the open Atlantic well east of the Leeward Islands,[4] based on a path constructed by Charles Mitchell in 1924.[2] Moving northwestward, the cyclone became a hurricane on September 19. Between late on September 21 and early on September 22, the hurricane passed about 45 mi (75 km) east of Bermuda.[4] A barometric pressure of 980 mbar (29 inHg) was observed on the island, leading the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project to estimate that the storm peaked as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h).[3] On Bermuda, the storm severely damaged trees and telephone and telegraph wires,[17] while a ship sank along the coast.[2] Later on September 22, the cyclone turned northeastward and then eastward by September 25, remaining well offshore any other landmasses. Early the next day, the system weakened to a tropical storm, several hours before becoming extratropical about 560 mi (900 km) west of Flores Island in the Azores.[4]
Chenoweth began the storm slightly earlier, on September 15, and concluded that the cyclone became a hurricane late on September 16, but proposed few other changes.[10]
Hurricane Six
[edit]| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | September 29 – October 5 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); ≤981 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical storm formed in the open Atlantic near 21°N 54°W on 29 September. It moved northwestward becoming first a Category 1 hurricane then, on October 3, a Category 2 hurricane. At this strength it passed to the south then to the west of Bermuda on October 4. It quickly weakened as it continued heading north and was already an extratropical storm when it made landfall in Nova Scotia on October 6. It also struck Newfoundland before dissipating in the Labrador Sea on October 8.[4]
Tropical Storm Seven
[edit]| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | October 4 – October 8 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 1004 mbar (hPa) |
A moderate tropical storm formed in the Caribbean Sea south of Jamaica on October 4 and passed to the west of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands before striking the Isla de la Juventud and Cuba on October 6. The next day it passed across southern Florida before travelling northeastward off the east coast of the United States and then dissipating in the open Atlantic on October 8. The storm drove some vessels on the coast of Cuba ashore, and two people drowned in flooding on the island.[2] Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth proposed the removal of this storm from HURDAT, concluding that "bad data" led to its inclusion into the database and that the cyclone was actually part of the eighth storm.[10]
Tropical Storm Eight
[edit]| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | October 7 – October 9 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); ≤1004 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical depression formed north of Honduras on October 7 and strengthened into a tropical storm the next day. On October 9 it passed across Cuba and quickly weakened to become an extratropical storm. It made landfall in Florida on October 10 and, five days later, in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland where it dissipated.[4]
Hurricane Nine
[edit]| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | October 12 – October 20 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min); ≤992 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical storm formed north of Grenada on October 12 and made landfall on Saint Croix and the main Virgin Islands on October 14. The system strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane as it proceeded north. The hurricane's storm centre passed west of Bermuda on October 18 but weakened to a tropical storm just before reaching the southern tip of Newfoundland on October 20.[4]
Tropical Storm Ten
[edit]| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | November 3 – November 6 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); |
On November 3, a tropical storm formed northeast of present-day Nassau, Bahamas. It travelled north, passing east of Bermuda on November 5. The storm never made landfall before dissipating in the open Atlantic off of Nova Scotia on 6 November.[4]
Other storms
[edit]Chenoweth proposed four other storms not currently listed in HURDAT:[10]
- September 19 to September 21, peaked as a tropical storm
- October 14 to October 16, peaked as a tropical storm
- October 23 to October 29, peaked as a tropical storm
- November 1 to November 2, peaked as a tropical storm
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Landsea, C. W. (2004). "The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database". In Murname, R. J.; Liu, K.-B. (eds.). Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 177–221. ISBN 0-231-12388-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fernández-Partagás, José; Diaz, Henry F. (1997). A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources Part IV: 1891-1890. Boulder, Colorado: Climate Diagnostics Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- ^ a b c d Landsea, Christopher W.; et al. (May 2015). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Roth, David (February 4, 2010). Texas Hurricane History (PDF) (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
- ^ "Terrific Storm in Texas". The Examiner. San Francisco, California. July 6, 1891. p. 2. Retrieved March 5, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "The Storm's Route". The Daily Picayune. New Orleans, Louisiana. July 7, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved March 5, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Terrific Storm in Mississippi". The Pleasant Dale Quiz. Pleasant Dale, Nebraska. July 10, 1891. p. 2. Retrieved March 5, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "A Storm in Bermuda". San Francisco Chronicle. August 30, 1891. p. 11. Retrieved June 5, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d Chenoweth, Michael (December 2014). "A New Compilation of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1851–98". Journal of Climate. 27 (12). American Meteorological Society. Bibcode:2014JCli...27.8674C. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00771.1. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
- ^ "Fearful work of a storm" (PDF). The New York Times. August 21, 1891. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
- ^ Edward N. Rappaport & Jose Fernandez-Partagas (1996). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
- ^ "It Struck a Hurricane". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. September 7, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved September 5, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Taylor 1985, p. 7
- ^ a b c "Bridge Was Swept Away". The Boston Globe. September 9, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved September 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Destructive Storm in Nova Scotia". The Huddersfield Daily Chronicle. Huddersfield, England. September 10, 1891. Retrieved September 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Storm in Bermuda". The Times. London, England. September 22, 1891. p. 4. Retrieved June 5, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
Bibliography
[edit]- Barnes, Jay (1998), Florida's Hurricane History, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Chapel Hill Press, ISBN 0-8078-2443-7
- Taylor, Jean (1985), The Villages of South Dade, Saint Petersburg, Florida: Byron Kennedy and Co., ASIN B0006EQEE6