View source for ISO/IEC 18000-3

{{Short description|International standard for passive RFID item level identification}}
'''[[ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 18000-3'''<ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=53424 ISO/IEC 18000-3:2010 Information technology -- Radio frequency identification for item management -- Part 3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13.56&nbsp;MHz]</ref> is an international standard for passive [[RFID]] item level identification and describes the parameters for air interface communications at 13.56 [[MHz]]. The target markets for MODE 2 are in tagging systems for manufacturing, logistics, retail, transport and airline baggage. MODE 2 is especially suitable for high speed bulk conveyor fed applications.<ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=46147  ISO/IEC 18000-3 Section 8 Table of characteristic differences between the MODES]</ref>

==General description==
MODE 2 RFID tags are passive deriving their power from the interrogating signal generated by an RFID interrogator. Power is transferred from the interrogator to the tag by a high-frequency magnetic field using coupled antennae coils in the reader and the tag. The powering field frequency is 13.56&nbsp;MHz ± 7&nbsp;kHz.

Dialogue between the interrogator and the tag is conducted on an Interrogator-Talks-First (ITF) basis. Following activation of the tag by the interrogator’s interrogating signal the tag waits silently for a valid command. After receiving a valid command the tag transmits a reply in response to the command. The air interface operates as a [[Duplex (telecommunications)|full-duplex]] communication link. The interrogator operates with full-duplex transmissions being able to transmit commands while simultaneously receiving multiple tag replies. Tags operate with [[Duplex (telecommunications)|half-duplex]] transmissions.

Commands are transmitted from the interrogator to the tag by [[phase-jitter modulation]] (PJM)<ref>[https://archive.today/20120805215118/http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?wo=1999034526 WO/1999/034526 "A Transmitter and a Method for Transmitting Data"].</ref> of the powering field. PJM transmits data as very small phase changes in the powering field. There is no reduction in the transfer of power to the tag during PJM, and the bandwidth of PJM is no wider than the original [[Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission|double-sided spectrum]] of the data. The PJM sideband levels and data rates are decoupled, allowing the sideband levels to be set at any arbitrary level without affecting the data rate. The command data rate is 423.75&nbsp;kbit/s encoded using [[modified frequency modulation]] (MFM).

Tags reply to the interrogator by [[Electromagnetic induction|inductive]] coupling whereby the voltage across the tag antenna coil is modulated by a [[subcarrier]]. The subcarrier is derived from division of the powering field frequency. Tags can select from one of eight subcarrier frequencies between 969&nbsp;kHz and 3013&nbsp;kHz. The reply data rate is 105.9375&nbsp;kbit/s encoded using MFM and modulated onto the subcarrier as [[Phase-shift keying|binary phase-shift keying]] (BPSK). To ensure that tags replying on different channels are simultaneously received, tag replies are [[Bandlimited|band-limited]] to reduce data and subcarrier [[Fourier series|harmonic levels]].<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?wo=1999039450 WO/1999/039450 "A Transceiver"].</ref>

Multiple-tag identification is performed using a combination of [[FDMA|frequency-division multiple access]] and [[time-division multiple access]] (FTDMA).<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?wo=1989005549 WO/1989/005549 "Identification Apparatus and Methods"].</ref> There are eight reply channels available for tags to use. In response to a valid command each tag randomly selects a channel on which to transmit its reply. The reply is transmitted once using the selected channel. Upon receiving the next valid command each tag randomly selects a new channel and transmits the reply using the newly selected channel. This method of reply frequency hopping using random channel selection is repeated for each subsequent valid command. The interrogator can selectively mute identified tags to remove them from the identification process. When a tag is muted, the tag will not transmit any replies. In addition to random channel selection the tags can randomly mute individual replies. When a reply is muted, the tag will not transmit that reply. Random muting is necessary when identifying very large populations of tags during [[singulation]]. All FTDMA frequency and time parameters are defined by the command.

All commands are time-stamped, and tags store the first time stamp received after entering an interrogator. The stored time stamp defines precisely when the tag first entered the interrogator and provides a high-resolution method of determining tag order, which is decoupled from the speed of identification.<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?wo=2001065712 WO/2001/065712 "Radio Frequency identification Transponder"].</ref> Tag temporary settings, such as the time stamp, are stored in temporary random-access memory (TRAM)<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?wo=2007030863 WO/2007/030863 "An Improved RFID Device"].</ref> that retains data contents during power outages caused by switching of the powering field in orientation-insensitive interrogators.<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?wo=1989005530 WO/1989/005530 "Antenna Structure for Providing a Uniform Field"].</ref>

== Applications ==

Primary applications are in RFID tags for use in gaming, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, document and media management. The [[German identity card]] contains an ISO/IEC 18000-3 and [[ISO/IEC 14443]] type A compatible 13.56&nbsp;MHz [[Radio-frequency identification|RFID]] chip that uses the [[ISO/IEC 7816]] protocols.<ref>{{cite book | title= Handbook of EID Security: Concepts, Practical Experiences, Technologies | date= 13 December 2010 | editor1-first= Walter | editor1-last= Fumy | editor2-first= Manfred | editor2-last= Paeschke | page= 49 | publisher= John Wiley & Sons | isbn= 978-3-89578-658-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o2WBs65hbTgC&pg=PA49}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title= Neuer Personalausweis: Wo die wirklichen Gefahren lauern |trans-title=New Identity Card: Where are the real dangers lurk | first= Christoph H. |last= Hochstätter | publisher= [[ZDNet]] | date= 23 June 2010 | url= http://www.zdnet.de/magazin/41533735/neuer-personalausweis-wo-die-wirklichen-gefahren-lauern.htm}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[DASH7]] Alliance Protocol, an open source Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network protocol defined in ISO 18000-7
* [[ISO/IEC 18000-7]], air interface standard for RFID in the 433&nbsp;MHz band

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.infineon.com/cms/de/product/channel.html?channel=ff80808112ab681d0112ab6969df01f2 Infineon.com]{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*[http://www.satovicinity.com/ Satovicinity.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:ISO IEC 18000-3}}
[[Category:Logistics]]
[[Category:Sensors]]
[[Category:Radio-frequency identification]]
[[Category:ISO/IEC 18000|#18000-3]]