View source for Intersex and LGBT

{{short description|Relationship between different sex and gender minorities}}
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{{Intersex sidebar|society}}
{{LGBTQ sidebar|history}}
[[Intersex]] people are born with [[sex characteristics]] (such as [[genitals]], [[gonads]], and [[chromosome]] patterns) that "do not fit the typical definitions for [[male]] or [[female]] bodies".<ref name="un-2016">{{Citation | last1 = UN Committee against Torture | author1-link = United Nations Convention against Torture#Committee against Torture | last2 = UN Committee on the Rights of the Child | author2-link = Committee on the Rights of the Child | last3 = UN Committee on the Rights of People with Disabilities | author3-link = Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities | last4 = UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment | last5 = Juan Méndez, Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment | author5-link = Juan E. Méndez | last6 = Dainius Pῡras, Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health | last7 = Dubravka Šimonoviæ, Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences | last8 = Marta Santos Pais, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Violence against Children | last9 = African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights | author9-link = African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights | last10 = Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights | author10-link = Commissioner for Human Rights | last11 = Inter-American Commission on Human Rights | author11-link = Inter-American Commission on Human Rights | work = [[Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]] | title = Intersex Awareness Day – Wednesday 26 October. End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge | date = October 24, 2016 | url = http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20739&LangID=E | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161121185256/http://ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20739&LangID=E | archive-date = November 21, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="ohchr">{{Cite conference| last1 = United Nations| last2 = Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights| title = Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex| date = 2015| url = https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071043/https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf| archive-date = 2016-03-04}}</ref> They are substantially more likely to identify as [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], or [[transgender]] ([[LGBT]]) than [[endosex]] people. According to a study done in Australia of Australian citizens with intersex conditions, participants labeled 'heterosexual' as the most popular single label (selected at 48%) with the rest being scattered among various other labels. According to another study, an estimated 8.5% to 20% experiencing [[gender dysphoria]]. Although many intersex people are [[heterosexual]] and [[cisgender]], and not all of them identify as LGBTQ+,<ref name="jones2016" /><ref name="furtado" /> this overlap and "shared experiences of harm arising from dominant societal sex and gender norms" has led to intersex people often being included under the LGBT umbrella, with the acronym sometimes expanded to '''LGBTI'''.<ref name="un2015">{{Citation| last1 = United Nations| last2 = UNDP| last3 = OHCHR| last4 = UNAIDS| last5 = ILO| last6 = UNESCO| last7 = UNFPA| last8 = UNICEF| last9 = UNHCR| last10 = UN Women| last11 = UNODC| last12 = WFP| last13 = WHO| title = Ending violence and discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people| date = September 2015}}</ref>{{efn|Other terms are also used, see [[#Terms|below]].}} Some intersex activists and [[Intersex civil society organizations|organisations]] have criticised this inclusion as distracting from [[Intersex human rights|intersex-specific issues]] such as [[Intersex medical interventions|involuntary medical interventions]].

== Intersex and homosexuality ==
{{further|Biology and sexual orientation}}
Intersex can be contrasted with ''[[homosexuality]]'' or ''same-sex attraction''. Numerous studies have shown higher rates of same sex attraction in intersex people,<ref name="mb1991" /><ref name="hast2010">{{Citation| publisher = The Hastings Center Bioethics Forum| last1 = Dreger| first1 = Alice| last2 = Feder| first2 = Ellen K| last3 = Tamar-Mattis| first3 = Anne| title = Preventing Homosexuality (and Uppity Women) in the Womb?| date = 29 June 2010| access-date = 18 May 2016| url = http://www.thehastingscenter.org/Bioethicsforum/Post.aspx?id=4754| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160402051942/http://www.thehastingscenter.org/Bioethicsforum/Post.aspx?id=4754| archive-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref> with a recent [[Intersex rights in Australia|Australian]] study of people born with atypical sex characteristics finding that, while 48% labeled themselves as straight, 52% of respondents labeled themselves as various other categories besides heterosexual.<ref name="oiijones">{{cite web | url = https://oii.org.au/30313/intersex-stories-statistics-australia/ | title = New publication "Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia" | work = [[Organisation Intersex International Australia]] | date = February 3, 2016 | access-date = 2016-08-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160829033933/https://oii.org.au/30313/intersex-stories-statistics-australia/ | archive-date = August 29, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="jones2016">{{Cite book| publisher = Open Book Publishers| isbn = 978-1-78374-208-0| last1 = Jones| first1 = Tiffany| last2 = Hart| first2 = Bonnie| last3 = Carpenter| first3 = Morgan| last4 = Ansara| first4 = Gavi| last5 = Leonard| first5 = William| last6 = Lucke| first6 = Jayne| title = Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia| location = Cambridge, UK| date = 2016| access-date = 2 February 2016| url = http://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160914152729/http://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf| archive-date = 14 September 2016}}</ref>

Clinical research on intersex subjects has been used to investigate means of preventing homosexuality.<ref name="mb1991">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1089/cap.1990.1.279| issn = 1044-5463| volume = 1| issue = 4| pages = 279–283| last = Meyer-Bahlburg| first = Heino F.L.| author-link = Heino Meyer-Bahlburg | title = Will Prenatal Hormone Treatment Prevent Homosexuality?| journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology| date = January 1990}}</ref><ref name="hast2010" /> In 1990, [[Heino Meyer-Bahlburg]] wrote on a "prenatal hormone theory of sexual orientation." The author discussed research finding higher rates of same sex attraction among women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and consistent sexual attraction to men among women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome - a population described by the author as "genetic males." Meyer-Bahlburg also discussed sexual attraction by individuals with [[partial androgen insensitivity syndrome]], [[5α-Reductase deficiency]] and [[17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency]], stating that sexual attraction towards females in individuals with these conditions was facilitated by "prenatal exposure to and utilization of androgens."<ref name="mb1991" /> He concluded:

{{blockquote|It is too early to conclude that there is a pre- or perinatal hormonal contribution to the development of homosexuality, except perhaps in persons with clearcut physical signs of intersexuality. The scientific basis is insufficient to justify the assessment of chromosomes and sex hormones in the fetus, or the prenatal treatment with sex hormones, for the purpose of preventing the development of homosexuality, quite apart from the ethical issues involved.<ref name="mb1991"/>}}

In 2010, Saroj Nimkarn and [[Maria New]] wrote that, "Gender-related behaviors, namely childhood play, peer association, career and leisure time preferences in adolescence and adulthood, maternalism, aggression, and sexual orientation become" masculinized in women with [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]].<ref name="nimkarn2010">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05225.x| pmid = 20392211| issn = 1749-6632| volume = 1192| issue = 1| pages = 5–11| last1 = Nimkarn| first1 = Saroj| last2 = New| first2 = Maria I.| author2-link = Maria New| title = Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency| journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences| date = April 2010| bibcode = 2010NYASA1192....5N| s2cid = 38359933}}</ref> Medical intervention to prevent such traits has been likened by [[Alice Dreger|Dreger]], Feder and [[Anne Tamar-Mattis|Tamar-Mattis]] to a means of preventing homosexuality and "uppity women."<ref name="dreger2010">{{Citation| work = [[The Hastings Center]] Bioethics Forum| last1 = Dreger| first1 = Alice| last2 = Feder| first2 = Ellen K| last3 = Tamar-Mattis| first3 = Anne| author1-link = Alice Dreger| author3-link = Anne Tamar-Mattis| title = Preventing Homosexuality (and Uppity Women) in the Womb?| date = June 29, 2010| url = http://www.thehastingscenter.org/Bioethicsforum/Post.aspx?id=4754| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160402051942/http://www.thehastingscenter.org/Bioethicsforum/Post.aspx?id=4754| archive-date = April 2, 2016| access-date = February 1, 2017}}</ref>

A poll sampled from primarily LGBTQ intersex youth in the US by [[The Trevor Project]] found that 55%  identified as [[bisexual]]/[[pansexual]], 28% [[Gay men|gay]]/[[lesbian]], 12% [[queer]], 2% [[Heterosexuality|straight]] and 3% [[Questioning (sexuality and gender)|questioning]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.thetrevorproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Intersex-Youth-Mental-Health-Report.pdf | title = The Mental Health and Well-being of LGBTQ Youth who are Intersex | work = [[The Trevor Project]] | date = 2021}}</ref>

=== Queer bodies ===

Intersex activists and scholars such as [[Morgan Holmes]], [[Katrina Karkazis]] and [[Morgan Carpenter]] have identified heteronormativity in medical rationales for medical interventions on infants and children with intersex characteristics.<ref name="holmes2013">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Morgan |author-link=Morgan Holmes |date=May 1994 |pages=11–130 |url=https://currents.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/currents/article/view/37695 |title=Re-membering a Queer Body |publisher=Faculty of Environmental Studies, [[York University]], Ontario |journal=UnderCurrents |volume=6 |doi=10.25071/2292-4736/37695 |s2cid=142878263 |access-date=2021-03-19 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101136/https://currents.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/currents/article/view/37695 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="carp2020">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/13691058.2020.1781262| issn = 1369-1058| pages = 516–532| last = Carpenter| first = Morgan| author-link = Morgan Carpenter |title = Intersex human rights, sexual orientation, gender identity, sex characteristics and the Yogyakarta principles plus 10| journal = Culture, Health & Sexuality| date = 2020| volume = 23| issue = 4| pmid = 32679003| s2cid = 220631036}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = [[Duke University Press]]| last = Karkazis| first = Katrina| author-link = Katrina Karkazis| title = Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience| isbn = 978-0822343189| date = November 2009| title-link = Fixing Sex}}</ref> Holmes and Carpenter have sometimes talked of intersex bodies as "queer bodies",<ref name="holmes2013"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Carpenter |first=Morgan |date=18 June 2013 |title=Australia can lead the way for intersex people |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/18/intersex-people-australia |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2014-12-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015051611/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/18/intersex-people-australia |archive-date=15 October 2014 }}</ref> while Carpenter also stresses inadequacies and "dangerous" consequences from framing intersex as a sexual orientation or gender identity issue.<ref name="carp2020"/>

In ''What Can Queer Theory Do for Intersex?'' [[Iain Morland]] contrasts queer "hedonic activism" with an experience of insensate post-surgical intersex bodies to claim that "queerness is characterized by the sensory interrelation of pleasure and shame."<ref name="after">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Morland |editor1-first=Iain |editor1-link=Iain Morland |date=2009 |title=Intersex and After |url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/Intersex-and-After/ |journal=[[GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies]] |volume=15 |issue=2 |isbn=978-0-8223-6705-5 |access-date=2014-12-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226163534/https://www.dukeupress.edu/Intersex-and-After/ |archive-date=2014-12-26 }}</ref>

== Intersex and transgender ==
{{further|Causes of transsexuality}}

[[File:Existrans 2017 (37598595700).jpg|thumb|Intersex banner at [[trans march]] reading: "Trans and intersex, [[refugees|migrants]] in social danger: [[Exile|expulsions]], impoverishment, contamination, and violence." Existrans 2017, [[Paris]].]]
Intersex can also be contrasted with ''[[transgender]]'',<ref name="coeres1952" /> which describes the condition in which one's [[gender identity]] does not match one's assigned sex.<ref name="coeres1952">{{cite web | url = http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=20057&lang=en | title = Children's right to physical integrity, Report Doc. 13297 | work = [[Council of Europe]] Parliamentary Assembly | date = 6 September 2013 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131226081751/http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=20057&lang=en | archive-date = 26 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://interactyouth.org/post/100048044990/laverne-cox-is-on-this-weeks-faking-it-in-honor |title=Trans? Intersex? Explained! |publisher=[[Advocates for Informed Choice#Inter.2FAct|Inter/Act]] |access-date=2013-07-10 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018091459/http://interactyouth.org/post/100048044990/laverne-cox-is-on-this-weeks-faking-it-in-honor |archive-date=2014-10-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://oii.org.au/18194/differences-intersex-trans/ |title=Basic differences between intersex and trans |publisher=[[Organisation Intersex International Australia]] |access-date=2013-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904081530/http://oii.org.au/18194/differences-intersex-trans/ |archive-date=2014-09-04 |date=2011-06-03 }}</ref> Some people are both intersex and transgender.<ref>{{Citation| publisher = Intersex Day| last = Cabral Grinspan| first = Mauro| author-link1 = Mauro Cabral| title = The marks on our bodies| date = October 25, 2015| url = http://intersexday.org/en/mauro-cabral-marks-bodies/| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405220557/http://intersexday.org/en/mauro-cabral-marks-bodies/| archive-date = April 5, 2016}}</ref> A 2012 clinical review paper reported that between 8.5% and 20% of people with intersex variations experienced [[gender dysphoria]].<ref name="furtado">{{cite journal | author = Furtado P. S.| year = 2012 | title = Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development | journal = Nat. Rev. Urol. | volume = 9 | issue = 11| pages = 620–627 | doi = 10.1038/nrurol.2012.182 | pmid = 23045263 | s2cid = 22294512 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> A report by [[The Trevor Project]] on polling intersex youth in the US found that 42% identified as [[cisgender]], 32% [[non-binary]], 17% [[transgender]], and 9% [[Questioning (sexuality and gender)|questioning]], the poll sampled primarily LGBTQ youth.<ref name="auto"/> The rate of being transgender/non-binary in the overall US youth population is 5%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/06/07/about-5-of-young-adults-in-the-u-s-say-their-gender-is-different-from-their-sex-assigned-at-birth/|title=About 5% of young adults in the U.S. say their gender is different from their sex assigned at birth|first=Anna|last=Brown|date=7 June 2022 }}</ref>

=== Non-binary gender ===
{{further|Legal recognition of intersex people|Legal recognition of non-binary gender}}
Recognition of third sex or gender classifications occurs in several countries.<ref name="ausag">{{cite web|url=http://www.ag.gov.au/Publications/Pages/AustralianGovernmentGuidelinesontheRecognitionofSexandGender.aspx|title=Australian Government Guidelines on the Recognition of Sex and Gender, 30 May 2013|access-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701084543/http://www.ag.gov.au/Publications/Pages/AustralianGovernmentGuidelinesontheRecognitionofSexandGender.aspx|archive-date=1 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Science as Culture">{{Cite journal|first=Ingrid|last=Holme|title=Hearing People's Own Stories|journal=Science as Culture|volume=17|issue=3|pages=341–344|doi=10.1080/09505430802280784|year=2008|s2cid=143528047}}</ref><ref name="nzpass">{{cite web|url=http://www.passports.govt.nz/Transgender-applicants|title=New Zealand Passports - Information about Changing Sex / Gender Identity|access-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923055123/http://www.passports.govt.nz/Transgender-applicants|archive-date=23 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dw.de/third-sex-option-on-birth-certificates/a-17193869 | title = Third sex option on birth certificates | work = [[Deutsche Welle]] | date = 1 November 2013 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141010184218/http://www.dw.de/third-sex-option-on-birth-certificates/a-17193869 | archive-date = 10 October 2014 }}</ref> Sociological research in Australia, a country with a third 'X' sex classification, shows that 19% of people born with atypical sex characteristics selected an "X" or "other" option, while 52% are women, 23% men, and 6% unsure.<ref name="oiijones"/><ref name="jones2016" />

A [[Intersex rights in Germany|German]] law requiring that infants which can be [[sex assignment|assigned]] to neither sex have their status left blank on their birth certificate was criticised by intersex rights groups on the basis that it could encourage parents who see a neutral option as undesirable to have their child undergo genital surgery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Germany allows indeterminate gender on birth register |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-gender/germany-allows-indeterminate-gender-on-birth-register-idUKBRE97K0OK20130821 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en |date=21 August 2013 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724124539/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-gender/germany-allows-indeterminate-gender-on-birth-register-idUKBRE97K0OK20130821 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Carpenter |first1=Morgan |title=German proposals for a "third gender" on birth certificates miss the mark |url=https://ihra.org.au/23183/germany-third-gender-birth-certificates/ |website=Intersex Human Rights Australia |language=en |date=20 August 2013 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920202632/https://ihra.org.au/23183/germany-third-gender-birth-certificates/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://oiieurope.org/bluff-package-for-inter-leaving-sex-entry-open-is-not-an-option/ | title = Sham package for Intersex: Leaving sex entry open is not an option | work = [[OII Europe]] | date = 15 February 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140829115843/http://oiieurope.org/bluff-package-for-inter-leaving-sex-entry-open-is-not-an-option/ | archive-date = 29 August 2014 | access-date = 1 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/post/Intersex-3rd-gender-in-Germany-Silly-season-fantasies-vs-reality-of-genital-mutilations | title = Intersex: Third Gender in Germany" (Spiegel, Huff Post, Guardian, ...): Silly Season Fantasies vs. Reality of Genital Mutilations | work = [[Zwischengeschlecht]] | date = 1 November 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170624135709/http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/post/Intersex-3rd-gender-in-Germany-Silly-season-fantasies-vs-reality-of-genital-mutilations | archive-date = 24 June 2017 | access-date = 1 February 2017 }}</ref> In 2013, the third [[International Intersex Forum]] made statements for the first time on sex and gender registration in the [[Malta declaration (International Intersex Forum)|Malta declaration]],<ref>[http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/global-intersex-community-affirms-shared-goals/113806 Global intersex community affirms shared goals] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206093257/http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/global-intersex-community-affirms-shared-goals/113806 |date=2013-12-06 }}, [[Star Observer]], December 4, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malta Declaration |url=https://oiieurope.org/malta-declaration/ |website=OII Europe |access-date=2020-07-23 |archive-date=2020-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818023738/https://oiieurope.org/malta-declaration/ |url-status=live }}</ref> advocating for "register[ing] intersex children as females or males, with the awareness that, like all people, they may grow up to identify with a different [[sex or gender]]" and "ensur[ing] that sex or gender classifications are amendable through a simple administrative procedure at the request of the individuals concerned." It also advocates for non-binary options and self-identification for all while calling for an end to registering sex on birth certificates.

[[Alex MacFarlane]] is believed to be the first person in [[Intersex rights in Australia|Australia]] to obtain a birth certificate recording sex as indeterminate, and the first Australian passport with an 'X' sex marker in 2003.<ref name="West Australian">{{cite web | url = http://www.bodieslikeours.org/pdf/xmarks.pdf | title = X marks the spot for intersex Alex | work = West Australian, via bodieslikeours.org | date = 11 January 2003 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131110023525/http://www.bodieslikeours.org/pdf/xmarks.pdf | archive-date = 10 November 2013 | access-date = 1 February 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Science as Culture" /><ref name="Sydney Morning Herald">[http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/neither-man-nor-woman-20100626-zaye.html "Neither man nor woman"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424180420/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/neither-man-nor-woman-20100626-zaye.html |date=2016-04-24 }}, Sydney Morning Herald. 27 June 2010</ref> On September 26, 2016, [[California]] resident Sara Kelly Keenan became the second person in the [[Intersex rights in the United States|United States]] (after [[Elisa Rae Shupe]]) to legally change their gender to 'non-binary'. Keenan cited Shupe's case as inspiration for their petition, "It never occurred to me that this was an option, because I thought the gender change laws were strictly for transgender people. I decided to try and use the same framework to have a [[third gender]]."<ref>{{cite web|last1=O'Hara|first1=Mary Emily|title=Californian Becomes Second US Citizen Granted 'Non-Binary' Gender Status|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/californian-becomes-second-us-citizen-granted-non-binary-gender-status-n654611|website=[[NBC News]]|access-date=September 26, 2016|date=September 26, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926204210/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/californian-becomes-second-us-citizen-granted-non-binary-gender-status-n654611|archive-date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> Keenan later obtained a birth certificate with an [[Legal recognition of intersex people|intersex]] sex marker. In press reporting of this decision, it became apparent that Ohio had issued a 'hermaphrodite' sex marker in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web| last = O'Hara| first = Mary Emily| title = Nation's First Known Intersex Birth Certificate Issued in NYC| website = [[NBC News]]| access-date = 2016-12-30| date = December 29, 2016| url = https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/nation-s-first-known-intersex-birth-certificate-issued-nyc-n701186| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161230121426/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/nation-s-first-known-intersex-birth-certificate-issued-nyc-n701186| archive-date = December 30, 2016}}</ref>

Intersex scholar [[Morgan Holmes]] argues that thinking of societies that incorporate a 'third sex' as superior is overly simplistic, and that "to understand whether a system is more or less oppressive than another we have to understand how it treats its various members, not only its 'thirds'."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Morgan |author-link=Morgan Holmes |date=July 2004 |title=Locating Third Sexes |url=http://www.transformationsjournal.org/issues/08/article_03.shtml |journal=Transformations Journal |issue=8 |issn=1444-3775 |access-date=2014-12-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110091545/http://www.transformationsjournal.org/issues/08/article_03.shtml |archive-date=2017-01-10 }}</ref>

The [[Asia Pacific Forum]] of National Human Rights Institutions states that the legal recognition of intersex people is firstly about access to the same rights as other men and women, when assigned male or female; secondly it is about access to administrative corrections to legal documents when an original [[sex assignment]] is not appropriate; and thirdly it is not about the creation of a third sex or gender classification for intersex people as a population but it is, instead, about [[self-determination]].<ref name="afp2016" />

== LGBT and LGBTI ==

The relationship of intersex to lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans, and queer communities is complex,<ref name="Dreger2015">{{Cite web | last = Dreger| first = Alice| title = Reasons to Add and Reasons NOT to Add "I" (Intersex) to LGBT in Healthcare| date = 4 May 2015| url = https://www.aamc.org/download/431576/data/reasonsdeck.pdf| publisher = [[Association of American Medical Colleges]]| access-date = 18 May 2016| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160609230211/https://www.aamc.org/download/431576/data/reasonsdeck.pdf| archive-date = 9 June 2016}}</ref> but intersex people are often added to [[LGBT]] to create an LGBTI community.<ref>William L. Maurice, Marjorie A. Bowman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HX9HAAAAMAAJ Sexual medicine in primary care] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906150820/https://books.google.com/books?id=HX9HAAAAMAAJ |date=2015-09-06 }}, Mosby Year Book, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-8151-2797-0}}</ref><ref name="Aragon2006">{{cite book | last=Aragon | first=Angela Pattatuchi | title=Challenging Lesbian Norms: Intersex, Transgender, Intersectional, and Queer Perspectives | publisher=Haworth Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-56023-645-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usruybRjfMUC | access-date=2008-07-05 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122110205/http://books.google.com/books?id=usruybRjfMUC | archive-date=2012-11-22 }}</ref> A 2019 background note by the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] has stated that intersex persons are a distinct population with concerns about "representation, misrepresentation and resourcing", but who share "common concerns" with LGBT people "due to shared experiences of harm arising from dominant societal sex and gender norms." The paper identifies both how intersex people can suffer human rights violations "before they are able to develop or freely express and identity" and how "stereotypes, fear and stigmatization of LGBT people provide rationales for forced and coercive medical interventions on children with intersex variations."<ref name="bg2019">{{Citation| last = Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights| author-link = Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights| title = Background Note on Human Rights Violations against Intersex People| date = October 2019| url = https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Discrimination/Pages/BackgroundViolationsIntersexPeople.aspx| access-date = 2020-03-05| archive-date = 2020-01-29| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200129161814/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Discrimination/Pages/BackgroundViolationsIntersexPeople.aspx| url-status = live}}</ref>

[[Julius Kaggwa]] of SIPD Uganda has written that, while the gay community "offers us a place of relative safety, it is also oblivious to our specific needs."<ref name="Kaggwa2016">{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| last = Kaggwa| first = Julius| author-link = Julius Kaggwa| title = I'm an intersex Ugandan – life has never felt more dangerous| work = [[The Guardian]]| access-date = 2016-10-03| date = September 19, 2016| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/16/intersex-ugandan-lgbt-gay-rights-life-never-felt-more-dangerous?CMP=share_btn_tw| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161006015137/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/16/intersex-ugandan-lgbt-gay-rights-life-never-felt-more-dangerous?CMP=share_btn_tw| archive-date = October 6, 2016}}</ref> [[Mauro Cabral]] has written that [[transgender]] people and organizations "need to stop approaching intersex issues as if they were trans issues" including use of intersex as a means of explaining being transgender; "we can collaborate a lot with the intersex movement by making it clear how wrong that approach is."<ref name="cabral-2016">{{Cite web| last = Cabral| first = Mauro| author-link = Mauro Cabral Grinspan| title = IAD2016: A Message from Mauro Cabral| work = GATE - [[Global Action for Trans Equality]]| access-date = 2016-11-12| date = October 26, 2016| url = https://transactivists.org/2016/10/26/iad2016-a-message-from-mauro-cabral/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161103133403/https://transactivists.org/2016/10/26/iad2016-a-message-from-mauro-cabral/| archive-date = November 3, 2016}}</ref>

[[Pidgeon Pagonis]] states that adding an I to LGBTQA may or may not help increase representation, and may increase funding opportunities for intersex organizations, but may also be harmful to intersex children due to stigma associated with being LGBTQA.<ref name="pagonis2016">{{Cite web| last = Pagonis| first = Pidgeon| title = 7 Ways Adding 'I' to the LGBTQA+ Acronym Can Miss the Point| work = Everyday Feminism| date = June 2016| url = http://everydayfeminism.com/2016/06/intersex-lgbtq-misses-the-point/| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170109192402/http://everydayfeminism.com/2016/06/intersex-lgbtq-misses-the-point/| archive-date = 2017-01-09}}</ref> [[Organisation Intersex International Australia]] states that some intersex individuals are same sex attracted, and some are heterosexual, but "LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people who fall outside of expected binary sex and gender norms."<ref>{{cite web | title = Intersex for allies | url = http://oii.org.au/allies | date = 21 November 2012 | access-date = 18 May 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160607042937/http://oii.org.au/allies/ | archive-date = 7 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/oii-releases-new-resource-on-intersex-issues-13999.html | title = OII releases new resource on intersex issues, ''Intersex for allies'' and ''Making services intersex inclusive'' by Organisation Intersex International Australia | work = Gay News Network | date = 2 June 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140606202143/http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/oii-releases-new-resource-on-intersex-issues-13999.html | archive-date = 6 June 2014 }}</ref>

On July 1, 2020, Russian intersex organizations (Interseks.ru, ARSI, NFP+, [[Intersex Russia]]) issued a statement on the use of LGBTI abbreviation urging not to use it in and about countries with widespread prejudice and violence in attitudes of individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-20|title=Statement on the use of the abbreviation "LGBTI."|url=https://arsintersex.org/en/statement-on-the-use-of-the-abbreviation-lgbti/|access-date=2021-06-12|website=ARSI|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311172623/https://arsintersex.org/en/statement-on-the-use-of-the-abbreviation-lgbti/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Protecting intersex people in law ===
[[File:Inclusion of sex characteristics in anti-discrimination law.svg|thumb|right|452px|
{{legend|#002255|Explicit protection on grounds of [[sex characteristics]]}}
{{legend|#0066FF|Explicit protection on grounds of intersex status}}
{{legend|#9FCFFF|Explicit protection on grounds of intersex within attribute of sex}}]]
{{Main|Intersex human rights|Discrimination against intersex people}}
[[Emi Koyama]] describes how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address intersex-specific human rights issues, including creating false impressions "that intersex people's rights are protected" by laws protecting LGBT people, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex people are not LGBT.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Koyama| first = Emi| title = Adding the "I": Does Intersex Belong in the LGBT Movement?| work = Intersex Initiative| url = http://www.intersexinitiative.org/articles/lgbti.html| access-date = 18 May 2016| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160517075057/http://www.intersexinitiative.org/articles/lgbti.html| archive-date = 17 May 2016}}</ref>

[[Intersex rights in South Africa|South Africa]] protects intersex people from discrimination as part of a prohibition of discrimination on grounds of sex. Organisation Intersex International Australia successfully lobbied for inclusion of a legal attribute of "intersex status" in anti-discrimination law, stating that protection on grounds of [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]] was insufficient.<ref name="carpenter2012">{{Cite conference| work = [[Organisation Intersex International Australia]]| last1 = Carpenter| first1 = Morgan| author1-link = Morgan Carpenter| last2 = Organisation Intersex International Australia| author2-link = Organisation Intersex International Australia| title = Submission on the proposed federal Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Bill| location = Sydney| date = 2012-12-08| url = http://oii.org.au/21433/submission-human-rights-anti-discrimination/| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170303094428/https://oii.org.au/21433/submission-human-rights-anti-discrimination/| archive-date = 2017-03-03}}</ref><ref name="com law">{{cite web | url = http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013A00098 | title = Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013, No. 98, 2013, C2013A00098 | work = ComLaw | date = 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122244/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013A00098 | archive-date = 2014-10-06 | access-date = 2017-02-01 }}</ref><ref name="oiiau">{{cite web | url = http://oii.org.au/22713/sex-discrimination-amendment-intersex-status-act/ | title = On the historic passing of the Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013 | work = [[Organisation Intersex International Australia]] | date = 25 June 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105638/http://oii.org.au/22713/sex-discrimination-amendment-intersex-status-act/ | archive-date = 6 October 2014 | access-date = 1 February 2017 }}</ref> Following 2015 legislation in [[Intersex rights in Malta|Malta]],<ref name="gigesc">{{Citation| last = Malta| title = Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act: Final version| date = April 2015| url = http://justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lp&itemid=26805&l=1| access-date = 2017-02-01| archive-date = 2015-07-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150705045131/http://justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lp&itemid=26805&l=1| url-status = live}}</ref> an attribute of [[sex characteristics]] is now more widespread.<ref name="afp2016">{{Cite book| author-link = Asia Pacific Forum| isbn = 978-0-9942513-7-4| last = Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions| title = Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics| date = June 2016| url = http://www.asiapacificforum.net/resources/manual-sogi-and-sex-charactersitics/| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170115144950/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/resources/manual-sogi-and-sex-charactersitics/| archive-date = 2017-01-15}}</ref>

=== "Pinkwashing" ===
[[File:Protection of intersex children from harmful practices.svg|thumb|right|452px|
{{legend|#002255|Legal prohibition of non-consensual [[Intersex medical interventions|medical interventions]]}}
{{legend|#0066FF|Regulatory suspension of non-consensual medical interventions}}]]
{{further|Intersex medical interventions}}
Multiple organizations have highlighted appeals to LGBT rights recognition that fail to address the issue of unnecessary "normalising" [[intersex medical interventions]] on intersex children, including by using the portmanteau ''[[Pinkwashing (LGBT)|pinkwashing]]''. In a 2001 paper for the (now defunct) [[Intersex Society of North America]], Emi Koyama and Lisa Weasel stating that teaching of intersex issues is "stuck" at talking about intersex as a mean instead of an end:

{{blockquote|This indeed seems to be a common problem within women's, gender and queer studies: discussions about intersex existence are "stuck" at where it is used to deconstruct sexes, gender roles, compulsory heterosexuality, and even Western science, rather than addressing [[medical ethics]] or other issues that directly impact the lives of intersex people. But perhaps this is an inaccurate way to describe the situation: the truth is not that these discussions are "stuck" prematurely, but that they are starting from a wrong place with a wrong set of priorities".<ref name="koyama2001">{{cite web | first1 = Emi | last1 = Koyama | first2 = Lisa | last2 = Weasel | work = [[Intersex Society of North America]] | title = Teaching Intersex Issues | date = June 2001 | url = http://isna.org/pdf/teaching-intersex-web.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170517003751/http://isna.org/pdf/teaching-intersex-web.pdf | archive-date = 2017-05-17 }}</ref>}}

In June 2016, Organisation Intersex International Australia pointed to contradictory statements by [[Intersex rights in Australia|Australian]] governments, suggesting that the dignity and rights of LGBT and intersex people are recognized while, at the same time, harmful practices on intersex children continue.<ref>{{cite web | title = Submission: list of issues for Australia's Convention Against Torture review | url = https://oii.org.au/30546/loi-cat-review/ | work = [[Organisation Intersex International Australia]] | date = June 28, 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160916201538/https://oii.org.au/30546/loi-cat-review/ | archive-date = September 16, 2016 | access-date = February 1, 2017 }}</ref>

In August 2016, [[Zwischengeschlecht]] described actions to promote equality or civil status legislation without action on banning "intersex genital mutilations" as a form of [[Pinkwashing (LGBT)|pinkwashing]].<ref>{{cite web | title = "Intersex legislation" that allows the daily mutilations to continue = Pinkwashing of IGM practices | url = http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/post/Intersex-politics-that-ignore-the-daily-mutilations-PINKWASHING-OF-IGM-PRACTICES | work = [[Zwischengeschlecht]] | date = August 28, 2016 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919050911/http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/post/Intersex-politics-that-ignore-the-daily-mutilations-PINKWASHING-OF-IGM-PRACTICES | archive-date = September 19, 2016 }}</ref> The organization has previously highlighted evasive government statements to UN Treaty Bodies that conflate intersex, transgender and LGBT issues, instead of addressing harmful practices on infants.<ref>{{cite web | title = Transcription > UK Questioned over Intersex Genital Mutilations by UN Committee on the Rights of the Child - Gov Non-Answer + Denial | url = http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/post/UK-Questioned-over-Intersex-Genital-Mutilations-by-UN-Committee-on-the-Rights-of-the-Child | work = [[Zwischengeschlecht]] | date = May 26, 2016 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919045730/http://stop.genitalmutilation.org/post/UK-Questioned-over-Intersex-Genital-Mutilations-by-UN-Committee-on-the-Rights-of-the-Child | archive-date = September 19, 2016 }}</ref>

== Terms ==
[[LGBT+]] is an [[initialism]] that stands for [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], and [[transgender]], and others. The initialism has become mainstream as a self-designation; it has been adopted by the majority of [[sexuality and gender identity-based cultures|sexuality and gender identity-based]] community centers and media in the [[Intersex rights in the United States|United States]], as well as many other countries.<ref name="centerlink">{{cite web|last1=Centerlink|title=2008 Community Center Survey Report|url=http://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2008-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf|website=LGBT Movement Advancement Project|access-date=August 29, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617162609/http://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2008-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf|archive-date=June 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nlgja.org/resources/stylebook.html|title=NLGJA Stylebook on LGBT Terminology|date=2008|work=nlgja.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428224003/http://www.nlgja.org/resources/stylebook.html|archive-date=2009-04-28}}</ref>

Another variant is ''LGBTQIA'', which is used, for example, by the "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual Resource Center" at the [[University of California, Davis]].<ref name="ucd2015">{{cite web|title=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual Resource Center|url=http://lgbtqia.ucdavis.edu/index.html|publisher=University of California, Davis|access-date=2017-01-20|date=September 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202112709/http://lgbtqia.ucdavis.edu/index.html|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The United States [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) have framed LGBT, others "whose sexual orientation and/or gender identity varies, those who may not self-identify as LGBT" and also intersex populations (as persons with [[disorders of sex development]]) as "sexual and gender minority" (SGM) populations. This has led to the development of an NIH SGM Health Research Strategic Plan.<ref name="nih2015">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1089/lgbt.2015.0107| pmid = 26789398| issn = 2325-8292| last1 = Alexander| first1 = Rashada| last2 = Parker| first2 = Karen| last3 = Schwetz| first3 = Tara| title = Sexual and Gender Minority Health Research at the National Institutes of Health| journal = LGBT Health| volume = 3| issue = 1| pages = 7–10| date = October 2015 | pmc = 6913795}}</ref>

The concept of [[queer]] can also be included to form the initialisms ''LGBTIQ''<ref name="LGBTIQ">{{cite web |title=Learning about LGBTIQ |url=https://www.monash.edu/lgbtiq/learning-about |website=LGBTIQ |publisher=Monash University |access-date=30 June 2021 |language=en-AU |quote=LGBTIQ stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and Queer. You may have seen alternative versions of the abbreviation such as GLBT, LGBTQIA+, LGBTTIQQ2SA or LGBTIH, to name just a few. Sometimes, you’ll see the word Queer used as an umbrella term for these various identities as well. |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181339/https://www.monash.edu/lgbtiq/learning-about |url-status=live }}</ref> and {{lang|es|LGTBIQ}} (in Spanish).<ref name="LaSexta">{{cite news |title=LGTBIQ: el significado de las siglas con las que se identifica el colectivo |url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/sociedad/orgullo-lgtbi/lgtbiq-esto-es-lo-que-significa-cada-una-de-las-siglas-con-las-que-se-identifica-el-colectivo-video_201906265d13ea8d0cf2ee729a408fb1.html |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=LaSexta |date=2019-06-28 |language=es-ES |archive-date=2021-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120201902/https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/sociedad/orgullo-lgtbi/lgtbiq-esto-es-lo-que-significa-cada-una-de-las-siglas-con-las-que-se-identifica-el-colectivo-video_201906265d13ea8d0cf2ee729a408fb1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Other intersectionalities ==

=== Intersex and children's rights ===

[[Kimberly Zieselman]] of [[Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth|interACT]] has described how the LGBT community has helped open doors, but how intersex rights are broader: "at its core this is a children's rights issue. It is also about health and reproductive rights, because these operations can lead to infertility."<ref name="stewart2017">{{Cite journal| last = Stewart| first = Philippa| title = Interview: Intersex Babies Don't Need 'Fixing'| journal = Human Rights Watch| access-date = 2017-07-25| date = 2017-07-25| url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/25/interview-intersex-babies-dont-need-fixing| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170803222257/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/25/interview-intersex-babies-dont-need-fixing| archive-date = 2017-08-03}}</ref>

=== Intersex and disability ===

Multiple authors and civil society organizations highlight intersectionalities between intersex people and disability, due to issues of medicalization, and the use of [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]].<ref name ="holmes2008">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s11673-007-9073-2| issn = 1176-7529| volume = 5| issue = 2–3| pages = 169–181| last = Holmes| first = M. Morgan| author-link = Morgan Holmes | title = Mind the Gaps: Intersex and (Re-productive) Spaces in Disability Studies and Bioethics| journal = Journal of Bioethical Inquiry| date = June 2008| citeseerx = 10.1.1.566.1260| s2cid = 26016185}}</ref> In an analysis of the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis to eliminate intersex traits, Behrmann and Ravitsky state: "Parental choice against intersex may ... conceal biases against same-sex attractedness and gender nonconformity."<ref name="Behrmann2013">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/15265161.2013.828131| pmid = 24024805 | issn = 1526-5161 | volume = 13| issue = 10| pages = 39–41| last1 = Behrmann| first1 = Jason| last2 = Ravitsky| first2 = Vardit| title = Queer Liberation, Not Elimination: Why Selecting Against Intersex is Not "Straight" Forward| journal = The American Journal of Bioethics| date = October 2013| s2cid = 27065247 }}</ref>

A 2006 clinical reframing of intersex conditions as [[disorders of sex development]]<ref name="lee">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-0737| pmid = 16882833 | issn = 0031-4005 | volume = 118| issue = 2| pages = 753–757| last1 = Houk| first1 = C. P.| last2 = Hughes| first2 = I. A.| last3 = Ahmed| first3 = S. F.| last4 = Lee| first4 = P. A.| last5 = Writing Committee for the International Intersex Consensus Conference Participants| title = Summary of Consensus Statement on Intersex Disorders and Their Management| journal = Pediatrics|  date = August 2006 | s2cid = 46508895 }}</ref><ref name="hughes">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1136/adc.2006.098319| pmid = 16624884| pmc = 2082839| issn = 0003-9888| volume = 91| issue = 7| pages = 554–563| last1 = Hughes| first1 = I A| last2 = Houk | first2 = C | last3 = Ahmed | first3 = S F | last4 = Lee | first4 = P A | last5 = LWPES1/ESPE2 Consensus Group | title = Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders| journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood| date = June 2005 }}</ref> made associations between intersex and disability explicit,<ref name = "cornwall2015">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/23312521.2015.1010681| issn = 2331-2521 | volume = 19| issue = 2| pages = 106–118| last = Cornwall| first = Susannah| title = Intersex and the Rhetorics of Disability and Disorder: Multiple and Provisional Significance in Sexed, Gender, and Disabled Bodies| journal = Journal of Disability & Religion| date = April 2015| hdl = 10871/28804 | s2cid = 146427737 | hdl-access = free}}</ref><ref name="koymama2006">{{Cite web| last = Koyama| first = Emi| title = From "Intersex" to "DSD": Toward a Queer Disability Politics of Gender| location = University of Vermont| date = February 2006| url = http://www.intersexinitiative.org/articles/intersextodsd.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150928013641/http://www.intersexinitiative.org/articles/intersextodsd.html| archive-date = 2015-09-28| access-date = 2017-02-01}}</ref> but the rhetorical shift remains deeply contentious.<ref name=GDavis>{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Georgiann|author-link = Georgiann Davis | title=Contesting Intersex: The Dubious Diagnosis|date=11 September 2015|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|isbn=978-1479887040|pages=87–89}}</ref><ref name="holmes2011">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3366/soma.2011.0026 | issn = 2044-0138 | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 388–411 | last = Holmes | first = Morgan | author-link=Morgan Holmes | title = The Intersex Enchiridion: Naming and Knowledge | journal = Somatechnics | date = September 2011 }}</ref> Sociological research in Australia, published in 2016, found that 3% of respondents used the term "disorders of sex development" or "DSD" to define their sex characteristics, while 21% use the term when accessing medical services. In contrast, 60% used the term "intersex" in some form to self-describe their sex characteristics.<ref name="jones2016" />

In the [[Intersex rights in the United States|United States]], intersex persons are protected by the [[Americans with Disabilities Act]].<ref name="menon2011">{{Cite journal| volume = 43| issue = 4| pages = 1221–1251| last = Menon| first = Yamuna| title = The Intersex Community and the Americans with Disabilities Act| journal = Connecticut Law Review| date = May 2011| url = http://connecticutlawreview.org/articles/the-intersex-community-and-the-americans-with-disabilities-act/| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202084505/http://connecticutlawreview.org/articles/the-intersex-community-and-the-americans-with-disabilities-act/| archive-date = 2017-02-02}}</ref> In 2013, the [[Australian Senate]] published a report on the ''Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia'' as part of a broader inquiry into the involuntary or coercive sterilization of people with disabilities.<ref name="SenateOnSterilisation">{{Cite book |last1=Senate of Australia |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Involuntary_Sterilisation/Sec_Report/index |title=Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia |last2=Community Affairs References Committee |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-74229-917-4 |location=Canberra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181927/http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Involuntary_Sterilisation/Sec_Report/index |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=live}}</ref> In Europe, [[OII Europe]] has identified multiple articles of the UN [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]], including on equality and non-discrimination, and freedom from torture, and protecting the integrity of the person. Nevertheless, the organization has expressed concern that framings of intersex as disability can reinforce medicalization and lack of human rights, and do not match self-identification.<ref name="oiieu2015">{{Cite conference| last = OII Europe| author-link = OII Europe| title = Statement of OII Europe on Intersex, Disability and the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities| date = April 2015| url = http://oiieurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/CRPD_2015_Statement_OII_Europe.pdf| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160327115926/http://oiieurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/CRPD_2015_Statement_OII_Europe.pdf| archive-date = 2016-03-27}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{LGBTQ}}

[[Category:Intersex in society]]
[[Category:Intersex rights]]
[[Category:LGBTQ]]