View source for International Solar Alliance

{{Short description|Solar energy initiative launched in 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox organization
| logo                     = ISA Logo 2021.png
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| formation                = 30 November 2015<!-- use {{start date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| extinction               = <!-- use {{end date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| purpose                  = Bring together a group of nations to endorse clean energy, sustainable environment, public transport and climate
| headquarters             = National Institute of Solar Energy, [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| coords                   = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|display=inline, title}} -->
| language                 = [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]]
| leader_title             = Director General
| leader_name              = [[Ajay Mathur]]
| leader_title2            = President 
| leader_name2             = [[India]]
| leader_title3            = Co-President
| leader_name3             = [[France]]
| leader_title4            = Vice-President(s)
| leader_name4             = Africa: Ghana and Seychelles; Asia and the Pacific: Australia and Sri Lanka; Europe and Others: Germany and Italy; Latin America and the Caribbean: Grenada and Suriname.| 
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| name                     = International Solar Alliance
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| abbreviation             = ISA
| founder                  = 
| founding_location        = [[Paris]], [[France]]
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| tax_id                   = <!-- or | vat_id = (for European organizations) -->
| registration_id          = <!-- for non-profit org -->
| region_served            = All members of UN
| methods                  = 
| fields                   = [[Renewable energy]]
| membership               = 120+ members of UN, incl. the United States, Japan, France, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Algeria and Australia etc.|
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| budget_year              = 2016-17
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| website                  = [https://www.isolaralliance.org/ International Solar Alliance] <br />

[https://www.isa.int/ New website of International Solar Alliance] <small> available in UNO's six languages. </small>
}}

[[File:World map torrid.svg|thumb|World map with the [[tropics|Torrid Zone]], the area between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, highlighted in red.]]

The '''International Solar Alliance''' ('''ISA''') is an alliance of more than 120 signatory countries,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=International Solar Alliance|url=https://isolaralliance.org/membership/countries|access-date=2022-02-07|website=isolaralliance.org}}</ref> most being '''sunshine countries''', which lie either completely or partly between the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and the [[Tropic of Capricorn]]. The primary objective of the alliance is to work for the efficient consumption of [[solar energy]] to reduce dependence on [[fossil fuel]]s. This initiative was first proposed by [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in a speech in November 2015 at [[Wembley Stadium]] in which he referred to sunshine countries as ''Suryaputra'' ("Sons of the Sun").<ref>{{Cite news|title = Narendra Modi's Speech at Wembley Stadium: As It Happened|url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/11/13/live-blog-narendra-modis-speech-at-the-wembley-stadium/|website =Wall Street Journal| date=13 November 2015 |access-date = 2015-11-18}}</ref>  The alliance is a [[treaty]]-based [[inter-governmental organization]]. Countries that do not fall within the Tropics can join the alliance and enjoy all benefits as other members, with the exception of voting rights.<ref name = "BS1"/> 

Bangladesh boasts the world's most extensive off-grid solar power initiative, a valuable source of insights and guidance for other nations seeking to enhance availability of economical and eco-friendly electricity. Through the utilization of solar energy, this initiative has facilitated electricity access for 20 million residents of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Solar Home Systems Provide Clean Energy for 20 million People |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/07/bangladesh-solar-home-systems-provide-clean-energy-for-20-million-people |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref>

The initiative was launched by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] at the [[India–Africa Forum Summit|India Africa Summit]], and a meeting of member countries ahead of the [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in Paris in November 2015.<ref>{{citation|title=PM Narendra Modi and French President Francois Hollande to launch game changing solar alliance|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/pm-narendra-modi-and-french-president-francois-hollande-to-launch-game-changing-solar-alliance/articleshow/49975568.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=30 November 2015 |last1=Goswami |first1=Urmi }}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=France, India to launch global solar alliance|url=http://reuters.com/article/idINKBN0TI0QR20151129?irpc=932|work=Reuters|date=29 November 2015}}</ref> The framework agreement of the International Solar Alliance opened for signatures in [[Marrakesh]], [[Morocco]], in November 2016, and 102 countries joined.<ref name=":0" />

==Headquarters==
The ISA is headquartered in [[Gurugram|Haryana]], India.<ref name="et-16nov16"/> In January 2016, [[Narendra Modi]], and the then [[President of France|French President]] [[François Hollande]] jointly laid the foundation stone of the ISA Headquarters and inaugurated the interim Secretariat at the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) in [[Gwal Pahari]], [[Gurugram]], [[India]]. The Indian government has dedicated five acres of land on the NISE campus for its future headquarters; it also has contributed {{INRConvert|1.75|b}} to the fund to build a campus and for meeting expenditures for the first five years.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=International Solar Alliance will be the First International and Inter-Governmental Organisation of 121 Countries to have Headquarters in India with United Nations as Strategic Partner|url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135794|publisher=Press Information Bureau, [[National Informatics Centre]], Government of India}}</ref>

The alliance is also called International Agency for Solar Policy and Application (IASPA).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Reports: India to announce global solar power alliance|url = http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/2431974/reports-india-to-announce-global-solar-power-alliance|website = www.businessgreen.com| date=26 October 2015 |access-date = 2015-11-18}}</ref>

==Objective==
The focus is on solar power utilization. The launching of such an alliance in Paris also sends a strong signal to the global communities about the sincerity of the developing nations towards their concern about climate change and to switch to a low-carbon growth path. India has pledged a target of installing 175 GW of renewable energy of which 100 GW will be solar energy by 2022 and reduction in [[emission intensity]] by 33–35% by 2030 to let solar energy reach to the most unconnected villages and communities and also towards creating a clean planet.<ref>{{Cite news|title = 107 'sunshine countries' could weld together ahead of Paris meet to give shape to PM's vision – The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/107-sunshine-countries-could-weld-together-ahead-of-Paris-meet-to-give-shape-to-PMs-vision/articleshow/48796738.cms|website = The Times of India| date=4 September 2015 |access-date = 2015-11-30}}</ref> India's pledge to the Paris summit offered to bring 40% of its electricity generation capacity (not actual production) from non-fossil sources (renewable, large hydro, and nuclear) by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news|title = India unveils global solar alliance of 120 countries at Paris climate summit|url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/30/india-set-to-unveil-global-solar-alliance-of-120-countries-at-paris-climate-summit|website = the Guardian|access-date = 2015-12-01|first = Arthur|last = Neslen| date=30 November 2015 }}</ref>
It is based on world cooperation.

==Geographical importance==
The area of Earth located in between the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and [[Tropic of Capricorn]] is called the tropical (torrid) zone. This is the part of the world in which the sun can appear directly overhead, and that more-direct exposure means that the sun's actual effect is greater here; anywhere north or south of this zone, sunlight always reaches the earth's surface at an angle and is correspondingly less intense.<ref>{{Cite web|title = What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle? (Beginner) – Curious About Astronomy? Ask an Astronomer|url = http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/physics/160-our-solar-system/the-earth/seasons/15-what-is-the-significance-of-the-tropic-of-cancer-tropic-of-capricorn-arctic-circle-and-antarctic-circle-beginner|website = curious.astro.cornell.edu|access-date = 2015-11-30}}</ref> The sunniest countries of the world are on the African continent, ranging from Somalia- Horn of Africa-, east to Niger, west and north to Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Which countries receive the most sunlight?|url = http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/geo/geosphere/hot/energyfuture/Sunlight.html|website = earth.rice.edu|access-date = 2015-11-30|archive-date = 26 June 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190626210003/http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/geo/geosphere/hot/energyfuture/Sunlight.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>

For India, possible additional benefits from the alliance can be a strengthening of ties with the major African countries and increasing goodwill for India among them.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Modi to launch solar alliance on first day of Paris climate summit|url = http://www.livemint.com/Politics/v38XtCkGXRtXtxG60gLx9K/Modi-to-launch-solar-alliance-on-first-day-of-Paris-climate.html|website = livemint.com/| date=30 November 2015 |access-date = 2015-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = International Solar Alliance sign of India's leadership on global stage, say experts – Firstpost|url = http://www.firstpost.com/world/international-solar-alliance-sign-of-indias-leadership-on-global-stage-say-experts-2528060.html|website = Firstpost| date=December 2015 |access-date = 2015-12-04}}</ref>

==Members==
The alliance is a [[treaty]]-based [[inter-governmental organization]].<ref name="et-16nov16">{{Cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/international-solar-alliance-opened-for-signing-in-morocco/articleshow/55457526.cms |title=International Solar Alliance opened for signing in Morocco |year=2016 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> The framework agreement of the International Solar Alliance opened for signatures in [[Marrakech]], [[Morocco]], in November 2016, on the sidelines of the [[Marrakech Climate Change Conference]] (the twenty-second session of the Conference of the Parties, or COP 22). On its first day (15 November), sixteen countries signed the Agreement: [[India]], [[Brazil]], the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], the [[Dominican Republic]], the [[Republic of Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Nauru]], [[Niger]], [[Tanzania]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Cambodia]], [[Ethiopia]]; [[Burkina Faso]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Madagascar]].<ref name="et-16nov16"/> By 17 November, [[Guinea Bissau]], [[Fiji]], [[France]] also signed the agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://isolaralliance.org/countries_2.html|title=Allied Countries|website=isolaralliance.org|language=en|access-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023143953/http://isolaralliance.org/countries_2.html|archive-date=23 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
On 6 November 2017, India's External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj held a meeting with Guinea's Foreign Minister, Mamady Toure. During the course of this meeting, Mamady Toure handed over Guinea's Instrument of Accession to the India-initiated International Solar Alliance (ISA).
[[Vanuatu]] and [[Liberia]] also signed the agreement.<ref name = "BS1">{{cite web|title=19 countries sign up for solar alliance|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/19-countries-sign-up-for-solar-alliance-116111701463_1.html|website=Business Standard India|access-date=14 April 2017|date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

Subsequently, an additional 107 countries joined the agreement, incl. many major countries, such as the [[United States]], [[Japan]], [[Algeria]], [[Peru]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]], [[France]], Brazil, India, [[Argentina]] and [[Australia]]. A conclave started from 30 November 2015 for the sunshine grouping, called the InSPA (International Agency for Solar Policy & Application).<ref>{{Cite news|title = 107 countries to join PM and his sunshine band in November – The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/107-countries-to-join-PM-and-his-sunshine-band-in-November/articleshow/48794733.cms|website = The Times of India| date=3 September 2015 |access-date = 2015-11-30}}</ref>

===Parties that signed/ratified the framework of ISA===
The following countries are the prospective members of this alliance that signed the framework.{{cn|date=August 2023}} Countries marked with a plus also [[Ratification|ratified]] the framework,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://isolaralliance.org/MemberCont.aspx |title=ISA Prospective Member Countries |access-date=6 May 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175748/http://isolaralliance.org/MemberCont.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> such as [[Afghanistan]], [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Bahrain]], [[Barbados]], [[Belgium]], [[Belize]], [[Bhutan]], [[Botswana]], [[Brunei Darussalam]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Cameroon]], [[Chile]], [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Denmark]], [[El Salvador]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Grenada]], [[Guatemala]], [[Haiti]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Jamaica]], [[Japan]], [[Liberia]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Maldives]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Morocco]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Oman]], [[Paraguay]], the [[Philippines]], [[Romania]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Samoa]], [[Thailand]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and the [[United States]], and Brazil is the newest member of this alliance.
[[Greece]] and [[Israel]] formally joined ISA in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fisher|first=Noa|date=2021-10-18|title=Israel joint International Solar Alliance (ISA)|language=en|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sks6l6qst|access-date=2021-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Israel to join India based International Solar Alliance|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/israel-to-join-india-based-international-solar-alliance-421685|access-date=2021-10-24|website=WION|date=18 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> [[Armenia]] joined in 2023.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2023/11/16/solar_alliance/12340|title=Armenia signed the Framework Agreement on the Establishment of the International Solar Alliance at the MFA|website=www.mfa.am}}</ref> [[Spain]] joined in 2024.<ref name="Spain becomes 99th member">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/spain-becomes-99th-member-of-international-solar-alliance/articleshow/110359738.cms|title=Spain becomes 99th member of the International Solar Alliance|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 May 2024 }}</ref>

===List of Member Countries===
{{quote box|title=Legend|quote='''+''' means signed framework/ratified.|bgcolor = #ffffff}}
*{{AFG}} + (Position unclear after [[2021 Taliban offensive|Taliban takeover]])
*{{ALG}} +
*{{ARG}} +
*{{ARM}} +
*{{AUS}} +
*{{BHR}} +
*{{BAN}} +
*{{BAR}} +
*{{BLR}} +
*{{BEL}} +
*{{BLZ}} +
*{{BEN}} +
*{{BHU}} +
*{{BOL}} +
*{{BOT}} +
*{{BRA}} +
*{{BRN}} +
*{{BUL}} +
*{{BUR}} +
*{{BDI}} +
*{{CPV}} +
*{{CAM}} +
*{{CMR}} +
*{{CHA}} +
*{{CHI}} +
*{{COM}} +
*{{COG}} +
*{{CRC}} +
*{{CUB}} +
*{{DRC}} +
*{{DEN}} +
*{{DJI}} +
*{{DMA}} +
*{{DOM}} +
*{{EGY}} +
*{{ELS}} +
*{{GEQ}} +
*{{ETH}} +
*{{FIJ}} +
*{{FIN}} +
*{{FRA}} +
*{{GAB}} +
*{{GAM}} +
*{{GHA}} +
*{{GRE}} +
*{{GRN}} +
*{{GTM}} +
*{{GUI}} +
*{{GBS}} +
*{{GUY}} +
*{{HTI}} +
*{{IND}} +
*{{IRL}} +
*{{ISR}} +
*{{CIV}} +
*{{ITA}} +
*{{JAM}} +
*{{JPN}} +
*{{KIR}} +
*{{LBR}} +
*{{LUX}} +
*{{MAD}} +
*{{MAW}} +
*{{MDV}} +
*{{MHL}} +
*{{MLI}} +
*{{MRI}} +
*{{MOR}} +
*{{MOZ}} +
*{{MYA}} +
*{{NAM}} +
*{{NRU}} +
*{{NPL}} +
*{{NLD}} +
*{{NIC}} +
*{{NIG}} +
*{{OMN}} +
*{{PLW}} +
* {{flagcountry|Panama}} +
*{{PNG}} +
*{{PAR}} +
*{{PER}} +
*{{PHL}} +
*{{ROM}} +
*{{RWA}} +
*{{LCA}} +
*{{VIN}} +
*{{SAM}} +
*{{STP}} +
*{{SAU}} +
*{{SEN}} +
*{{SEY}} +
*{{SOM}} +
*{{SSD}} +
*{{SPN}} +
*{{SRI}} +
*{{SUD}} +
*{{SUR}} +
*{{SYR}} +
*{{TAN}} +
*{{THA}} +
*{{TON}} +
*{{TOG}} +
*{{TRI}} +
*{{TUV}} +
*{{UGA}} +
*{{UAE}} +
*{{UK}}  +
*{{USA}} +
*{{VAN}} +
*{{VEN}} +
*{{YEM}} +
*{{ZMB}} +

Apart from these, there are 58 other members, such as France, the United States and Japan, making a total of more than 120 members in the alliance. Recently, Greece and Israel joined the International Solar Alliance; thus membership rose to 100. Antigua and Barbados joined in January 2022. Syria joined in February 2022 to become the 103rd member.{{cn|date=August 2023}} Later on, Angola joined to raise the total to 104 signatories.{{cn|date=August 2023}} Nepal also joined the ISA, raising the membership to 105.{{cn|date=August 2023}} In November 2023, Armenia joined the ISA, raising the total membership to 106.<ref name="auto"/>

== Initiatives and partnerships ==
{{see also|Green Grids Initiative — One Sun, One World, One Grid}}
[[File:Global Solar Atlas 1.0.png|thumb|Global Solar Atlas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalsolaratlas.info/|title=Global Solar Atlas|last=Solargis|website=globalsolaratlas.info|language=en|access-date=2018-12-03}}</ref>]]
The alliance partnered with [[World Bank]] to launch [[Global Solar Atlas]] at an ISA event at the World Future Energy Summit in Abu Dhabi. Global Solar Atlas is a free online tool that displays annual average solar power potential at any location in the world and thus identify potential sites for solar power generation. The World Bank announced, "This tool will help governments save millions of dollars on their own research and provide investors and solar developers with an easily accessible and uniform platform to compare resource potential between sites in one region or across multiple countries."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/01/17/new-world-bank-tool-helps-map-solar-potential|title=New World Bank Tool Helps Map Solar Potential|work=World Bank|access-date=2018-02-11|language=en}}</ref>

Riccardo Puliti, Senior Director and Head of the World Bank's Energy & Extractives Global Practice said "The World Bank is seeing a surge of interest from our clients in solar power as a result of the dramatic cost decreases over the past few years. We hope that the Global Solar Atlas will help inform the crucial planning and investment decisions that will need to be taken over the next decade to shift to more sustainable forms of energy."{{cn|date=August 2023}}

== Other targets ==
India, with the support of France, invited multiple nations, such as the United States, Japan and Brazil, to facilitate the infrastructure for the implementation of solar projects. The alliance committed one trillion dollars as investment, and it is committed to making the costs of solar power more affordable for remote and inaccessible communities. The alliance would endorse India in achieving its goal of generating 100 GW of solar energy and 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022. The countries would support each other in research and development as well as other high level activities.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 107 'sunshine countries' may shape PM's vision|url = http://liveindia.in/107-sunshine-countries-may-shape-pms-vision|website = Live India|access-date = 2015-11-30|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071012/http://liveindia.in/107-sunshine-countries-may-shape-pms-vision|archive-date = 8 December 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

It was also seen as an alliance by the developing countries to form a united front and to undertake research and development for making solar power equipment within developing countries, such as Algeria, Argentina and Chile.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Paris climate meet: India-led global solar alliance to counter developed nations|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/paris-climate-meet-indialed-global-solar-alliance-to-counter-developed-nations/article7916353.ece|website = The Hindu Business Line| date=25 November 2015 |access-date = 2015-12-01}}</ref>

The total global solar power capacity reached the milestone of 1 TW on 13 April 2022.{{cn|date=August 2023}} Earlier, in 2021, the United States reached the milestone of 100 GW of solar power while Brazil reached the milestone of 10 GW. In 2022, Japan announced that it would reach 100 GW of solar power at some time between 2023 and 2026.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

==Progress==
On 30 June 2016, the alliance entered into an understanding with the [[World Bank]] for accelerating mobilization of finance for solar energy. The Bank will have a major role in mobilizing more than US$1 trillion in investments that will be needed by 2030, to meet ISA's goals for the massive deployment of affordable solar energy.<ref name="pib-30-6-16">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=146680 | title=International Solar Alliance Cell and World Bank Signs Declaration for Promoting Solar Energy | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India | date=30 June 2016 | access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>

As of 2023, the Framework Agreement of the ISA was signed by multiple countries, such as the United States, Japan, France, India, Brazil, Australia, Argentina, Chile and Algeria, and ratified by 52 other countries. With ratifications by 15 countries, the ISA would become a treaty based inter-governmental international organisation and it would be recognized by UN legally to become fully functionable.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

At the World Future Energy Summit (WFES) held in Abu Dhabi in January 2018, the government of India announced the establishment of a $350 million solar development fund to enable the financing of solar projects.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership]], Bahadurgarh
* [[International Renewable Energy Alliance]]
* [[Solar power in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
<!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using  tags, these references will then appear here automatically -->

== External links ==
* [http://isolaralliance.org/ International Solar Alliance official website]
* [https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/paris-climate-change-conference-november-2015/paris-climate-change-conference-november-2015 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference]
*[https://globalsolaratlas.info/ Global Solar Atlas]

{{International power}}
{{Renewable energy by country}}
{{South-South}}
{{SPIN}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Solar Alliance}}
<!--- Categories --->
[[Category:Economic country classifications]]
[[Category:Solar energy organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2015]]
[[Category:International renewable energy organizations]]
[[Category:2015 in international relations]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]