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-{{distinguish|information system}}
-{{Refimprove|date=June 2010}}
-{{Expand|date=May 2010}}
-{{Expert-subject|Systems|date=February 2009}}
-{{Essay-like|date=April 2010}}
-[[Image:CS_Venn_Diagram.pdf|thumb|CS, SE, IS, IT, & Customer [[Venn Diagram]] where functionality spans left and design spans right stemming from discovery.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Archibald |first=J.A. |year=1975 |month=May |title=Computer Science education for majors of other disciplines |journal=AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences |pages=903–906 |quote=Computer science spreads out over several related disciplines, and shares with these disciplines certain sub-disciplines that traditionally have been located exclusively in the more conventional disciplines}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Denning |first=Peter |year=1999 |month=July |title=COMPUTER SCIENCE: THE DISCIPLINE |journal=Encyclopedia of Computer Science (2000 Edition) |quote=The Domain of Computer Science: Even though computer science addresses both human-made and natural information processes, the main effort in the discipline has been directed toward human-made processes, especially information processing systems and machines}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Coy |first=Wolfgang |year=2004 |month=June |title=Between the disciplines |journal=ACM SIGCSE Bulletin |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=7–10 |issn= 0097-8418 |quote=Computer science may be in the core of these processes. The actual question is not to ignore disciplinary boundaries with its methodological differences but to open the disciplines for collaborative work. We must learn to build bridges, not to start in the gap between disciplines}}</ref>]]
-'''Information Systems''' (IS) is an [[academic]]/[[professional]] discipline concerned with the [[strategic management|strategic]], [[management|managerial]] and [[business operations|operational]] activities involved in the gathering, [[data processing|processing]], [[data storage|storing]], distributing and [[data administration|use]] of [[information]], and its associated [[information technology|technologies]], in society and organizations.<ref>http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/ukais/Newsletters/Vol1No1.html</ref>  As an area of study, IS bridges the [[multidisciplinary]] [[business]] field and the [[interdisciplinary]] [[computer science]] field that is evolving toward a new scientific discipline.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hoganson |first=Ken |year=2001 |month=December |title=Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends |journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=313–325 |issn= 1937-4771 |quote=... Information Systems grew out of the need to bridge the gap between business management and computer science ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Timothy |last2=Geist |first2=Robert |last3=Matzko |first3=Sarah |last4=Westall |first4=James |year=2004 |month=March |title=τ´εχνη: A First Step |journal=Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education |pages=125–129 |isbn= 1-58113-798-2 |quote=In 1999, Clemson University established a (graduate) degree program that bridges the arts and the sciences... All students in the program are required to complete graduate level work in both the arts and computer science}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hoganson |first=Ken |year=2001 |month=December |title=Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends |journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=313–325 |issn= 1937-4771 |quote=The field of information systems as a separate discipline is relatively new and is undergoing continuous change as technology evolves and the field matures}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Khazanchi |first=Deepak |coauthors=Bjorn Erik Munkvold |year=2000 |month=Summer |title=Is information system a science? an inquiry into the nature of the information systems discipline |journal=ACM SIGMIS Database |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=24–42 |issn=0095-0033 |doi=10.1145/381823.381834 |quote=From this we have concluded that IS is a science, i.e., a scientific discipline in contrast to purportedly non-scientific fields}}</ref>  An information systems discipline therefore is supported by the theoretical foundations of [[information]] and [[computations]] such that undergraduate students have unique opportunities to explore the academics of various business models as well as related [[algorithmic]] processes within a computer science discipline.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Denning |first=Peter |year=2007 |month=June |title=Ubiquity a new interview with Peter Denning on the great principles of computing |volume=2007 |issue=June |pages=1–1 |quote=People from other fields are saying they have discovered information processes in their deepest structures and that collaboration with computing is essential to them.}}</ref><!-- DEAD LINK <ref>"''Computer science is the study of information''" [http://www.njit.edu/v2/archivecatalog/undergraduate/91/19-und.html New Jersey Institute of Technology], Gutenberg Information Technologies</ref>--><ref>"''Computer science is the study of computation.''" [http://www.csbsju.edu/computerscience/curriculum Computer Science Department, College of Saint Benedict], Saint John's University</ref><ref>"''Computer Science is the study of all aspects of computer systems, from the theoretical foundations to the very practical aspects of managing large software projects.''" [http://study.massey.ac.nz/major.asp?major_code=2010&prog_code=93068 Massey University]</ref>  Typically, information systems or the more common ''legacy'' information systems include people, procedures, [[data]], software, and hardware (by degree) that are used to gather and analyze [[digital]] information.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Sue |last2=Gibson |first2=Nicola |last3=Holland |first3=Christopher |last4=Light |first4=Ben |year=1999 |month=July |title=Focus Issue on Legacy Information Systems and Business Process Engineering: a Business Perspective of Legacy Information Systems |journal=Communications of the AIS |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1–27}}</ref><ref>Pearson Custom Publishing & West Chester University, Custom Program for Computer Information Systems (CSC 110), (Pearson Custom Publishing, 2009) Glossary p. 694</ref>  Specifically [[computer]]-based information systems are complementary networks of hardware/software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, & distribute [[data (computing)]].<ref>Jessup, Leonard M.; Joseph S. Valacich (2008). ''Information Systems Today'' (3rd ed.). Pearson Publishing. Pages ??? & Glossary p. 416</ref> <!-- Plagiarism: "A majority of IS programs are located in business schools; however, they may have different names such as management information systems, computer information systems, or business information systems. All IS degrees combine business and computing topics, but the emphasis between technical and organizational issues varies among programs. For example, programs differ substantially in the amount of programming required."<ref>[http://computingcareers.acm.org/?page_id=9 Computing Degrees and Careers, Association for Computing Machinery]</ref> --> ''Computer'' Information System(s) (CIS) is often a track within the computer science field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software & hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Polack |first=Jennifer |year=2009 |month=December |title=Planning a CIS Education Within a CS Framework |journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=100–106 |issn= 1937-4771}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Helen |coauthors=Onkar Sharma |year=2003 |month=February |title=A decade of experience with a common first year program for computer science, information systems and information technology majors |journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=217–227 |issn=1937-4771 |quote=In 1988, a degree program in Computer Information Systems (CIS) was launched with the objective of providing an option for students who were less inclined to become programmers and were more interested in learning to design, develop, and implement Information Systems, and solve business problems using the systems approach}}</ref><ref>CSTA Committee, Allen Tucker, et alia, A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science (Final Report), (Association for Computing Machinery, Inc., 2006) Abstraction & p. 2</ref> Overall, an IS discipline emphasizes functionality over design.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Freeman |first=Peter |last2=Hart |first2=David |year=2004 |month=August |title=A Science of Design for Software-Intensive Systems Computer science and engineering needs an intellectually rigorous, analytical, teachable design process to ensure development of systems we all can live with. |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=19–21 |issn= 0001-0782 |quote=Though the other components' connections to the software and their role in the overall design of the system are critical, the core consideration for a software-intensive system is the software itself, and other approaches to systematizing design have yet to solve the "software problem"—which won't be solved until software design is understood scientifically}}</ref>
-As illustrated by the Venn Diagram on the right, the history of '''information systems''' coincides with the [[history of computer science]] that began long before the modern discipline of computer science emerged in the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~shallit/Courses/134/history.html History of Computer Science]</ref>  Regarding the circulation of information and ideas, numerous legacy information systems still exist today that are continuously updated to promote ethnographic approaches, to ensure [[data integrity]], and to improve the social effectiveness & efficiency of the whole process.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Sue |last2=Gibson |first2=Nicola |last3=Holland |first3=Christopher |last4=Light |first4=Ben |year=1999 |month=July |title=Focus Issue on Legacy Information Systems and Business Process Engineering: a Business Perspective of Legacy Information Systems |journal=Communications of the AIS |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1–27}}</ref>  In general, information systems are focused upon processing information within organizations, especially within business enterprises, and sharing the benefits with modern society.<ref> "Scoping the Discipline of Information Systems"[http://www.dogpile.com/clickserver/_iceUrlFlag=1?rawURL=http%3A%2%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.84.7159%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&0=&1=0&4=76.185.237.80&5=76.185.237.80&9=9501c7397f68429bb16bc24369dcca01&10=1&11=info.dogpl.prefer&13=search&14=239138&15=main-title&17=10&18=3&19=0&20=6&21=4&22=uKGy3oevUc4%3D&23=0&40=Kar0DLd5ckAhR1%2F79hs8iA%3D%3D&_IceUrl=true]</ref>
-==Overview==
-Silver et al. (1995) provided two views on (IS) and IS-centered view that includes software, hardware, data, people, and procedures. A second managerial view includes people, business processes and Information Systems.
-There are various types of information systems, for example: transaction processing systems, office systems, decision support systems, knowledge management systems, database management systems, and office information systems. Critical to most information systems are information technologies, which are typically designed to enable humans to perform tasks for which the human brain is not well suited, such as: handling large amounts of information, performing complex calculations, and controlling many simultaneous processes.
-Information technologies are a very important and malleable resource available to executives.<ref>Rockart et al. (1996) Eight imperatives for the new IT organization Sloan Management review.</ref> Many companies have created a position of [[Chief information officer|Chief Information Officer]] (CIO) that sits on the executive board with the [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO), [[Chief Financial Officer]] (CFO), [[Chief Operating Officer]] (COO) and [[Chief Technical Officer]] (CTO).The CTO may also serve as CIO, and vice versa. The [[Chief Information Security Officer]] (CISO), who focuses on information security management.
-==Definition==
-Silver et al. <ref>Mark S. Silver, M. Lynne Markus, Cynthia Mathis Beath (1995) The Information Technology Interaction Model: A Foundation for the MBA Core Course, ''MIS Quarterly'', Vol. 19, No. 3, Special Issue on IS Curricula and Pedagogy (Sep., 1995), pp. 361-390</ref> defined Information Systems as follows:
-<blockquote>Information systems are implemented within an organization for the purpose of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of that organization. Capabilities of the information system and characteristics of the organization, its work systems, its people, and its development and implementation methodologies together determine the extent to which that purpose is achieved</blockquote>
-==The Discipline of Information Systems==
-Several IS scholars have debated the nature and foundations of Information Systems which has its roots in other reference disciplines such as [[Computer Science]], [[Engineering]], [[Mathematics]], [[Management Science]], [[Cybernetics]], and others <ref>Culnan, M. J. Mapping the Intellectual Structure of MIS, 1980-1985: A Co-Citation Analysis, ''MIS Quarterly'', 1987, pp. 341-353.</ref> <ref>Keen, P. G. W. MIS Research: Reference Disciplines and A Cumulative Tradition, in ''Proceedings of the First International Conference on Information Systems'', E. McLean (ed.), Philadelphia, PA, 1980, pp. 9-18.</ref><ref>Lee, A. S. Architecture as A Reference Discipline for MIS, in ''Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions'', H.-E. Nissen, H. K. Klein, and R. A. Hirschheim (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 573-592.</ref><ref>Mingers, J., and Stowell, F. (eds.). Information Systems: An Emerging Discipline?, McGraw- Hill, London, 1997.</ref>
-==Differentiating IS from Related Disciplines==
-Similar to computer science, other disciplines can be seen as both related disciplines and foundation disciplines of IS. But, while there may be considerable overlap of the disciplines at the boundaries, the disciplines are still differentiated by the focus, purpose and orientation of their activities.<ref> "Scoping the Discipline of Information Systems" [http://www.dogpile.com/clickserver/_iceUrlFlag=1?rawURL=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.84.7159%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&0=&1=0&4=76.185.237.80&5=76.185.237.80&9=9501c7397f68429bb16bc24369dcca01&10=1&11=info.dogpl.prefer&13=search&14=239138&15=main-title&17=10&18=3&19=0&20=6&21=4&22=uKGy3oevUc4%3D&23=0&40=Kar0DLd5ckAhR1%2F79hs8iA%3D%3D&_IceUrl=true]</ref>
-In a broad scope, the term '''Information Systems''' (IS) is a scientific field of study that addresses the range of strategic, managerial and operational activities involved in the gathering, processing, storing, distributing and use of information, and its associated technologies, in society and organizations.<ref> "Scoping the Discipline of Information Systems" [http://www.dogpile.com/clickserver/_iceUrlFlag=1?rawURL=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.84.7159%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&0=&1=0&4=76.185.237.80&5=76.185.237.80&9=9501c7397f68429bb16bc24369dcca01&10=1&11=info.dogpl.prefer&13=search&14=239138&15=main-title&17=10&18=3&19=0&20=6&21=4&22=uKGy3oevUc4%3D&23=0&40=Kar0DLd5ckAhR1%2F79hs8iA%3D%3D&_IceUrl=true]</ref> The term information systems is also used to describe an organizational function that applies IS knowledge in industry, government agencies and not-for-profit organizations.<ref> "Scoping the Discipline of Information Systems" [http://www.dogpile.com/clickserver/_iceUrlFlag=1?rawURL=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.84.7159%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&0=&1=0&4=76.185.237.80&5=76.185.237.80&9=9501c7397f68429bb16bc24369dcca01&10=1&11=info.dogpl.prefer&13=search&14=239138&15=main-title&17=10&18=3&19=0&20=6&21=4&22=uKGy3oevUc4%3D&23=0&40=Kar0DLd5ckAhR1%2F79hs8iA%3D%3D&_IceUrl=true]</ref> '''''Information Systems''''' often refers to the interaction between algorithmic processes and technology. This interaction can occur within or across organizational boundaries. An information system is not only the technology an organization uses, but also the way in which the organizations interact with the technology and the way in which the technology works with the organization’s business processes. Information systems are distinct from [[information technology]] (IT) in that an information system has an information technology component that interacts with the processes components.
-==Types of information systems==
-[[Image:Four-Level-Pyramid-model.png|thumb|A four level pyramid model of different types of Information Systems based on the different levels of hierarchy in an organization|250px]]
-The 'classic' view of Information systems found in the textbooks<ref>Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P. Management Information Systems, (2nd edition), Macmillan, 1988.</ref> of the 1980s was of a pyramid of systems that reflected the hierarchy of the organization, usually [[Transaction processing systems]] at the bottom of the pyramid, followed by [[Management information systems]], [[Decision support systems]] and ending with [[Executive information systems]] at the top.  Although the pyramid model remains useful, since it was first formulated a number of new technologies have been developed and new categories of information systems have emerged, some of which no longer fit easily into the original pyramid model.
-Some examples of such systems are:
-* [[Data warehouses]]
-* [[Enterprise resource planning]]
-* [[Enterprise systems]]
-* [[Expert systems]]
-* [[Geographic information system]]
-* [[Global information system]]
-* [[Office Automation]]
-== Information systems career pathways ==
-Information Systems have a number of different areas of work:
-* Information systems strategy
-* Information systems management
-* Information systems development
-* Information systems security
-* Information systems iteration
-There are a wide variety of career paths in the information systems discipline. "Workers with specialized technical knowledge and strong communications skills will have the best prospects. Workers with management skills and an understanding of business practices and principles will have excellent opportunities, as companies are increasingly looking to technology to drive their revenue."<ref>Sloan Career Cornerstone Center (2008). [http://www.careercornerstone.org/infosys/infosys.htm ''Information Systems'']. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Accessdate June 2, 2008.</ref>
-==Information systems development==
-Information technology departments in larger organizations tend to strongly influence information technology development, use, and application in the organizations, which may be a business or corporation.
-A series of methodologies and processes can be used in order to develop and use an information system. Many developers have turned and used a more engineering approach such as the [[System Development Life Cycle]] (SDLC) which is a systematic procedure of developing an information system through stages that occur in sequence.
-An Information system can be developed in house (within the organization) or outsourced. This can be accomplished by outsourcing certain components or the entire system.<ref>{{cite book|title=Using MIS|year=2009|publisher=Kroenke|isbn=0-13-713029-5}}</ref> A specific case is the geographical distribution of the development team ([[Offshoring]], [[Global Information System]]).
-A computer based information system, following a definition of [[Börje Langefors|Langefors]],<ref>{{cite book|last= [[Börje Langefors]]|first=|title=Theoretical Analysis of Information Systems|year=1973|publisher=Auerbach|isbn=0-87769-151-7}}</ref> is:
-* a technologically implemented medium for recording, storing, and disseminating linguistic expressions,
-* as well as for drawing conclusions from such expressions.
-which can be formulated as a generalized information systems design mathematical program
-Geographic Information Systems, ??
-Land Information systems and
-Disaster Information Systems are also some of the emerging information systems but they can be broadly considered as Spatial Information Systems.
-System development is done in stages which include:
-* Problem recognition and specification
-* Information gathering
-* Requirements specification for the new system
-* System design
-* System construction
-* System implementation
-* Review and maintenance<ref>{{cite book|title=Computer Studies|year=2008|publisher=Frederick Nyawaya|isbn=9966-781-24-2}}</ref>
-==Information systems research==
-Information systems research is generally interdisciplinary concerned with the study of the effects of [[information systems]] on the behavior of individuals, groups, and organizations.<ref>Galliers, R.D., [[M. Lynne Markus|Markus, M.L.]], & Newell, S. (Eds) (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=brOkAAAACAAJ&dq=Exploring+information+systems+research+approaches:+readings+and+reflections ''Exploring Information Systems Research Approaches.''] New York, NY: Routledge.</ref><ref>[[Claudio Ciborra|Ciborra, C.]] (2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=jb-vrAHmG0wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Labyrinths+of+Information ''The Labyrinths of Information: Challenging the Wisdom of Systems.''] Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press</ref>. Hevner et al. (2004) <ref>Hevner, March, Park & Ram (2004): Design Science in Information Systems Research. ''MIS
-Quarterly'', 28(1), 75-105.</ref> categorized research in IS into two scientific paradigms including ''behavioral science'' which is to develop and verify theories that explain or predict human or organizational behavior and'' design science'' which extends the boundaries of human and organizational capabilities by creating new and innovative artifacts.
-Salvatore March and Gerald Smith <ref>March S., Smith G. (1995) Design and natural science in [[Information Technology]] (IT), ''Decision Support Systems'', Vol. 15, pp. 251- 266.</ref>proposed a framework for researching different aspects of Information Technology including outputs of the research (research outputs) and activities to carry out this research (research activities). They identified research outputs as follows:
-# ''Constructs'' which are concepts that form the vocabulary of a domain. They constitute a conceptualization used to describe problems within the domain and to specify their solutions.
-# A ''model'' which is a set of propositions or statements expressing relationships among constructs.
-# A ''method'' which is a set of steps (an algorithm or guideline) used to perform a task. Methods are based on a set of underlying constructs and a representation (model) of the solution space.
-# An ''instantiation'' is the realization of an artifact in its environment.
-Also research activities including:
-# ''Build'' an artifact to perform a specific task.
-# ''Evaluate'' the artifact to determine if any progress has been achieved.
-# Given an artifact whose performance has been evaluated, it is important to determine why and how the artifact worked or did not work within its environment. Therefore ''theorize'' and ''justify'' theories about IT artifacts.
-Although Information Systems as a discipline has been evolving for over 30 years now <ref>Avgerou, C. (2000): Information systems: what sort of science is it? Omega, 28, 567-579.</ref>, the core focus or identity of IS research is still subject to debate among scholars such as <ref>Benbasat, I., Zmud, R. (2003): The identity crisis within the IS discipline: defining and communicating the discipline’s core properties, ''MIS Quarterly'', 27(2), 183-194.</ref><ref>Agarwal, R., Lucas, H. (2005): The information systems identity crisis: focusing on high- visibility and high-impact research, ''MIS Quarterly'', 29(3), 381-398.</ref><ref>El Sawy, O. (2003): The IS core –IX: The 3 faces of IS identity: connection, immersion, and fusion. ''Communications of AIS'', 12, 588-598.</ref>. There are two main views around this debate: a narrow view focusing on the IT artifact as the core subject matter of IS research, and a broad view that focuses on the interplay between social and technical aspects of IT that is embedded into a dynamic evolving context<ref>Mansour, O., Ghazawneh, A. (2009) Research in Information Systems: Implications of the constant changing nature of IT capabilities in the social computing era, in Molka-Danielsen, J. (Ed.):'' Proceedings of the 32nd Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia'', IRIS 32, Inclusive Design, Molde University College, Molde, Norway, August 9-12, 2009. ISBN 978-82-7962-120-1. </ref>. A third view provided by <ref>Orlikowski, W., Iacono, C. (2001): Research commentary: desperately seeking the “IT” in IT research—a call to theorizing about the IT artifact. ''Information Systems Research'', 12(2), 121-134.</ref> calling IS scholars to take a balanced attention for both the IT artifact and its context.
-Since information systems is an applied field, industry practitioners expect information systems research to generate findings that are immediately applicable in practice. However, that is not always the case. Often information systems researchers explore behavioral issues in much more depth than practitioners would expect them to do. This may render information systems research results difficult to understand, and has led to criticism.<ref>[[Ned Kock|Kock, N.]], Gray, P., Hoving, R., [[Heinz Klein|Klein, H.]], Myers, M., & Rockart, J. (2002). [http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol8/iss1/23/ Information Systems Research Relevance Revisited: Subtle Accomplishment, Unfulfilled Promise, or Serial Hypocrisy?] ''Communications of the Association for Information Systems'', 8(23), 330-346.</ref>
-To study an information system itself, rather than its effects, information systems models are used, such as [[EATPUT]].
-The international body of Information Systems researchers, the Association for Information Systems (AIS), and its Senior Scholars Forum Subcommittee on Journals (23 April 2007), proposed a 'basket' of journals that the AIS deems as 'excellent', and nominated: Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ), Information Systems Research (ISR), Journal of Association of Information Systems (JAIS), Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS), European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS), and Information Systems Journal (ISJ).<ref>Senior Scholars (2007) AIS Senior Scholars Forum Subcommittee on Journals: A baseket of six (or eight) A* journals in Information Systems Archived at http://home.aisnet.org/associations/7499/files/Senior%20Scholars%20Letter.pdf.</ref>
-== See also ==
-{{Multicol}}
-;Related studies
-* [[Bachelor of Computer Information Systems|Computer Science]]
-* [[Bioinformatics]]
-* [[Business informatics]]
-* [[Cheminformatics]]
-* [[Disaster informatics]]
-* [[Geoinformatics]]
-* [[Information system]]
-* [[Management Information Systems|MIS]]
-{{multicol-break}}
-;Components
-* [[Data architect]]
-* [[Data modeling]]
-* [[Data Processor|Data Processing System]]
-* [[Data Reference Model]]
-* [[Database]]
-* [[EATPUT]]
-* [[Metadata]]
-* [[Predictive Model Markup Language]]
-* [[Semantic translation]]
-* [[Three schema approach]]
-{{multicol-break}}
-;Implementation
-* [[Enterprise Information System]]
-* [[Environmental Modeling Center]]
-* [[European Research Center for Information Systems]]
-* [[Information Processor|Information Processing System]]
-* [[INFORMS]]
-{{multicol-end}}
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-==Further reading==
-*Rainer, R. Kelly and Cegielski, Casey G. (2009).  [http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-EHEP000323.html "Introduction to Information Systems: Enabling and Transforming Business, 3rd Edition"]
-*Kroenke, David (2008). [http://www.pearsonhighered.com/kroenke/ ''Using MIS - 2nd Edition''].
-*Lindsay, John (2000). [http://www.oturn.net/isfi/index.html ''Information Systems – Fundamentals and Issues'']. Kingston University, School of Information Systems
-*Dostal, J. [http://mict.upol.cz/skolni_informacni_systemy.pdf School information systems (Skolni informacni systemy).] In Infotech 2007 - modern information and communication technology in education. Olomouc, EU: Votobia, 2007. s. 540 – 546. ISBN 978-80-7220-301-7.
-*O'Leary, Timothy and Linda. (2008). ''Computing Essentials Introductory 2008.'' McGraw-Hill on [http://www.computing2008.com Computing2008.com]
-*O'Sullivan, Ian, and McClure, John. (2010). ''Get the Job You Want in IT: Insider Strategies for a Successful Job Search Campaign''. Signalman Publishing, ISBN 978-0984061471
-==External links==
-* [http://aisnet.org/ Association for Information Systems (AIS)]
-* [http://mitsloan.mit.edu/cisr/ Center for Information Systems Research - Massachusetts Institute of Technology]
-* [http://www.ercis.org/ European Research Center for Information Systems]
-* [http://lamp.infosys.deakin.edu.au/journals/ Index of Information Systems Journals]
-* [http://business.gwu.edu/grad/msist/index.html Information Systems Department, The George Washington University]
-* [http://www.is.umbc.edu/ Information Systems Department, UMBC]
-* [http://is.lse.ac.uk/ Information Systems and Innovation Group, Department of Management , London School of Economics]
-* [http://ssrn.com/isn/index.html Information Systems Network] a research network from the Social Science Research Network
-* [http://www.deakin.edu.au/buslaw/infosys/ School of Information Systems, Deakin University]
-* [http://www.is.fsksm.utm.my/is/index.php Department of Information Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]
-{{Systems}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Information Systems}}
-[[Category:Information|Systems]]
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-[[de:Wirtschaftsinformatik]]
-[[es:Informática de negocios]]
-[[nl:Beleidsinformatica]]
-[[pl:Informatyka ekonomiczna]]
-[[vi:Tin học kinh tế]]