Ihlen Declaration
The Ihlen Declaration was a statement made on 22 July 1919 by the Norwegian Foreign Minister Nils Claus Ihlen on the topic of Denmark's sovereignty over Greenland. Ihlen declared verbally to the Danish minister that "the plans of the Royal [Danish] Government respecting Danish sovereignty over the whole of Greenland... would be met with no difficulties on the part of Norway". The declaration became an issue when the question was raised whether the statement was binding on Norway. The question eventually went all the way to the Permanent Court of International Justice in the form of the Eastern Greenland Case in 1933.[1][2]
The declaration
[edit]In a meeting on 4 July 1919, Denmark agreed not to object to any claim to Spitsbergen which Norway might submit at an upcoming peace conference if Norway did not oppose the Danish claim at the same conference to the whole of Greenland. At the time, Norway occupied certain parts of East Greenland.
In response, Ihlen made the declaration on 22 July 1919 that "the plans of the Royal [Danish] Government respecting Danish sovereignty over the whole of Greenland... would be met with no difficulties on the part of Norway".[2]
Eastern Greenland Case
[edit]However, Norway continued to occupy East Greenland into the 1930s. That led Denmark and Norway to agree to take the case to the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1933, and led to several questions: Are affirmations made by one government to another binding? Was the declaration valid if it was made in violation of Norwegian municipal law Article 46 - invalidity (Article 27 - observance) of the Norwegian Constitution requiring consent by the Norwegian Parliament to enter into a treaty? Should Denmark have known that assent by the Norwegian Parliament was needed to make a treaty?[3]
The International Court at The Hague awarded the disputed territory to Denmark. The Court declared that the Ihlen Declaration constituted an unconditional and definitive promise. The decision was accepted by both countries.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ Cheng, Bin; Georg Schwarzenberger (2006). General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals. Oxford: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–9. ISBN 0-521-03000-5.
- ^ a b Fitzmaurice, Malgosia; Olufemi Elias (2005). Contemporary issues in the law of treaties. Eleven International Publishing. pp. 13–4. ISBN 90-77596-06-2.
- ^ Halvorssen, Anita M. "TREATIES". Archived from the original (PPT) on 2004-03-28. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
- ^ Lauterpacht, Elihu; Olufemi Elias (2005). International Law Reports. Cambridge University Press. p. 379. ISBN 0-521-46395-5.