View source for Islam in the United States

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[[Image:RoxburyMosque2.JPG|thumb|250px|Islamic Society of Boston mosque in Roxbury]]
[[File:Muslim Americans by state.svg|thumb|<div style="text-align: center">
Estimated proportion of Muslim Americans in each U.S. state and the District of Columbia as of the 2020 U.S. Religion Census</div>]]
{{Islam}} 
{{Islam by country}}
[[Islam]] is the third-largest [[religion in the United States|religion]] in the [[United States]] (1.34%), behind [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]] (67%) and [[Judaism in the United States|Judaism]] (2.4%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2021 |title=Pew Research Center - The size of the U.S. Jewish population |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/the-size-of-the-u-s-jewish-population/ |access-date= |work=Pew Research}}</ref> The [[Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies]] in its 2020 US Religion census estimated that 1.34% (or 4,453,908) of the population of the United States are Muslim.<ref name="Pew2017">{{cite web|date=January 3, 2018|title=New estimates show U.S. Muslim population continues to grow|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/03/new-estimates-show-u-s-muslim-population-continues-to-grow/|access-date=August 16, 2018|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref> In 2017, twenty states, mostly in the South and Midwest, reported Islam to be the largest non-Christian religion.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Religion Census |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/node/1638 |website=U.S. Religion Census |access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref>

The first Muslims to arrive in America were enslaved people from [[West Africa]] (such as [[Omar ibn Said]] and [[Ayuba Suleiman Diallo]]). During the [[Atlantic slave trade]], an estimated 10 to 20 percent<ref name="diouf" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/islam.htm |title=Islam in America: From African Slaves to Malcolm X |last=Tweed |first=Thomas A. |publisher=National Humanities Center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716181400/http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/islam.htm |archive-date=July 16, 2009 |access-date=July 21, 2009 }}</ref> of the [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] brought to [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial]] [[United States|America]] from West Africa were [[Muslims]],<ref name="The Muslims of Early America">{{Cite news |last=Manseau |first=Peter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/09/opinion/the-founding-muslims.html?smid=fb-nytimes&smtyp=cur&bicmp=AD&bicmlukp=WT.mc_id&bicmst=1409232722000&bicmet=1419773522000&_r=0 |title=The Muslims of Early America |date=February 9, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 12, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211230203/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/09/opinion/the-founding-muslims.html?smid=fb-nytimes&smtyp=cur&bicmp=AD&bicmlukp=WT.mc_id&bicmst=1409232722000&bicmet=1419773522000&_r=0 |archive-date=February 11, 2015 |quote=An estimated 20 percent of enslaved Africans were Muslims, and many sought to recreate the communities they had known. }}</ref><ref>Curtis, ''Muslims in America,'' p. 119</ref> however Islam was suppressed on [[Plantation complexes in the Southern United States|plantations]].<ref name="diouf" /> Nearly all enslaved Muslims and their descendants converted to Christianity during the 18th and 19th centuries, though the [[Black power]] movement of the 20th century would later influence the revival of Islam among descendants of slaves. Prior to the late 19th century, the vast majority of documented Muslims in North America were merchants, travelers, and sailors.<ref name="The Muslims of Early America" />

From the 1880s to 1914, several thousand Muslims immigrated to the United States from the former territories of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[British India]].<ref name="curtis" /> The Muslim population of the U.S. increased dramatically in the second half of the 20th century due to the passage of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], which abolished previous immigration quotas.<ref name="Carleton">{{cite web |url=https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/history-muslims/immigration-after-1965 |title=Muslim Immigration After 1965 |publisher=Carleton College  |access-date=March 12, 2021 }}</ref> About 72 percent of American Muslims are immigrants or "second generation".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=January 27, 2011 |publisher=The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407074116/http://www.pewforum.org/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population.aspx |archive-date=April 7, 2013 |access-date=October 30, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wilgoren|first=Jodi|date=2001-10-22|title=A Nation Challenged: American Muslims – Islam Attracts Converts By the Thousand, Drawn Before and After Attacks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/22/us/nation-challenged-american-muslims-islam-attracts-converts-thousand-drawn-before.html|access-date=2021-03-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In 2005, more people from Muslim-majority countries became [[Permanent residence (United States)|legal permanent United States residents]]—nearly 96,000—than there had been in any other year in the previous two decades.<ref name="autogenerated8">{{Cite news |last=Elliott |first=Andrea |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003252072_911muslims10.html |title=Muslim immigration has bounced back |date=September 10, 2006 |work=Seattle Times |access-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219003620/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003252072_911muslims10.html |archive-date=February 19, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/print.cfm?ID=409 |title=Migration Information Source – The People Perceived as a Threat to Security: Arab Americans Since September 11 |publisher=Migrationinformation.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201225532/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/print.cfm?ID=409 |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref> In 2009, more than 115,000 Muslims became legal residents of the United States.<ref>"[http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-americas.aspx The Global Muslim Population: Projections for 2010–2030] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730054539/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-americas.aspx |date=July 30, 2013 }}" The Pew Research Center. January 27, 2011.</ref>

American Muslims come from various backgrounds and, according to a 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll, are one of the most [[Race (human categorization)|racially]] diverse religious groups in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/116260/Muslim-Americans-Exemplify-Diversity-Potential.aspx |title=Muslim Americans Exemplify Diversity, Potential |date=March 2, 2009 |publisher=Gallup.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221083615/http://www.gallup.com/poll/116260/muslim-americans-exemplify-diversity-potential.aspx |archive-date=December 21, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref> According to a 2017 study done by the [[Institute for Social Policy and Understanding|Institute for Social Policy]], "American Muslims are the only faith community surveyed with no majority race, with 26 percent white, 18 percent Asian, 18 percent Arab, 9 percent black, 7 percent mixed race, and 5 percent Hispanic".<ref name="autogenerated9">{{Cite news |url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2017-key-findings/ |title=American Muslim Poll 2017: Key Findings {{!}} ISPU |date=March 21, 2017 |work=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding |access-date=June 14, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Pew Research Center]] estimates about 73% of American Muslims are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and 16% are [[Shia Islam|Shia]]; the remainder identify with neither group, and include movements such as the [[Nation of Islam]], [[Ahmadiyya]], or [[non-denominational Muslims]].{{Efn|In the section "Subgroups of American Muslims", the same research institute suggests 55% are Sunni "According to the Pew Research Center, approximately 55% of Muslims in the United States are Sunni Muslims".}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=www.pewresearch.org|date=August 9, 2017 }}</ref> Conversion to [[Islam]] in large [[cities]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wakin |first=Daniel J. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E2DA1230F931A35752C0A9649C8B63 |title=Ranks of Latinos Turning to Islam Are Increasing; Many in City Were Catholics Seeking Old Muslim Roots |date=January 2, 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref> and [[Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons|in prisons]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yquAEvHyRng |title=Why do so many US prison inmates convert to Islam? {{!}} The Stream |date=2019-04-16 |last=Al Jazeera English |access-date=2024-11-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref> have also contributed to its growth over the years.
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==History==

=== Historical overview ===
Islam in the United States can be traced back to the 16th century when [[African slaves]] were brought to the United States of America. Historians estimate that between 15% to 30% of the enslaved Africans were Muslim.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Edward E. |title=Muslims in America: a short history |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536756-0 |series=Religion in American life |location=New York Oxford}}</ref> Most slaves who tried to maintain Islamic religious practices after their arrival were forcibly converted to Christianity. Some enslaved Muslims managed to preserve their religious practices.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diouf |first=Sylviane A. |title=Servants of Allah: African Muslims enslaved in the Americas |date=2013 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-1-4798-4711-2 |edition=15th |location=New York}}</ref> In the mid-seventeenth century, Ottoman Muslims are documented to have immigrated with other European immigrants, such as [[Anthony Janszoon van Salee]] a merchant of mixed origin from Morocco. Immigration drastically increased from 1878 to 1924 when Muslims from the [[Balkans]], and Syria settled in modern-day Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, North Dakota and South Dakota. During that era, the [[Ford Motor Company]] employed Muslims as well as African-Americans, since they were the most inclined to work in its factories under demanding conditions. By the 1930s and 1940s, Muslims in the US built mosques for their communal religious observance. As of the early 21st century, the number of Muslims in the United States is estimated at 3.5 to 4.5 million,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-07-26 |title=U.S. Muslims Concerned About Their Place in Society, but Continue to Believe in the American Dream |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/07/26/findings-from-pew-research-centers-2017-survey-of-us-muslims/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> and Islam is predicted to eventually become the second-largest religion in the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/islam-in-america/ |title=Islam In America {{!}} History Detectives {{!}} PBS |website=www.pbs.org |access-date=November 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>''The Puritans, vol 1'', p. 225. Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson, eds.</ref>

===Early records===
One of the earliest accounts of Islam's possible presence in North America dates to 1528, when a Moroccan slave, called [[Estevanico|Mustafa Azemmouri]], was shipwrecked near what is now Galveston, Texas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manseau |first=Peter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/09/opinion/the-founding-muslims.html?smid=fb-nytimes&smtyp=cur&bicmp=AD&bicmlukp=WT.mc_id&bicmst=1409232722000&bicmet=1419773522000&_r=0 |title=The Muslims of Early America |date=February 9, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 12, 2015}}</ref> He and three Spanish survivors subsequently traveled through much of the American southwest and the Mexican interior before reaching Mexico City.

Historian Peter Manseau wrote:
<blockquote>Muslims' presence [in the United States] is affirmed in documents dated more than a century before religious liberty became the law of the land, as in a Virginia statute of 1682 which referred to "negroes, moores, molatoes, and others, born of and in heathenish, idolatrous, pagan, and Mahometan parentage and country" who "heretofore and hereafter may be purchased, procured, or otherwise obtained, as slaves."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manseau |first=Peter |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-manseau/what-happened-to-americas-first-muslims_b_6809326.html?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000592 |title=What Happened to America's First Muslims? |date=March 9, 2015 |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=March 11, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311005810/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-manseau/what-happened-to-americas-first-muslims_b_6809326.html?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000592 |archive-date=March 11, 2015 |df=mdy-all}}</ref></blockquote>

====American Revolution and thereafter====
Records from the [[American Revolutionary War]] indicate that at least a few likely Muslims fought on the American side. Among the recorded names of American soldiers are "Yusuf ben Ali" (a member of the [[Turks of South Carolina]] community), "Bampett Muhamed"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Edward E |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owZCMZpYamMC&q=Yusuf+ben+Ali+and+Bampett+Muhamed&pg=PA561 |title=Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History |year=2010 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=9781438130408 |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> and possibly [[Peter Salem]].<ref name="Telegram_Salem">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegram.com/article/20100826/COLUMN21/8260819 |title=Exploring Peter Salem's roots |last=Southwick, Albert B. |date=August 26, 2010 |location=Worcester, MA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221160910/http://www.telegram.com/article/20100826/column21/8260819 |archive-date=December 21, 2015 |access-date=December 18, 2015 |newspaper=Telegram & Gazette }}</ref><ref name="Samory_2013">{{Cite book |last=Samory |first=Rashid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lR40AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=Black Muslims in the US: History, Politics, and the Struggle of a Community |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137337511 |page=78 |language=en |access-date=December 18, 2015}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Letter of George Washington to Mohammed ben Abdallah in appreciation of the signature of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed in Marrakech in 1787.jpg|Letter of [[George Washington]] to [[Mohammed ben Abdallah]] in appreciation of the [[Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship|Treaty of Peace and Friendship]], signed in 1787.
File: Portrait of Yarrow Mamout (Muhammad Yaro), 1819. Charles Willson Peale.jpg|[[Yarrow Mamout]] (Muhammad Yaro), 1819. Portrait by [[Charles Willson Peale]], [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]
</gallery>

The first country to recognize the United States as an independent nation was the [[Alaouite dynasty|Sultanate of Morocco]], under its ruler [[Mohammed ben Abdallah]], in the year 1777.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15OtZv_x9bMC&pg=PA1 |title=Capitalizing on the Morocco-US Free Trade Agreement: A Road Map for Success |year=2009 |publisher=Peterson Institute |isbn=9780881325812 |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> He maintained several correspondences with President [[George Washington]]. On December 9, 1805, President [[Thomas Jefferson]] hosted a dinner at the [[White House]] for his guest Sidi Soliman Mellimelli, an envoy from [[Tunis]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Thomas Jefferson's Iftar |date=July 29, 2011 |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/inbrief/2011/07/20110729153019kram0.3508199.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404050750/http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/inbrief/2011/07/20110729153019kram0.3508199.html |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=February 12, 2013 |archive-date=April 4, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Bilali Document|Bilali "Ben Ali" Muhammad]] was a Fula Muslim from [[Timbo, Guinea|Timbo]], Futa-Jallon, in present-day [[Guinea|Guinea-Conakry]], who arrived at [[Sapelo Island]] during 1803. While enslaved, he became the religious leader and Imam for a slave community numbering approximately eighty Muslim men residing on his plantation. During the [[War of 1812]], Muhammad and the eighty Muslim men under his leadership protected their master's Sapelo Island property from a British attack.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Amir Muhammad |url=http://www.middle-east-studies.net/?p=2763 |title=History of American Muslims (2) |journal=Middle East Studies Online Journal |date=November 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212034756/http://www.middle-east-studies.net/?p=2763 |archive-date=December 12, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref> He is known to have fasted during the month of Ramadan, worn a fez and [[kaftan]], and observed the [[Eid al-Adha|Muslim feasts]], in addition to consistently performing the five obligatory prayers.<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/15/INGMC85SSK1.DTL Muslim roots of the blues] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525123247/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2004%2F08%2F15%2FINGMC85SSK1.DTL |date=May 25, 2011 }}, Jonathan Curiel, ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' August 15, 2004</ref> In 1829, Bilali authored a thirteen-page Arabic ''Risala'' on Islamic beliefs and the rules for ablution, morning prayer, and the calls to prayer. Known as the [[Bilali Document]], it is currently housed at the University of Georgia in Athens.

====Nineteenth century====
On the morning of April 5, 1865, near the end of the [[American Civil War]], Union troops commanded by Col. Thomas M. Johnston set ablaze the [[University of Alabama]]; a copy of the [[Quran]] known as ''The Koran: Commonly Called The Alcoran'' was saved by one of the university's staff.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20100910/NEWS/100909583?p=2&tc=pg |title=Copy of Quran only book saved from Union's 1865 burning of UA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221214424/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20100910/NEWS/100909583?p=2&tc=pg |archive-date=December 21, 2014 |access-date=July 2, 2014 }}</ref>

Estimates ranging from a dozen to two hundred and ninety-two Muslims served in the Union military during the American Civil War,<ref name="encycl-muslimamerican">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owZCMZpYamMC&pg=PA561 |title=Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History |date=2010 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=9781438130408 |location=New York |page=561}}</ref> including [[Private (rank)|Private]] [[Mohammed Kahn]], who was born in [[Qajar Iran|Persia]], raised in [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], and emigrated to the United States.<ref name="National Archives Catalog">{{cite web |url=https://narations.blogs.archives.gov/2017/06/23/private-mohammed-kahn-civil-war-soldier/ |title=Private Mohammed Kahn: Civil War Soldier |last=Mersiovsky |first=Kate |date=June 23, 2017 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration|The National Archives NARAtions]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705210257/https://narations.blogs.archives.gov/2017/06/23/private-mohammed-kahn-civil-war-soldier/ |archive-date=July 5, 2017 |access-date=July 7, 2017 }}</ref> The highest-ranking Muslim officer in the [[Union Army]] was Captain Moses Osman.<ref name="encycl-muslimamerican" /> [[Nicholas Said]] (born 1836), formerly enslaved to an Arab master, came to the United States in 1860 and found a teaching job in Detroit. In 1863, Said enlisted in the [[55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment|55th Massachusetts Colored Regiment]] in the United States Army and rose to the rank of sergeant. He was later granted a transfer to a military hospital, where he gained some knowledge of medicine. His Army records state that he died in [[Brownsville, Tennessee]], in 1882.<ref name="talkingaboutislam.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.talkingaboutislam.com/articles/history/History_1800.htm |title=History of Muslims In America |publisher=Talkingaboutislam.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324055345/http://www.talkingaboutislam.com/articles/history/History_1800.htm |archive-date=March 24, 2012 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref> Another Muslim soldier from the Civil War was Max Hassan, an African who worked for the military as a porter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=28 |title=1800s |publisher=Muslims In America |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201182637/http://www.muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=28 |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>

[[File:Gertrudis Serna & Hadji Ali.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Gertrudis Serna & Hadji Ali ([[Hi Jolly]]).]]

A Greek/Syrian convert to Islam, Phillip Tedro (a name he reverted to later in life), born in Smyrna, who renamed himself [[Hi Jolly|Hajj Ali]], 'Ali who made the pilgrimage to Mecca,' (commonly spelled as "Hi Jolly") was hired by the [[United States Cavalry]] in 1856 to tend camels in Arizona and California. He would later become a prospector in Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahdieh.org/Archives/Brief%20History%20of%20Islam%20in%20North%20America.pdf |title=Brief History of Islam in North America |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212032657/http://www.mahdieh.org/Archives/Brief%20History%20of%20Islam%20in%20North%20America.pdf |archive-date=December 12, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.sksm.edu/research/speeches/islamhistory.pdf SKSM.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127204403/http://sksm.edu/research/speeches/islamhistory.pdf |date=November 27, 2010 }}, History of Islam in the United States.</ref> Hajj Ali died in 1903.<ref name="talkingaboutislam.com" />

During the American Civil War, the "[[scorched earth]]" policy of the North destroyed churches, farms, schools, libraries, colleges, and a great deal of other property. The libraries at the University of Alabama managed to save one book from the debris of their library buildings. On the morning of April 4, 1865, when Federal troops reached the campus with an order to destroy the university, Andre Deloffre, a modern language professor and custodian of the library, appealed to the commanding officer to spare one of the finest libraries in the South. The officer, being sympathetic, sent a courier to Gen. Croxton at his headquarters in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]] asking permission to save the Rotunda, but the general refused to allow this. The officer reportedly said, "I will save one volume as a memento of this occasion." The volume selected was a rare copy of the Qur'an.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islam101.com/history/muslim_us_hist.html |title=American Muslim History |last=Ishaq Zahid |publisher=Islam101.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209004304/http://www.islam101.com/history/muslim_us_hist.html |archive-date=December 9, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>

[[Alexander Russell Webb]] is considered by historians to be the earliest prominent Anglo-American convert to Islam in 1888. In 1893, he was the sole representative of Islam at the first Parliament of the World's Religions.<ref name="M">{{Cite book |last1=M'Bow |first1=Amadou Mahtar |title=Islam and Muslims in the American Continent |last2=Kettani, Ali |publisher=Center of Historical, Economical and Social Studies |year=2001 |location=Beirut |page=109}}</ref> The Russian-born Muslim scholar and writer [[Achmed Abdullah]] (1881–1945) was another prominent early American Muslim.<ref>Edward E. Curtis, ''Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History'', Facts on File, Inc., 2010, p. 198</ref>

In the 1891 Supreme Court case ''[[In re Ross]]'', the Court referred to “the intense hostility of the people of Muslim faith to all other sects, and particularly to Christians".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/140/453/ |title=In re Ross, 140 U.S. 453 (1891) |work=Justia Law |access-date=August 24, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Scores of Muslim immigrants were turned away at U.S. ports in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Christian immigrants suspected of secretly being Muslims were also excluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trumps-anti-muslim-stance-echoes-a-us-law-from-the-1700s/2016/08/18/6da7b486-6585-11e6-8b27-bb8ba39497a2_story.html |title=America banned Muslims long before Donald Trump |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en |access-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref>

===Slaves===
[[File:Ibn Sori.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Drawing of [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori]], who was a Muslim prince from [[West Africa]] and was captured by slave traders and transported to the United States.]]
Many [[Atlantic slave trade|enslaved people brought to America from Africa]] were Muslims from the predominantly-Muslim [[West Africa]]n region.<ref name="diouf">Sylviane A. Diouf, ''Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas'' (1998)</ref><ref name="curtis">Edward E. Curtis, ''Muslims in America: A Short History'' (2009) ch 1</ref><ref name="Turner 2013">{{cite book |author-last=Turner |author-first=Richard Brent |year=2013 |chapter=African Muslim Slaves and Islam in Antebellum America |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBPKKFUyZaUC&pg=PA28 |editor1-last=Hammer |editor1-first=Juliane |editor2-last=Safi |editor2-first=Omid |editor2-link=Omid Safi |title=The Cambridge Companion to American Islam |location=[[Cambridge]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=28–44 |doi=10.1017/CCO9781139026161.005 |isbn=9781139026161 |lccn=2012046780}}</ref> Between 1701 and 1800, some 500,000 Africans arrived in what became the United States.<ref>[[Stephen D. Behrendt]], David Richardson, and David Eltis, [[W. E. B. Du Bois Institute|W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research]], [[Harvard University]]. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1999 |title=Transatlantic Slave Trade |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Africana|Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience]] |publisher=Basic Civitas Books |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi/page/1865 |last=Behrendt |first=Stephen |editor-last=Appiah |editor-first=Kwame Anthony |pages=[https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi/page/1865 1865–77] |isbn=978-0-465-00071-5 |editor1-link=Kwame Anthony Appiah |editor2-first=Henry Louis Jr. |editor2-last=Gates |editor2-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr.}}</ref> Historians estimate that between 15 and 30 percent of all enslaved African men and less than 15 percent of the enslaved African women were Muslims. According to 21st century researchers Donna Meigs-Jaques and R. Kevin Jaques, "[t]hese enslaved Muslims stood out from their compatriots because of their resistance, determination and education."<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Islam |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion in the South |publisher=Mercer University Press |location=Macon, Georgia |editor-last=Hill |editor-first=Samuel S. |pages=394–95 |isbn=978-0-86554-758-2 |last2=Jaques |first2=R. Kevin |author1-first=Donna |author1-last=Meigs-Jaques |editor2-first=Charles H. |editor2-last=Lippy}}</ref>

It is estimated that over 50% of the slaves imported to North America came from areas where Islam was followed by at least a minority population. Thus, no less than 200,000 came from regions influenced by Islam. Substantial numbers originated from [[Senegambia Confederation|Senegambia]], a region with an established community of [[Islam in Senegal|Muslim inhabitants]] extending to the 11th century.<ref name="Koszegi">{{Cite book |last1=Koszegi, Michael |title=Islam in North America: A Sourcebook |last2=Melton, J. Gordon |publisher=Garland Publishing Inc. |year=1992 |location=New York |pages=26–27 |author-link2=J. Gordon Melton}}</ref>

Through a series of conflicts, primarily with the [[Fulani jihad states]], about half of the Senegambian [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] were converted to Islam, while as many as a third were sold into slavery to the Americas through capture in conflict.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/history_in_africa/v032/32.1schaffer.pdf |title=Bound To Africa – The Mandinka Legacy In The New World |access-date=November 17, 2012}}</ref>

Michael A. Gomez speculated that Muslim slaves may have accounted for "thousands, if not tens of thousands", but does not offer a precise estimate. He also suggests many non-Muslim slaves were acquainted with some tenets of Islam, due to Muslim trading and proselytizing activities.<ref name="Gomez">{{Cite journal |last=Gomez |first=Michael A. |date=November 1994 |title=Muslims in Early America |journal=The Journal of Southern History |volume=60 |issue=4 |page=682 |doi=10.2307/2211064 |jstor=2211064}}</ref>
Historical records indicate many enslaved Muslims conversed in the Arabic language. Some even composed literature (such as autobiographies) and commentaries on the Quran.<ref name="Gomez1">{{Cite journal |last=Gomez |first=Michael A. |date=November 1994 |title=Muslims in Early America |journal=The Journal of Southern History |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=692–93, 695 |doi=10.2307/2211064 |jstor=2211064}}</ref>

Some newly arrived Muslim slaves assembled for communal [[salat]] (prayers). Some were provided a private praying area by their owner. The two best documented Muslim slaves were [[Ayuba Suleiman Diallo]] and [[Omar Ibn Said]]. Suleiman was brought to America in 1731 and returned to Africa in 1734.<ref name = Koszegi/> Like many Muslim slaves, he often encountered impediments when attempting to perform religious rituals and was eventually allotted a private location for prayer by his master.<ref name = Gomez1/>

[[Omar ibn Said]] (c. 1770–1864) is among the best documented examples of a practicing-Muslim slave. He lived on a 19th Century North Carolina plantation and wrote many Arabic texts while enslaved. Born in the kingdom of [[Futa Tooro]] (modern [[Senegal]]), he arrived in America in 1807, one month before [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves|the U.S. abolished importation of slaves]]. Some of his works include the Lords Prayer, the Bismillah, this is How You Pray, Quranic phases, the 23rd Psalm, and an autobiography. In 1857, he produced his last known writing on Surah 110 of the Quran. In 1819, Omar received an Arabic translation of the Christian Bible from his master, James Owen. Omar converted to Christianity in 1820, an episode widely used throughout the South to "prove" the benevolence of slavery. However, many scholars believe he continued to be a practicing Muslim, based on dedications to Muhammad written in his Bible.<ref>Thomas C. Parramore, "Muslim Slave Aristocrats in North Carolina," ''North Carolina Historical Review,'' April 2000, Vol. 77 Issue 2, pp. 127–50</ref><ref>In 1991, a masjid in [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]] renamed itself Masjid Omar Ibn Said in his honor. [http://library.davidson.edu/archives/ency/omars.asp Omar ibn Said] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516133242/http://library.davidson.edu/archives/ency/omars.asp |date=May 16, 2008 }} Davidson Encyclopedia Tammy Ivins, June 2007</ref>

<gallery>
File:William Hoare of Bath - Portrait of Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, (1701-1773).jpg|Ayuba Suleiman Diallo was the son of an [[Imam]] of Boonda in Africa, before being enslaved.
File:Omar Ibn Said.jpg|Omar Ibn Said was an Islamic scholar from [[Senegal]].
File:Surat al Mulk bu Omar bin Said (1770-1864).jpg|[[Sura]]t [[Al-Mulk]] from the [[Qur'an]] copied by Omar ibn Said.
</gallery>

===Religious freedom===
Views of Islam in America affected debates regarding freedom of religion during the drafting of the state constitution of [[Pennsylvania]] in 1776. Constitutionalists promoted religious toleration while Anti-constitutionalists called for reliance on Protestant values in the formation of the state's republican government. The former group won out and inserted a clause for religious liberty in the new state constitution. American views of Islam were influenced by favorable [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] writings from Europe, as well as Europeans who had long warned that Islam was a threat to Christianity and republicanism.<ref>Charles D. Russell, "Islam as a Danger to Republican Virtue: Broadening Religious Liberty in Revolutionary Pennsylvania", ''Pennsylvania History'', Summer 2009, Vol. 76 Issue 3, pp. 250–275</ref>

In 1776, [[John Adams]] published "[[Thoughts on Government]]", in which he mentions the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] as a "sober inquirer after truth" alongside [[Confucius]], [[Zoroaster]], [[Socrates]], and other thinkers.

In 1785, [[George Washington]] stated a willingness to hire "Mahometans", as well as people of any nation or religion, to work on his private estate at Mount Vernon if they were "good workmen".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0205/tolerance.html |title=The Founding Fathers and Islam |last=Hutson |first=James H. |date=May 2002 |website=Library of Congress Information Bulletin |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427225400/http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0205/tolerance.html |archive-date=April 27, 2005 |access-date=December 16, 2017}}</ref>

In 1790, the South Carolina legislative body granted [[Moors Sundry Act of 1790|special legal status]] to a community of Moroccans.

In 1797, President John Adams signed the [[Treaty of Tripoli]], declaring the United States had no "character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquillity, of [[Muslim|Mussulmen]]".<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1796t.htm Treaty of Peace and Friendship] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916113305/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1796t.htm |date=September 16, 2007 }} Article 11. The Avalon Project. Yale Law School.</ref>
[[File:Article 11.gif|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Treaty of Tripoli]], Article 11]]
In his [[The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin|autobiography]], published in 1791, [[Benjamin Franklin]] stated that he "did not disapprove" of a meeting place in Pennsylvania that was designed to accommodate preachers of all religions. Franklin wrote that "even if the Mufti of Constantinople were to send a missionary to preach Mohammedanism to us, he would find a pulpit at his service".<ref name="Earlyamerica.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.earlyamerica.com/lives/franklin/chapt10/ |title=The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin – Chapter 10 |date=February 27, 2007 |publisher=Earlyamerica.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201185040/http://www.earlyamerica.com/lives/franklin/chapt10/ |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>

President [[Thomas Jefferson]] defended religious freedom in America, including those of Muslims. Jefferson explicitly mentioned Muslims when writing about the movement for religious freedom in [[Virginia]]. In his autobiography Jefferson wrote "[When] the [Virginia] bill for establishing religious freedom&nbsp;... was finally passed,&nbsp;... a singular proposition proved that its protection of opinion was meant to be universal. Where the preamble declares that coercion is a departure from the plan of the holy author of our religion, an amendment was proposed, by inserting the word 'Jesus Christ', so that it should read 'a departure from the plan of Jesus Christ, the holy author of our religion'. The insertion was rejected by a great majority, in proof that they meant to comprehend within the mantle of its protection the Jew and the Gentile, the Christian and [[Mahometan]], the Hindoo and infidel of every denomination."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/jeff1650.htm |title=Thomas Jefferson – Subject Research Guides at UVa Library |date=April 21, 2011 |publisher=Etext.virginia.edu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205032639/http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/jeff1650.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref> While President, Jefferson also participated in an [[iftar]] with the Ambassador of [[Tunisia]] in 1809.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/09/129232.htm |title=Remarks at the Annual State Department Iftaar Dinner |date=September 15, 2009 |publisher=State.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202015142/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/09/129232.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>

However, not all politicians were pleased with the religious neutrality of the Constitution, which prohibited any religious test. Anti-Federalists in the 1788 North Carolina ratifying convention opposed the new constitution; one reason was the fear that some day Catholics or Muslims might be elected president. William Lancaster said:<ref>Denise A. Spellberg, "Could a Muslim Be President? An Eighteenth-Century Constitutional Debate, ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 39#4 (2006) pp. 485–506</ref>
:Let us remember that we form a government for millions not yet in existence&nbsp;... In the course of four or five hundred years, I do not know how it will work. This is most certain, that Papists may occupy that chair, and Mahometans may take it. I see nothing against it.

In 1788, Americans held inaccurate, and often contradicting, views of the [[Muslim world]], and used that in political arguments. For example, the anti-Federalists compared a strong central government to the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the American army to Turkish Janissaries, arguing against a strong central government. On the other hand, [[Alexander Hamilton]] argued that despotism in the Middle East was the result of the Sultan not having enough power to protect his people from oppressive local governors; thus he argued for a stronger central government.<ref>Robert J. Allison, ''The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776–1815'' (1995) pp. 57–59</ref>

===20th century===

====Modern Muslims====
[[File:Turkish immigrant in New York.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Turkish American|Turkish immigrant]] in New York (1912)]]
[[File:A group of immigrants, most wearing fezzes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A group of immigrants, most wearing fezzes, surrounding a large vessel which is decorated with the star and crescent symbol of [[Islam]] and the [[Ottoman Turks]] (1902–1913)]]

Small-scale migration to the U.S. by Muslims began in 1840, with the arrival of [[Yemeni-American|Yemenis]] and [[Turkish-Americans|Turks]],<ref name = Koszegi/> and lasted until [[World War I]]. Most of the immigrants, from Arab areas of the [[Ottoman Empire]], came with the purpose of making money and returning to their homeland. However, the economic hardships of 19th-century America{{clarify|date=July 2020}} prevented them from prospering, and as a result the immigrants settled in the United States permanently. These immigrants settled primarily in [[Dearborn, Michigan]]; [[South Paterson|Paterson, New Jersey]]; [[Quincy, Massachusetts]]; and [[Ross, North Dakota|Ross]], [[North Dakota]]. Ross, North Dakota is the site of the first documented mosque and Muslim Cemetery, but it was abandoned and later torn down in the mid-1970s. A new mosque was built in its place in 2005.<ref name = M/> Construction of mosques sped up in the 1920s and 1930s, and by 1952, there were over 20 mosques.<ref name = M/> Although the first mosque was established in the U.S. in 1915, relatively few mosques were founded before the 1960s.
* 1893: Alexander Russell Webb starts the first Islamic Mission in the United States called the American Muslim Propagation Movement.
* 1906: [[Bosniaks]] ([[Bosniaks|Bosnian Muslims]]) in [[Chicago, Illinois]], started the Džemijetul Hajrije (Jamaat al-Khayriyya) (The Benevolent Society; a social service organization devoted to Bosnian Muslims). This is the longest lasting incorporated Muslim community in the United States. They met in Bosnian coffeehouses and eventually opened the first Islamic Sunday School with curriculum and textbooks under Bosnian scholar Sheikh Kamil Avdich (Ćamil Avdić) (a graduate of al-Azhar and author of ''Survey of Islamic Doctrines'').
* 1907: [[Lipka Tatar]] immigrants from the [[Podlasie]] region of [[Poland]] founded the first Muslim organization in [[New York City]], the American Mohammedan Society which became the [[Powers Street Mosque]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758343,00.html |title=Religion: Ramadan |date=November 15, 1937 |magazine=Time |access-date=May 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826161237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758343,00.html |archive-date=August 26, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bedfordandbowery.com/2018/12/americas-oldest-surviving-mosque-is-in-williamsburg/|title=America's Oldest Surviving Mosque Is in Williamsburg|date=December 26, 2018|website=Bedford + Bowery}}</ref> In 2017 they celebrated the 110 anniversary of their establishment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1182031/art-culture|title=American Muslim organization founded by European settlers marks 110 years|date=October 23, 2017|website=Arab News}}</ref>
* 1915: What is most likely the first American mosque was founded by [[Albanian-Americans|Albanian Muslims]] in [[Biddeford, Maine]]. A Muslim cemetery still exists there.<ref>Queen, Edward L., Stephen Prothero and Gardiner H. Shattuck Jr. 1996. The Encyclopedia of American Religious History. New York: Facts on File.</ref><ref name="Ghazali">{{Cite news |last=Ghazali |first=Abdul Sattar |url=http://www.amp.ghazali.net/html/mosques_in_us.html |title=The number of mosque attendants increasing rapidly in America |work=American Muslim perspective |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142701/http://www.amp.ghazali.net/html/mosques_in_us.html |archive-date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref>
* 1920: The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community was established by the arrival of [[Mufti Muhammad Sadiq]], an Indian [[Ahmadi Muslim]] missionary, he later purchased a building in south Chicago and converted it to what is today known as the [[Al-Sadiq Mosque]] which was rebuilt as purpose-built mosque in 1990s.
* 1921: The [[Highland Park Mosque]] was built in [[Highland Park, Michigan]], although closed a few years later.
* 1929: The Ross Masjid in [[North Dakota]] was founded by Syrian Muslims, there is still a cemetery nearby.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://30mosques.com/archive2010/2010/09/day-22-ross-north-dakota-a-leap-in-time/ |title=Day 22: Ross, North Dakota – A Leap in Time |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325132015/http://30mosques.com/archive2010/2010/09/day-22-ross-north-dakota-a-leap-in-time/ |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |access-date=July 2, 2014 }}</ref>
* 1934: The oldest continuously and still standing building built specifically to be a [[Mother Mosque of America|mosque]] was established in [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]]. The mosque is where [[Abdullah Igram]] a notable Muslim veteran would teach the Quran, Abdullah Igram later wrote a letter to President Eisenhower persuading him to add the M option (for Muslims) on military dog tags.
* 1935: The statue of Mohammed was drawn on the north wall of the US Supreme Court building in 1935. Also, statues of Charlemagne and Justinian as one of eighteen great law givers of history are seen around the statue of Mohammed.<ref name="vox">{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Jennifer |title=A brief history of Islam in America |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/12/22/10645956/islam-in-america |website=vox|date=December 22, 2015 }}</ref>
* 1945: A mosque existed in [[Dearborn, Michigan]], home to the largest [[Arab-American]] population in the U.S.

"Since the 1950s," many notable [[Activism|political activists]] and [[socialite]]s with influence over [[politician]]s have come from the American Muslim community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim American Politics and the Future of US Democracy |url=https://nyupress.org/9781479811441/muslim-american-politics-and-the-future-of-us-democracy |access-date=2023-07-03 |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Muslim population of the U.S. increased dramatically after President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signed the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] into law.<ref name="Carleton" /> The act abolished former immigration quotas, and expanded immigration opportunities from countries with significant Muslim populations.<ref name="Carleton" />

Approximately 2.78 million people immigrated to the United States from countries with significant Muslim populations between 1966 and 1997, with some estimating 1.1 million people of that population being Muslims.<ref name="Carleton" /> One-third of those immigrants originated from North Africa or the Middle East, one-third originated from [[South Asia]]n countries, with the remaining third originating from across the entire world.<ref name="Carleton" /> Immigration to the United States post-1965 favored those deemed to have specialized educational and skills, thus impacting the socio-economic makeup of American Muslims.<ref name="Carleton" /> The United States began seeing Muslim immigrants arrive in the late 20th century as refugees due to such reasons as political unrest, war, and famine.<ref name="Carleton" />

==Subgroups of Muslim Americans==
According to the [[Pew Research Center]], approximately 55% of Muslims in the United States are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]], with [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] representing roughly 16% of the American Muslim population.<ref name=":4" /> The remainder identify with neither group, including some who consider themselves to be [[non-denominational Muslims]].

===Black Muslim movements===
{{Further|African-American Muslims{{!}} Black Muslims|American Society of Muslims}} 
[[File:Nobledrew.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Noble Drew Ali]]
During the first half of the 20th century, several groups based on Islamic and [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings combined with [[Pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] [[Colonialism|colonial]] beliefs were established by African Americans.

====Moorish Science Temple of America====
{{Main|Moorish Science Temple of America}}
The [[Moorish Science Temple of America]] is an American organization founded in 1913 by [[Noble Drew Ali]], making it the oldest Islamic organization in the United States. Drew taught that black people were of [[Moors|Moorish]] origin but their Muslim identity was taken away through [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] and [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]], advocating the return to Islam of their Moorish ancestry.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/391620/Moorish-Science-Temple-of-America Moorish Science Temple of America] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516121323/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/391620/Moorish-Science-Temple-of-America |date=May 16, 2008 }} Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 13, 2009.</ref> The founder stated that the organization practiced the "Old Time Religion" of Islamism, but he also drew inspiration from Mohammedanism, Buddhism, Christianity, [[Gnosticism]], and [[Taoism]]. Its significant divergences from mainstream Islam <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-aging-of-the-moors/Content?oid=999633 |title=The Aging of the Moors |website=Chicago Reader |date=November 15, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223130455/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-aging-of-the-moors/Content?oid=999633 |archive-date=February 23, 2015 |access-date=February 15, 2015 }}</ref> make its classification as an Islamic denomination a matter of debate among Muslims and scholars of religion.

Its primary tenet was the belief that they are the ancient [[Moab]]ites who inhabited the Northwestern and Southwestern shores of Africa. The organization also believes that their descendants after being conquered in Spain are slaves who were captured and held in slavery from 1779 to 1865 by their slaveholders.

Adherents of the Moorish Science Temple of America believe that the so-called "[[Asiatics]]" were the first human inhabitant of the Western Hemisphere. In their religious texts members refer to themselves as "Asiatics",<ref>The Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America Chapter XXV – "A Holy Covenant of the Asiatic Nation"</ref> within the teachings of Noble Drew Ali, the members are taught man cannot be a Negro, Colored Folk, Black people, Ethiopians, because these names were given to slaves by slave holders in 1779 and lasted until 1865 during the time of slavery.

The Moorish Science Temple of America's current leader is R. Jones-Bey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://msta1913.org/index.html |title=The Official Website of the Moorish Science Temple of America |website=The Official Website of the Moorish Science Temple of America |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227095345/http://msta1913.org/index.html |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |access-date=April 2, 2021 }}</ref>

====Nation of Islam====
[[File:Louis Farrakhan, smiling.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.55|[[Louis Farrakhan]], leader of the [[Nation of Islam]] since 1981]]
{{Main|Nation of Islam}}
The [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI) was created in 1930 by [[Wallace Fard Muhammad]]. Fard drew inspiration for NOI doctrines from those of Timothy Drew's Moorish Science Temple of America. He provided three main principles which serve as the foundation of the NOI: "Allah is God, the white man is the devil and the so-called Negroes are the Asiatic Black People, the cream of the planet earth".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marsh, Clifton E. |url=https://archive.org/details/fromblackmuslims0000mars |title=From black Muslims to Muslims : the transition from separatism to Islam, 1930-1980 |date=1984 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810817050 |location=Metuchen, N.J. |oclc=10778634}}</ref>

In 1934, [[Elijah Muhammad]] became the leader of the NOI, he [[Apotheosis|deified]] Fard, saying that he was an [[incarnation]] of God, and taught that he was a prophet who had been taught directly by God in the form of Fard. Two of the most famous people to join the NOI were [[Malcolm X]], who became the face of the NOI in the media, and [[Muhammad Ali]], who, while initially rejected, was accepted into the group shortly after his first world heavyweight championship victory.<ref name="JN">Jacob Neusner (2003). pp. 180–81. {{ISBN|978-0-664-22475-2}}.</ref> Both Malcolm X and Ali later became Sunni Muslims.<ref name = "Soul of a Butterfly 85">{{cite book |title=The Soul of a Butterfly |first1=Muhammad |last1=Ali |first2=Hana Yasmeen |last2=Ali |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=85 |year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malcolm X American Muslim leader |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X |website=britannica|date=October 5, 2024 }}</ref>

Malcolm X was one of the most influential leaders of the NOI and, in accordance with NOI doctrine, advocated the complete [[Black separatism|separation of blacks from whites]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lomax |first=Louis E. |title=When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World |publisher=World Publishing |year=1963 |location=Cleveland |pages=149–52 |oclc=1071204 |author-link=Louis Lomax}}</ref> He left the NOI after being silenced for 90 days (due to a [[Malcolm X#Remarks on Kennedy assassination|controversial comment]] on the [[John F. Kennedy assassination]]), and proceeded to form [[Muslim Mosque, Inc.]] and the [[Organization of Afro-American Unity]] before his [[Haj|pilgrimage to Mecca]] and conversion to Sunni Islam. He is viewed as the first person to start the movement among African-Americans towards Sunni Islam.

It was estimated that there were at least 20,000 members in 2006.<ref>Omar Sacirbey (May 16, 2006) [http://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=10521 Muslims Look to Blacks for Civil Rights Guidance] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306063500/http://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=10521 |date=March 6, 2008 }} Pew Forum. Retrieved July 29, 2009.</ref> However, today the group has a wide influence in the African-American community. The first [[Million Man March]] took place in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1995 and was followed later by another one in 2000 which was smaller in size but more inclusive, welcoming individuals other than just African-American men.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/974906.stm Farrakhan backs racial harmony] BBC News (BBC). October 16, 2000. Retrieved September 8, 2009.</ref> The group sponsors cultural and academic education, economic independence, and personal and social responsibility.
{{Nation of Islam|collapsed=1}}
The Nation of Islam has received a great deal of criticism for its anti-white, anti-Christian, and anti-semitic teachings,<ref name="Dodoo">{{cite web |url=http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/Nofislam.html |title=Nation of Islam |last=Dodoo |first=Jan |date=May 29, 2001 |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109121852/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/Nofislam.html |archive-date=November 9, 2007 }}</ref> and is listed as a [[hate group]] by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.splcenter.org/intel/map/hate.jsp?T=32&m=5 |title=Active U.S. Hate Groups in 2006 |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027030429/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/map/hate.jsp?T=32&m=5 |archive-date=October 27, 2007 |access-date=October 29, 2007 }}</ref>

=====Five-Percent Nation=====
{{Main|Five-Percent Nation}}
The Five-Percent Nation, sometimes referred to as NGE or NOGE, the Nation of Gods and Earths, or the Five Percenters, is an American organization founded in 1964 in the [[Harlem, New York|Harlem]] section of the [[boroughs of New York City|borough]] of [[Manhattan]], New York City, by a former member of the Nation of Islam named [[Clarence 13X]] (born Clarence Edward Smith and later known as "Allah the Father"). Clarence 13X, a former student of Malcolm X, left the Nation of Islam after a theological dispute with the Nation's leaders over the nature and identity of God.<ref name="npr.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5614846 |title=God, the Black Man and the Five Percenters |website=NPR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080426/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5614846 |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |access-date=February 13, 2012 }}</ref> Specifically, Clarence 13X denied that the Nation's [[biracial]] founder Wallace Fard Muhammad was Allah and instead taught that the Black man was himself God personified.<ref name="npr.org" />

Members of the group call themselves Allah's Five Percenters, which reflects the concept that ten percent of the people in the world know the truth of existence, and those [[elite]]s and [[espionage|agents]] opt to keep eighty-five percent of the world in ignorance and under their controlling thumb; the remaining five percent are those who know the truth and are determined to enlighten the rest.<ref name="HipHopWired">{{cite web |url=http://hiphopwired.com/2012/06/28/the-meaning-of-the-5-a-look-at-the-nation-of-gods-and-earths/ |title=The Meaning Of The 5%: A Look At The Nation Of Gods And Earths |last=Chandler |first=D.L. |date=June 28, 2012 |website=Hip-Hop Wired |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012042550/http://hiphopwired.com/2012/06/28/the-meaning-of-the-5-a-look-at-the-nation-of-gods-and-earths/ |archive-date=October 12, 2013 |access-date=October 11, 2013 }}</ref>

=====United Nation of Islam=====
{{Main|United Nation of Islam}}
The United Nation of Islam (UNOI) is a group based in Kansas City, Kansas. It was founded circa 1978 by Royall Jenkins, who continues to be the leader of the group and styles himself "Royall, Allah in Person".

=====Conversion to orthodox Sunni Islam=====
After the death of Elijah Muhammad, he was succeeded by his son, [[Warith Deen Mohammed]]. Mohammed rejected many teachings of his father, such as the divinity of Fard Muhammad, and saw a white person as also a worshiper. As he took control of the organization, he quickly brought in new [[reform]]s.<ref>John Esposito (September 10, 2008) [http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/john_esposito/2008/09/wd_mohammed_a_witness_for_true.html W. D. Mohammed: A Witness for True Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003084229/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/john_esposito/2008/09/wd_mohammed_a_witness_for_true.html |date=October 3, 2012 }} ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved June 21, 2009.</ref> He renamed it the World Community of al-Islam in the West; later it became the [[American Society of Muslims]]. It was estimated that there were 200,000 followers of W. D. Mohammed at the time.

W. D. Mohammed introduced teachings which were based on orthodox Sunni Islam.<ref name="RBT">{{Cite book|last=Turner |first=Richard Brent |url=https://archive.org/details/islamintheaf_turn_2003_000_10461993 |title=Islam in the African-American Experience |date=2003 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253343239 |edition=2nd |location=Bloomington, Ind. |oclc=52153988 |url-access=registration |pages=225–27}}</ref> He removed the chairs in the organization's [[temple]]s, and replaced the entire "temple" concept with the traditional Muslim house of worship, the [[mosque]], also teaching how to pray the ''[[salat]]'', to observe the fasting of [[Ramadan]], and to attend the [[Hajj|pilgrimage to Mecca]].<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26630405 Nation of Islam leader dies at 74] NBC News. Retrieved June 21, 2009.</ref>

A small number of Black Muslims however rejected these new reforms brought by Imam Mohammed. [[Louis Farrakhan]], who broke away from the organization, re-established the Nation of Islam under the original Fardian doctrines, and remains its leader.<ref name="ind">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/warith-deen-mohammed-imam-who-preached-a-moderate-form-of-islam-to-black-americans-930887.html Warith Deen Mohammed: Imam who preached a moderate form of Islam to black Americans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122225812/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/warith-deen-mohammed-imam-who-preached-a-moderate-form-of-islam-to-black-americans-930887.html |date=November 22, 2014 }} The Independent. September 15, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2009.</ref>

===Shia Islam===
{{See also|Shia Islam in the Americas}}
[[File:Memphis AlRasool.JPG|thumbnail|right|Memphis Al-Rasool Mosque, a Shia mosque in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], United States]]
An estimated 386,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zahid Hussain Bukhari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXl2Z2PI3xMC&pg=PR37 |title=Muslims' Place in the American Public Square: Hope, Fears, and Aspirations |publisher=Rowman Altamira |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7591-0613-0 |page=xxxvii}}</ref> to 900,000 [[Shiism|Shia Muslims]] live in the United States.<ref>[https://hawzah.net/fa/Magazine/View/5658/7724/97573 Shiism in America Weaknesses and strategies of Shiite studies in the West] Retrieved 4 April 2022</ref><ref>[https://basirat.ir/fa/news/41019/%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7 Shia in America] Retrieved 4 April 2022</ref> They originate from [[South Asia]], [[Europe]], [[Middle East]], and [[East Africa]];<ref name="Brumberg2009">{{Cite book |last1=Daniel Brumberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtXXV8dtCpsC&pg=PA366 |title=Conflict, Identity, and Reform in the Muslim World: Challenges for U.S. Engagement |last2=Dina Shehata |publisher=US Institute of Peace Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60127-020-7 |pages=366–70}}</ref> and are often from the countries of: Islamic Republic of [[Pakistan]], India, [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Syria]], [[Yemen]] and East Africa; Shiites in the United States also make up about 16 percent of the country's total Muslim population.<ref>[https://library.tebyan.net/fa/Viewer/Text/69823/59 Islam (Shia), in the U.S>] Retrieved 25 April 2022</ref>

The "heart of Shiism in the U.S." is placed in Dearborn,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zoll |first=Rachel |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=20090725&id=MmJfAAAAIBAJ&pg=6836,3891309 |title=American Shias struggle with future |date=July 25, 2009 |work=The Victoria Advocate |page=E3}}</ref> home to the [[Islamic Center of America]]. The North American Shia Ithna-Asheri ([[Twelver Shi'ism]]) Muslim Communities Organization (NASIMCO) is the largest umbrella group for North American Shias.<ref name=Brumberg2009/>

===Sufism===
Some Muslim Americans adhere to the doctrines of [[Sufism]]. The [[Islamic Supreme Council of America]] (ISCA) is a small body representing [[Sufi]] teachings, which, according to adherents, is the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. The ISCA's stated aims include providing practical solutions for American Muslims, based on the traditional Islamic legal rulings of an international advisory board, many of whom are recognized as the highest-ranking Islamic scholars in the world. ISCA aims to integrate traditional scholarship in resolving contemporary issues affecting the maintenance of Islamic beliefs in a modern, secular society.<ref name="islamicsupremecouncil.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/home/about-us.html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529175753/http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/home/about-us.html|url-status=dead|title=Islamic Supreme Council of America – Islamic Supreme Council of America|archive-date=May 29, 2010|website=www.islamicsupremecouncil.org}}</ref> It has been linked to [[Islamic neo-traditionalism|neo-traditionalist thought]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

===Quranic movement===
The largest [[Quranism|Quranist]] movement in the United States is the [[United Submitters International]]. This movement was founded by [[Rashad Khalifa]]. His movement popularized the phrase: "The Qur'an, the whole Qur'an, and nothing but the Qur'an". Although he was initially well received by many, his subsequent claims of divine inspiration caused friction between him and others, and he was assassinated in 1990.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Komarnicki |first=Jamie |url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/Calgarian+faces+life+sentence+1990+murder+controversial/7743101/story.html |title=Calgarian faces life sentence for 1990 murder of controversial U.S. imam |date=December 25, 2012 |access-date=July 2, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228235110/http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Calgarian%2Bfaces%2Blife%2Bsentence%2B1990%2Bmurder%2Bcontroversial/7743101/story.html |archive-date=December 28, 2012 |quote=More than two decades after a controversial imam was found stabbed to death inside his Tucson mosque, an Arizona jury has found former Calgarian Glen Cusford Francis guilty of first-degree murder in the case.}}</ref> Notable Americans influenced by Rashad Khalifa include his son, [[Sam Khalifa]], a retired professional baseball player, and [[Ahmad Rashad]], a sportscaster and retired football player.

===Non-denominational Muslims===
Research by Pew in 2011 found that [[Non-denominational Muslim]]s make up roughly one in seven of all American Muslims, at 15%. Non-denominational Muslims, do not have any specific affiliation with a religious body and usually describe themselves as being "just a Muslim". Muslims who were born in the US are more likely to be non-denominational than immigrant Muslims. 24% or one in four US-born Muslims are non-denominational, versus 10% of immigrant Muslims.<ref>Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices, Pew Research Center</ref>

===Ahmadiyya===
{{Main|Ahmadiyya in the United States}}
[[File:Dr. Maulana Mufti Muhammad Sadiq.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Mufti Muhammad Sadiq]], first missionary and an [[Ahmadi]].]]
The [[Ahmadiyya Community]] was established in 1920 in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trueislam.com/topical/1920-2020-centennial-of-the-ahmadiyya-muslim-community-usa/ |title=1920 – 2020 Centennial of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community USA
 |website=The Official Website of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community USA |access-date=April 2, 2021 }}</ref> Ahmadi Muslims were among the earliest [[dawah|Muslim missionaries]] in [[United States|America]], the first being [[Mufti Muhammad Sadiq]], who arrived in America on February 15, 1920, and between 1921 and 1925 alone they converted over 1000 people to Islam. Although at first their efforts were broadly concentrated over a large number of racial and ethnic groups, subsequent realization of the deep-seated racial tensions and discrimination made Ahmadi [[dawah|missionaries]] focus their attention on mainly [[African Americans]] and the Muslim immigrant community and became vocal proponents of the [[civil rights movement]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner |first=Richard Brent |url=https://archive.org/details/islamintheaf_turn_2003_000_10461993 |title=Islam in the African-American Experience |date=2003 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253343239 |edition=2nd |location=Bloomington, Ind. |oclc=52153988 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Officially incorporated in Illinois in 1948 as the Ahmadiyya Movement In Islam, Inc. and commonly referred to as the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community since 2006(?). Many Ahmadi Muslims fled countries like [[Pakistan]] due to persecution in recent times.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner |first=Richard Brent |url=https://archive.org/details/islamintheaf_turn_2003_000_10461993 |title=Islam in the African-American Experience |date=2003 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253343239 |edition=2nd |location=Bloomington, Ind. |oclc=52153988 |url-access=registration |page=262}}</ref>

===Other Muslims===
There are some mosquegoers who adhere to sects and denominations that form very small minorities. Examples of such small branches include [[progressive Muslim]]s, [[Mahdavi Muslim]]s, [[Ibadi Muslim]]s, and [[Ismaili Muslim]]s.<ref>Deconstructing the American Mosque: Space, Gender, and Aesthetics, p. 145, Akel Ismail Kahera (2010)</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History. p. 473, Edward E. Curtis (2010)</ref><ref>Immigrant and Minority Entrepreneurship: p. 5, John Sibley Butler, George Kozmetsky. (2004)</ref>

==Conversion to Islam==
{{see also|Religious conversion#Islam|Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons}}
[[File:Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Muhammad Ali]] converted to Islam in 1964]]
Some of the earliest [[Islamic missionary]] activities were undertaken by [[Alexander Russell Webb]], who in 1893 established a mission in [[Manhattan]], although it faltered due to lack of funding.<ref name=convert1>{{cite book|title=Muslims in America: A short history|author=Edward E Curtis|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=28–30}}</ref> From 1910 to 1912, [[Inayat Khan]] toured major American cities preaching Islam; he attracted large audiences though not as many converts.<ref name=convert1/> More successful in converting Americans to Islam was [[Mufti Muhammad Sadiq]], who established a mission in [[Chicago]] in 1920. The converts Sadiq attracted tended to be [[African American]].<ref name=convert2>{{cite book|title=Muslims in America: A short history|author=Edward E Curtis|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>{{rp|31–32}} Soon after, African-American Muslim groups began to form: the [[Moorish Science Temple]] was established in Chicago in 1925, and the [[Nation of Islam]] formed in 1930.<ref name=convert2 />{{rp|34–36}}

According to an article in 2001, 25,000 Americans convert to Islam per year.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|last=Wilgoren|first=Jodi|date=2001-10-22|title=A NATION CHALLENGED: AMERICAN MUSLIMS; Islam Attracts Converts By the Thousand, Drawn Before and After Attacks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/22/us/nation-challenged-american-muslims-islam-attracts-converts-thousand-drawn-before.html|access-date=2021-03-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In more recent years, there has been significant conversion to Islam in the state, federal, and local prisons of the United States. According to J. Michael Waller, Muslim inmates constitute 15–20% of the prison population, or roughly 350,000 inmates in 2003. Waller states that these inmates mostly come into prison as non-Muslims. He also says that 80% of the prisoners who "find faith" while in prison convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ff19bc6&wit_id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ff19bc6-2-1 |title=Statement of J. Michael Waller, Annenberg Professor of International Communication, Institute of World Politics, Before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security, Senate Committee on the Judiciary |last=Waller |first=J. Michael |date=October 14, 2003 |publisher=United States Senate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527173646/http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ff19bc6&wit_id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281ff19bc6-2-1 |archive-date=May 27, 2012 |access-date=January 19, 2017}}</ref> These converted inmates are mostly African American, with a small but growing Hispanic minority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress06/vanduyn092006.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925222510/https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress06/vanduyn092006.htm|url-status=dead|title=Federal Bureau of Investigation – Congressional Testimony|archive-date=September 25, 2006}}</ref><ref>United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Testimony of Mr. Paul Rogers, President of the American Correctional Chaplains Association, October 12, 2003 [http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=960&wit_id=2717 Judiciary.senate.gov] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828205813/http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=960&wit_id=2717 |date=August 28, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/0404/final.pdf |title=Special Report: A Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Selection of Muslim Religious Services Providers – Full Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530105458/http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/0404/final.pdf |archive-date=May 30, 2009 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Ethnic composition of Muslim Americans.png|thumb|According to the [[U.S. Department of State]] (2009), the largest ethnic groups of American Muslims are those of South Asian, Arab and African-American descent.]]
[[File:A PORTION OF A CROWD OF SOME 10,000 MUSLIMS APPLAUD ELIJAH MUHAMMAD DURING THE DELIVERY OF HIS ANNUAL SAVIOR'S DAY... - NARA - 556243.jpg|thumb|A crowd of Black Muslims applaud during [[Elijah Muhammad]]'s annual [[Saviors' Day]] message in Chicago in 1974]]
[[File:Islamic Cultural Center E96 jeh.JPG|thumb|[[Islamic Cultural Center of New York]], on the [[Upper East Side]] of [[Manhattan]]]]
[[File:Islamic Center of Greater Toledo OH.jpg|thumb|Islamic Center of [[Toledo, Ohio|Greater Toledo]], [[Ohio]]]]
[[File:Al-Nasr Mosque, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|[[concave lens|Concave-upward]] dome architecture at Al-Nasr Mosque, [[Willingboro, New Jersey|Willingboro]], [[New Jersey]]]]
The U.S. Census Bureau does not collect data on religious identification. Various institutions and organizations have given widely varying estimates about the Muslim population in the U.S. Tom W. Smith, author of "Estimating the Muslim Population in the United States", said that of twenty estimates he reviewed during a five-year period until 2001, none was "based on a scientifically-sound or explicit methodology. All can probably be characterized as guesses or assertions. Nine came from Muslim organizations such as the Islamic Society of North America, the Muslim Student Association, the Council on American-Islamic Relations, the American Muslim Council, and the Harvard Islamic Society or unspecified 'Muslim sources'. None of these sources gave any basis for their figures."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843637&ct=1044159 |title=Tom W. Smith, Estimating the Muslim Population in the United States, New York, The American Jewish Committee, October 2001 |publisher=Ajc.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206134924/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843637&ct=1044159 |archive-date=February 6, 2006 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref> In 2005, according to ''[[The New York Times]]'', more people from Muslim countries became legal permanent United States residents—nearly 96,000—than in any year in the previous two decades.<ref name=autogenerated8 /><ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref name="allied-media.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.allied-media.com/AM/index.html |title=American Muslim Demographics – Muslim American Populations Outreach Programs |publisher=Allied-media.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106004716/http://www.allied-media.com/AM/index.html |archive-date=November 6, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>

According to CAIR, no scientific count of Muslims in the U.S. has been done and the larger figures should be considered accurate. Some journalists have also alleged that the higher numbers have been inflated for political purposes.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070104062043/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_islam_usa.html Number of Muslims in the United States]}} at Adherents.com. Retrieved January 6, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011028usmuslimsnat7p7.asp Private studies fuel debate over size of U.S. Muslim population] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041212184558/http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011028usmuslimsnat7p7.asp |date=December 12, 2004 }} – ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]''. October 28, 2001.</ref>

According to the 2010 US Religion Census, there were estimated to be 2.6 million Muslims and over 2,000 Mosques in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Religion Census - 2010 |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/report1.php?year=2010}}</ref> According to a Pew Forum estimate, in 2017 there were 3.45 million Muslims, constituting about 1.1% of the total U.S. population,<ref name="Pew2017"/> compared with 70.6% who follow Christianity, 22.8% unaffiliated, 1.9% Judaism, 0.7% Buddhism, and 0.7% Hinduism.<ref name="pew2015">[http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/ Religious Composition by Country, 2010] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160329210154/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/|date=March 29, 2016}} Pew Research (Washington DC, April 2015)</ref><ref name="Islam in the United States">{{cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/united-states |title=Demographics |date=October 22, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426035056/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/united-states/ |archive-date=April 26, 2013 |access-date=May 2, 2013 }}</ref> A Pew Forum report on American religion found that Muslims accounted for 0.9% of American adults in 2014, up from 0.4% in 2007, due largely to immigration. Retention rates were high, at 77%, similar to Hindus (80%) and Jews (75%); most people who leave these religions become [[Irreligion|unaffiliated]], although ex-Muslims were more likely to be [[Christians]] than ex-[[Hindus]] or ex-[[Jews]] were. Conversely, 23% of American Muslims were converts, including 8% from historically black [[Protestantism|Protestant]] traditions, 6% from being unaffiliated, 4% from [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]], and 3% from mainline or [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelical]] Protestantism. By race, in 2014, 38% were non-Hispanic white (including Arabs and Iranians, up from 32% in 2007), 28% were Asian (mostly [[Indian people|Indians]], [[Pakistanis]], and [[Bangladeshis]], up from 20% in 2007), 28% were black (down from 32%), 4% Hispanic (down from 7%), and 3% of mixed or other race (down from 7%). Since 2007, the black proportion had shrunk, while the white and Asian proportions had grown, mainly due to immigration as most black Muslims were native U.S. blacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |date=May 12, 2015 |publisher=Pew Research |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623114225/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |access-date=May 15, 2015 }}</ref>

On the other hand, according to data from the General Social Survey in the United States "32% of those raised Muslim no longer embrace [[Islam]] in adulthood, and 18% hold no [[Religion|religious]] identification".<ref name="Losing Their Religion">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/2015-06-22/losing-their-religion |title=Losing Their Religion: When Muslim Immigrants Leave Islam |date=22 June 2015 |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |author=Darren E. Sherkat |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-date=2018-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129125250/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/2015-06-22/losing-their-religion |url-status=live }}</ref> and according to [[Pew Research]], the number of American [[Religious conversion|converts]] to Islam is roughly equal to the number of American Muslims who leave the religion.<ref name="Pew2018conversion">{{cite web |author1=Besheer Mohamed |author2=Elizabeth Pobrebarac Sciupac |title=The share of Americans who leave Islam is offset by those who become Muslim |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/26/the-share-of-americans-who-leave-islam-is-offset-by-those-who-become-muslim/ |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=26 January 2018 |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516204930/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/26/the-share-of-americans-who-leave-islam-is-offset-by-those-who-become-muslim/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Race===
According to a 2001 study written by Ihsan Bagby, an associate professor of Islamic studies at the [[University of Kentucky]], of Americans who convert to Islam, 64% are [[African-American Muslims|African American]], 27% are White, 6% are [[Hispanic Muslim|Hispanic]] of any race, and 3% are other. Around that time increasing numbers of American Hispanics converted to Islam. Many [[Hispanic and Latino American Muslims|Hispanic converts]] in [[Houston]] said that they often had been mistaken as of being of Pakistani or Middle Eastern descent, due to their religion. Many Hispanic converts were former Christians.<ref>Dooley, Tara. "[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FBZZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6791,6168079&dq=statistics+religion+houston+area+muslims&hl=en Muslims gain Hispanic converts]". ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' at ''[[The Victoria Advocate]]''. Saturday September 28, 2002. 2D and 3D. Retrieved from [[Google Books]] (45–46 of 51) on February 19, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cair.com/images/pdf/The-American-mosque-2001.pdf |title=The Mosque in America: A National Portrait |last1=Bagby |first1=Ihsan |last2=Perl |first2=Paul M. |date=April 26, 2001 |publisher=Council on American-Islamic Relations |page=21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006214638/http://www.cair.com/images/pdf/The-American-mosque-2001.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2016 |access-date=February 19, 2017 |last3=Froehle |first3=Bryan T. }}</ref>

Since the arrival of South Asian and Arab communities during the 1990s there has been divisions with the African Americans due to the racial and cultural differences; however, since September 11, 2001, the two groups joined when the immigrant communities looked towards the African Americans for advice on [[civil rights]].<ref>Andrea Elliot (March 11, 2007) [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/nyregion/11muslim.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&sq=african%20american%20muslims&st=cse&scp=5 Between Black and Immigrant Muslims, an Uneasy Alliance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102120130/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/nyregion/11muslim.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&sq=african%20american%20muslims&st=cse&scp=5 |date=January 2, 2017 }} ''The New York Times''. Retrieved July 23, 2009.</ref>

===Religion===
According to a 2014 religious survey, 64% of American Muslims believe religion is very important, compared to 58% of American Catholics who believe so. The frequency of receiving answers to prayers among Muslims was, 31% at least once a week and 12% once or twice a month.<ref>[http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/beliefs_portrait-Muslims.pdf Portrait of Muslims – Beliefs & Practices] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125054035/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/beliefs_portrait-Muslims.pdf |date=January 25, 2009 }} Pew Research Center</ref> Nearly a quarter of the Muslims are converts to Islam (23%), mainly native-born. Of the total who have converted, 59% are African American and 34% white. Previous religions of those converted was [[Protestantism]] (67%), [[Roman Catholicism]] (10%), and 15% no religion.

[[Mosque]]s are usually explicitly Sunni or Shia although there are over 55 [[Ahmadiyya]] mosques as well. There are 2,769 mosques in the United States {{as of|2020|lc=y}},<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Mosque Survey 2020 Report 1 {{!}} ISPU|url=https://www.ispu.org/report-1-mosque-survey-2020/|access-date=2021-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref> and the nation's largest mosque, the [[Islamic Center of America]], is in [[Dearborn, Michigan]]. It caters mainly to the Shia Muslim congregation; however, all Muslims may attend this mosque. It was rebuilt in 2005 to accommodate over 3,000 people for the increasing Muslim population in the region.<ref>[http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2005/June/20050602172516xbtterrets0.4066889.html Detroit Islamic Center Open Largest Mosque in United States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104042821/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2005/June/20050602172516xbtterrets0.4066889.html |date=November 4, 2010 }} Brittany Sterrett. June 2, 2005 Accessed August 19, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/aris_part_two.htm Profile of the U.S. Muslim population] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612210429/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/aris_part_two.htm |date=June 12, 2010 }}, Dr Barry A. Kosmin & Dr Egon Mayer, October 2, 2001</ref> More than half (55%) of the religious affiliations of Muslims is Sunni, 16% [[Shia]], 22% non-affiliated and 16% other/non-response.<ref name="PewForum">{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/assets/pdf/muslim-americans.pdf |title=Muslim Americans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916051122/http://pewresearch.org/assets/pdf/muslim-americans.pdf |archive-date=September 16, 2012 |access-date=December 29, 2012 |work=Pew Research |date=May 22, 2007}}</ref> Muslims of [[Arabs|Arab]] descent are mostly Sunni (56%) with minorities who are Shia (19%). Muslims of South Asian descent including [[Bangladeshis]] (90%), [[Indian people|Indians]] (82%) and [[Pakistanis]] (72%) are mainly Sunni, other groups such as [[Iran]]ians are mainly Shia (91%).<ref name=PewForum/> Of [[African American Muslims]], 48% are Sunni, 34% are unaffiliated (mostly part of the ''Community of W. Deen Mohammed''), 16% other (mostly Nation of Islam and [[Ahmadiyya]]) and 2% Shia.<ref name=PewForum/>

In many areas, a mosque may be dominated by whatever group of immigrants is the largest. Sometimes the Friday sermons, or [[khutba]]s, are given in languages like [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] or [[Arabic]] along with [[English language|English]]. Areas with large Muslim populations may support a number of mosques serving different immigrant groups or varieties of belief within Sunni or Shia traditions. At present, many mosques are served by imams who immigrate from overseas, as only these imams have certificates from Muslim seminaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shariahboard.org/Docs/DarulUloom_admission_brochure.pdf |title=Darul Uloom Chicago |publisher=Shari'ah Board of America |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016163653/http://shariahboard.org/Docs/DarulUloom_admission_brochure.pdf |archive-date=October 16, 2006 |access-date=August 19, 2007}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated6">{{Cite news |last=Jacoby |first=Jeff |url=https://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/01/10/the_boston_mosques_saudi_connection/ |title=The Boston mosque's Saudi connection |date=January 10, 2007 |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=June 15, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216143949/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/01/10/the_boston_mosques_saudi_connection/ |archive-date=February 16, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/~schumer/SchumerWebsite/pressroom/press_releases/PR02009.html |title=Schumer: Saudis playing role in spreading main terror influence in United States |website=United States Senator Charles Schumer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610042932/https://www.senate.gov/~schumer/SchumerWebsite/pressroom/press_releases/PR02009.html |archive-date=June 10, 2007 |access-date=June 15, 2007}}</ref>

===Education and income===
The household income levels of American Muslims are about as evenly distributed as the general American population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/11/how-income-varies-among-u-s-religious-groups/ |title=How income varies among U.S. religious groups |date=October 11, 2016 |website=pewresearch.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221015534/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/11/how-income-varies-among-u-s-religious-groups/ |archive-date=February 21, 2018 |access-date=April 28, 2018 }}</ref>

When it comes to education, the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding reported in 2017 that across the board, American Muslims, Protestants, and Catholics have similar education levels. It has also been found that Muslim women (73%) are more likely than Muslim men (57%) to go on to pursue higher education beyond high school, and they are also more likely to report being in the middle class.<ref name="autogenerated9"/>

Current estimates show that there are 270 full-time Islamic schools that enrol between 26,000 and 35,500 students in the United States. Islamic k-12 schools typically teach ''[[tawhid]]'', or belief that [[Allah|God]] is the [[Creator deity|creator]] and sustainer of the [[universe]]; ''ilm'', the imperative to seek [[knowledge]]; and ''ta’lim'', and specific teaching about the [[Quran|Qur’an]] and ''[[Hadith|ahadith]]''. Some private Islamic schools in the United States cater to specific [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] and/or [[Culture|cultural]] communities. Others enrol students from diverse backgrounds and ethnicities. Specific subject that are taught include Arabic, Qur’an, and Islamic studies along with [[Academy|academic]] subjects such as [[Mathematics|math]], [[science]], [[English language|English]], [[history]], [[civics]], and in some schools, [[art]] and [[music]]. Typically Islamic schools integrate religious knowledge throughout the curricula, incorporate [[Salah|prayer]] into their daily schedules, require modest dress, and serve [[halal]] food.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brooks |first1=Melanie |title=Education and Muslim Identity During a Time of Tension: Inside an American Islamic School |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780367492953 |pages=166 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Education-and-Muslim-Identity-During-a-Time-of-Tension-Inside-an-American/Brooks/p/book/9780367492953}}</ref>

Among South Asians in the country, the large Pakistani American community stands out as particularly well educated and prosperous, with education and income levels exceeding those of U.S.-born whites. Many are [[professionals]], especially in [[medicine]] (they account for 2.7-5% of America's [[physician]]s),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Curlin  |first1=Farr A |last2=Lantos  |first2=John D |last3=Roach  |first3=Chad J |last4=Sellergren  |first4=Sarah A |last5=Chin |first5=Marshall H |year=2005 |title=Religious Characteristics of U.S. Physicians – A National Survey |journal=Journal of General Internal Medicine |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=629–634 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0119.x |pmc=1490160 |pmid=16050858}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.imana.org/resource/resmgr/ispu_report_muslim_physician.pdf |title=A Window Into American Muslim Physicians: Civic Engagement and Communitu Participation |last1=Abu-Ras |first1=W. |last2=Laird |first2=L.D. |date=October 2012 |website=Islamic Medical Association of North America (IMANA) |publisher=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU) |pages=9, 11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310174114/https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.imana.org/resource/resmgr/ispu_report_muslim_physician.pdf |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |access-date=March 9, 2016 |last3=Senzai |first3=F. }}</ref> scientists, engineers, and financial analysts, and there are also a large number of entrepreneurs. There are more than 15,000 medical doctors practicing medicine in the USA who are of Pakistani origin alone<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shafqat |first1=Saad |last2=Zaidi |first2=Anita K.M |author-link2=Anita Zaidi |year=2007 |title=Pakistani Physicians and the Repatriation Equation |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=356 |issue=5 |pages=442–443 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp068261 |pmid=17267903 |url=https://ecommons.aku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=pakistan_fhs_mc_med_neurol }}</ref> and the number of Pakistani American millionaires was reported to be in the thousands. [[Shahid Khan]] is a Pakistani-born American multi [[billionaire]] businessmen and owner of the [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL) making him the first and only ethnic minority member to own one, he also owns English [[Premier League]] team [[Fulham F.C]]., and automobile parts manufacturer Flex-N-Gate in Urbana, Illinois.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/1298/9812104.html |title=Muslim-American Activisms: 'Vision' Examined at AMA's Third Annual Convention |website=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs (WRMEA) |access-date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

45 percent of immigrant Muslims report annual household income levels of $50,000 or higher. This compares to the national average of 44 percent. Immigrant Muslims are well represented among higher-income earners, with 19 percent having annual household incomes of $100,000 or higher (compared to 16 percent for the Muslim population as a whole and 17 percent for the U.S. average). This is likely due to the strong concentration of Muslims in professional, managerial, and technical fields, especially in information technology, education, medicine, law, and the corporate world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.america.gov/st/peopleplace-english/2008/December/20081222090246jmnamdeirf0.4547083.html |title=Muslims in America – A Statistical Portrait |publisher=America.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014023151/http://www.america.gov/st/peopleplace-english/2008/December/20081222090246jmnamdeirf0.4547083.html |archive-date=October 14, 2011|access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>

===By state===
There were estimated to be about 4.5 million Muslim adherents across the United States in 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 {{!}} U.S. Religion Census {{!}} Religious Statistics & Demographics |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/node/1639 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.usreligioncensus.org}}</ref><!-- The state-by-state data is not at the cited page. There are 11 appendices listed there, one pertaining Islam. but the data is not there either. -->
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State<br /> !!  Muslim (estimate)<ref name=":1" /><br /> !! Percent Muslim (estimate)<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-
| style="background:silver" | {{Flag|United States}} || style="background:silver" | 4,453,908 || style="background:silver" | 1.34%
|-
| {{Flag|Illinois}} || 473,792 || 3.70%
|-
| {{Flag|New York}} || 724,475 || 3.59%
|-
| {{Flag|New Jersey}} || 321,652 || 3.46%
|-
| {{Flag|Maryland}} || 188,914 || 3.06%
|-
| {{Flag|Michigan}} || 241,828 || 2.40%
|-
| {{Flag|Minnesota}} || 114,590 || 2.01%
|-
| {{Flag|Virginia}} || 169,371 || 1.96%
|-
| {{Flag|Massachusetts}} || 131,749 || 1.87%
|-
| {{Flag|Arizona}} || 109,765 || 1.53%
|-
| {{Flag|California}} || 504,056 || 1.27%
|-
| {{Flag|North Carolina}} || 130,661 || 1.25%
|-
| {{Flag|Maine}} || 16,894 || 1.24%
|-
| {{Flag|Connecticut}} || 43,905 || 1.22%
|-
| {{Flag|Wisconsin}} || 68,699 || 1.17%
|-
| {{Flag|Pennsylvania}} || 149,561 || 1.15%
|-
| {{Flag|Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}} || 123,652 || 1.15%
|-
| style="background:lightgray" | {{Flag|District of Columbia}} || style="background:lightgray" | 7,528 || style="background:lightgray" | 1.09%
|-
| {{Flag|Texas}} || 313,209 || 1.07%
|-
| {{Flag|Ohio}} || 120,077 || 1.02%
|-
| {{Flag|Vermont}} || 6,201 || 0.96%
|-
| {{Flag|Missouri}} || 53,443 || 0.87%
|-
| {{Flag|Utah}} || 25,403 || 0.78%
|-
| {{Flag|Iowa}} || 23,211 || 0.73%
|-
| {{Flag|Delaware}} || 7,065 || 0.71%
|-
| {{Flag|Indiana}} || 41,400 || 0.61%
|-
| {{Flag|Florida}} || 127,172 || 0.59%
|-
| {{Flag|Tennessee}} || 39,745 || 0.58%
|-
| {{Flag|New Mexico}} || 12,046 || 0.57%
|-
| {{Flag|Louisiana}} || 24,732 || 0.53%
|-
| {{Flag|Alabama}} || 23,550 || 0.47%
|-
| {{Flag|Kentucky}} || 17,957 || 0.40%
|-
| {{Flag|Oklahoma}} || 15,290 || 0.39%
|-
| {{Flag|Washington}} || 27,391 || 0.36%
|-
| {{Flag|Nevada}} || 7,400 || 0.24%
|-
| {{Flag|Rhode Island}} || 2,599 || 0.24%
|-
| {{Flag|Arkansas}} || 6,765 || 0.22%
|-
| {{Flag|Colorado}} || 10,828 || 0.19%
|-
| {{Flag|Idaho}} || 2,531 || 0.14%
|-
| {{Flag|South Carolina}} || 6,677 || 0.13%
|-
| {{Flag|Kansas}} || 3,615 || 0.12%
|-
| {{Flag|Oregon}} || 4,934 || 0.12%
|-
| {{Flag|Nebraska}} || 2,402 || 0.12%
|-
| {{Flag|Mississippi}} || 3,106 || 0.10%
|-
| {{Flag|New Hampshire}} || 1,172 || 0.09%
|-
| {{Flag|North Dakota}} || 540 || 0.07%
|-
| {{Flag|South Dakota}} || 535 || 0.06%
|-
| {{Flag|West Virginia}} || 849 || 0.05%
|-
| {{Flag|Alaska}} || 400 || 0.05%
|-
| {{Flag|Wyoming}} || 226 || 0.04%
|-
| {{Flag|Montana}} || 200 || 0.02%
|-
| {{Flag|Hawaii}} || 145 || 0.01%
|}</div>

====Population concentrations====
{{further|Islam in New York City}}
[[File:ICPCNJ.png|thumb|300px|The [[Islamic Center of Passaic County]] in [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] is the epicenter of Muslim culture in [[New Jersey]], the U.S. state with the third-highest Muslim population concentration.]]
Generally speaking, Muslims are concentrated in the [[Eastern United States|Eastern]] one-third of the United States, and particularly in the [[Northeast megalopolis]], given the region's relative proximity to the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]] by flight.
[[New York City]] had the [[Islam in New York City|largest number of Muslims in the US]] with approximately 75,000. In 2000, [[Dearborn, Michigan]], ranked second with 29,181, and [[Los Angeles]] ranked third with 25,673; although [[Paterson, New Jersey]], in the [[New York City Metropolitan Area]], was estimated to have become home to 25,000 to 30,000 Muslims as of 2011. The Muslim population in the [[New York metropolitan area]] approximates 1.5 million, the largest metropolitan Muslim population in the [[Western hemisphere]].

As of 2020, [[New York (state)|New York]] was the state home to the highest absolute number of Muslims, by a significant margin, at over 724,000. By percentages of the population, [[Illinois]], the State of New York, [[New Jersey]], and [[Maryland]] all hosted population concentrations greater than 3%.<ref name=NewJerseyHighestMuslimPopulationConcentration>{{cite web |title=Muslims By State |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/religious-tradition/muslim/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=August 1, 2022}}</ref> Paterson in New Jersey has been nicknamed ''[[Little Ramallah]]'' and ''[[Little Istanbul]]'' and contains a neighborhood with the same name, with an Arab American population estimated as high as 20,000 in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/palestinian-flag-raising-is-highlight-of-heritage-week-in-paterson-1.1324680 |title=Palestinian flag-raising is highlight of heritage week in Paterson |last=Deena Yellin |date=May 3, 2015 |publisher=North Jersey Media Group |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040613/http://www.northjersey.com/news/palestinian-flag-raising-is-highlight-of-heritage-week-in-paterson-1.1324680 |archive-date=May 5, 2015 |access-date=May 4, 2015 }}</ref> [[Philadelphia]] was estimated to have 30,000 to 50,000 Muslims as of 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/community/religion/Paterson_Muslims_to_picket_Lowes_for_pulling_ads_from_TV_series.html |title=Paterson Muslims to picket Lowe's for pulling ads from TV series |last=Justo Bautista |date=December 13, 2011 |publisher=North Jersey Media Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016214116/http://www.northjersey.com/community/religion/Paterson_Muslims_to_picket_Lowes_for_pulling_ads_from_TV_series.html |archive-date=October 16, 2013 |access-date=April 10, 2013 }}</ref> [[Islam in Houston|Houston]] was estimated to have 63,000 Muslims as of 2012.

===Mosques===
[[File:Mosques per capita by U.S. state.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|
<div style="text-align: center">Number of Mosques per Million residents in each U.S. state and the District of Columbia as of 2020</div>]]

In 2020, the US Mosque Survey identified 2,796 Islamic places of worship in the United States, a "31% increase from the 2010 count." The U.S. states with the highest number of mosques were [[New York (state)|New York]] (343), [[California]] (304), [[Texas]] (224), [[Florida]] (157), and [[New Jersey]] (141), with New York gaining the highest number of mosques compared to 2011 (86 additional).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ihsan|first=Bagby|date=June 2, 2020|title=American Mosque Survey 2020 Report 1 {{!}} ISPU|url=https://www.ispu.org/report-1-mosque-survey-2020/|access-date=2021-08-09|language=en-US}}</ref> As part of a sampled survey, the US Mosque Survey reports that 6% of mosques self identified as Shi'ite.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ispu.org/report-1-mosque-survey-2020/ | title=The American Mosque 2020: Growing and Evolving | publisher=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding | date=June 2, 2020 | access-date=September 2, 2022 | author=Bagby, Ihsan}}</ref> Pew Research Center notes that 61% of respondents to the survey "say that women have served on the board at some point in the last five years."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohamed|first=Besheer|date=August 4, 2021|title=Women are becoming more involved in U.S. mosques|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/08/04/women-are-becoming-more-involved-in-u-s-mosques/|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref>

Previously, in 2011, the number of mosques in the United States was 2,106. At the time, the six states with the highest numbers of mosques were: New York (257), California (246), Texas (166), Florida (118), Illinois (109), and New Jersey (109).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faithcommunitiestoday.org/sites/faithcommunitiestoday.org/files/The%20American%20Mosque%202011%20web.pdf |title=The American Mosque 2011 |website=faithcommunitiestoday.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018171748/http://faithcommunitiestoday.org/sites/faithcommunitiestoday.org/files/The%20American%20Mosque%202011%20web.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the United States in particular, it has been shown in a study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding that Muslim Americans who regularly attend mosques are more likely to work with their neighbors to solve community problems (49 vs. 30 percent), be registered to vote (74 vs. 49 percent), and plan to vote (92 vs. 81 percent). The study also states that “there is no correlation between Muslim attitudes toward violence and their frequency of mosque attendance.”<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2017/|title=American Muslim Poll 2017 {{!}} ISPU|date=2017-03-21|work=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding|access-date=2018-06-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

Regarding mosque attendance, data shows that American Muslim women and American Muslim men attend the mosque at similar rates (45% for men and 35% for women). Additionally, when compared to the general public looking at the attendance of religious services, young Muslim Americans attend the mosque at closer rates to older Muslim Americans.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Pew Research]] study found that women attendance at American mosques increased from 2011 to 2020, as did women participation in mosque administration, including positions on the [[board of trustees]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Women are becoming more involved in U.S. mosques|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/08/04/women-are-becoming-more-involved-in-u-s-mosques/|author=BESHEER MOHAMED|date=August 4, 2021 }}</ref>

==Culture==
{{see also|Hijab by country#United States|World Hijab Day}}
Within the Muslim community in the United States there exist a number of different traditions. As in the rest of the world, the Sunni Muslims are in the majority. Shia Muslims, especially those in the Iranian immigrant community, are also active in community affairs. All four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence ([[fiqh]]) are found among the Sunni community.

Muslims in the United States have increasingly made their own culture; there are various Muslim comedy groups, rap groups, Scout troops and magazines, and Muslims have been vocal in other forms of media as well.<ref>Patricia Smith. "Islam in America", ''New York Times Upfront''. New York: January 9, 2006. Vol. 138, Iss. 8; p. 10</ref>

Hijab is commonly worn by Muslim women in the United States, and is a very distinctive cultural feature of Muslims in America. According to a Pew Research Center poll from 2011, 36% of Muslim American women reported wearing hijab whenever they were in public, with an additional 24% indicating they wore it most or some of the time, while only 40% indicated that they ''never'' wore the headcover.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Pew Research Center|title=Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism; Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices|date=30 August 2011|url=http://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/|access-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820230634/http://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/|archive-date=20 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Contrary to popular beliefs about assimilation, the study found that the number of women wearing hijab was in fact higher among native-born Muslim women compared to first-generation Muslim immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=8 December 2020|date=30 August 2011|title=Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices}}</ref> In the 1990s, however, hijabs were not commonly seen in the United States, as overt Islamization became more apparent only during the 21st century.<ref name=ODonnellHarvard>{{cite web|last=O'Donnell|first=Erin|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2011/09/the-veils-revival|title=The Veil's Revival|work=[[Harvard Magazine]]|date=September–October 2011|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> Compared to some nations in Western Europe, such as France and the Netherlands,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/01/france-burqa-ban-upheld-human-rights-court|title=France's burqa ban upheld by human rights court|last1=Willsher|first1=Kim|date=July 1, 2014|access-date=April 7, 2023|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/dutch-told-burka-ban-discriminates-against-muslim-women-1.4045396|title=Dutch told burka ban discriminates against Muslim women|last=Cluskey|first=Peter|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref> there have been relatively few controversies surrounding the hijab in everyday life, a product of "pro-religious freedom" laws allowing for a wide range of religious accommodations, and also due to greater support for multiculturalism.

In his 2008 book ''Al' America'', writer and journalist Jonathan Curiel wrote about the consequences of 9/11 on the perception of Islamic culture in America, stating that it has been difficult for some Americans to "see Arab and Muslim culture as anything other than terrorism and fundamentalism".<ref name="usatoday">{{cite web |last1=Hjelmgaard |first1=kim |title=What you don't know about America's Islamic heritage |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/11/16/islam-america-muslims-religion-president-trump-american/1736878002/ |website=usatoday}}</ref> The Islamic experience in the US is also not well known or researched among mainstream society, with Jewish scholar Lior Sternfeld stating, "Muslim-Americans were a much smaller and more marginalized community, but it's changing."<ref name="usatoday"/>

==Notable American Muslim figures==
{{further|List of American Muslims}}

American Muslims help strengthen and contribute to the success of the [[United States of America]] in multiple ways.

===Religion===
* [[Omar Suleiman (imam)]] - Islamic scholar, founder and president of the Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research, [[imam]] of Valley Ranch Islamic Center
* [[Yasir Qadhi]] - Imam and resident Islamic scholar for the [[East Plano Islamic Center]] (EPIC Masjid)
* [[Suhaib Webb]] - Former imam of the Islamic Society of Boston Cultural Center (ISBCC)
* [[Hamza Yusuf]] - Islamic scholar, President and co-founder of Zaytuna College
* [[Zaid Shakir]] - Islamic scholar, co-founder of Zaytuna College

===Sports and athletics===
* [[Muhammad Ali]] - was an American professional boxer and activist. Nicknamed "the Greatest", he is regarded as one of the most significant sports figures of the 20th century and is often regarded as the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time.
* [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]] -  is an American former professional basketball player who played 20 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Milwaukee Bucks and Los Angeles Lakers. During his career as a center, Abdul-Jabbar was a record six-time NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP).
* [[Belal Muhammad]] - is an American professional mixed martial artist who currently competes in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).
* [[Oday Aboushi]] -  is a Palestinian-American former American football offensive guard. He played college football at Virginia and was selected by the New York Jets in the fifth round of the 2013 NFL Draft.
* [[Ameer Abdullah]] -  is an American football running back for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Detroit Lions in the second round of the 2015 NFL draft. He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers.
* [[Jaylen Brown]] - is an American professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
* [[Yunus Musah]] -  is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Serie A club AC Milan and the United States national team. Considered as one of the best young players in the world, he is known for his technical ability, movement, and strength.
* [[Nico Ali Walsh]] - is an American professional boxer. The grandson of Muhammad Ali, Walsh came into the ring for his pro debut in August 2021 wearing his grandfather's personal white Everlast shorts, which were passed down to him in 2016 with the death of his grandfather.
* [[Hassan Diarra]] - is an American college basketball player for the UConn Huskies of the Big East Conference.
* [[Ryan Harris (American football)]] - is a former American football offensive tackle of the National Football League (NFL).
* [[Mustafa Ali]] -  is an American professional wrestler, currently performing for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) on per-appearance deals,[3] as well as on the independent circuit, the former in which he is the current TNA X Division Champion in his first reign.
* [[Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf]] -  is an American former professional basketball player.
* [[Jabri Abdur-Rahim]] -  is an American college basketball player for the Providence Friars of the Big East Conference. 
* [[Hasim Rahman]] - is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2014.
* [[Hasim Rahman Jr.]] - is an American professional boxer who challenged for the WBC-USNBC heavyweight title in 2022. 
* [[Nazr Mohammed]] - is an American former professional basketball player who had a journeyman career in the National Basketball Association (NBA), playing for eight different teams over 18 seasons.
* [[Alhaji Mohammed]] - is an American-born Ghanaian former basketball player.
* [[Rasheed Wallace]] - is an American basketball coach and former professional player.
* [[Azeez Al-Shaair]] -  is an American football linebacker for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL).
* [[Gervonta Davis]] - is an American professional boxer.
* [[Husain Abdullah]] - is a former American football safety.
* [[Hamza Abdullah]] -  is a former American football safety.
* [[Robert Saleh]] - is an American professional [[American football|football]] coach who served as the head coach for the [[NFL]] team [[New York Jets]] from [[2021 NFL season|2021]] to [[2024 NFL season|2024]], he is the first Muslim American to serve as the head coach of an NFL team.

===Science===
*[[Shereef Elnahal]] - commissioner, [[New Jersey Department of Health]], transitioning to CEO of University Hospital, Newark in July 2019
*[[Ayub K. Ommaya]] - neurosurgeon, inventor of the [[Ommaya reservoir]][160]
*[[Ahmed Zewail]] - Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, 1999 for his work on [[femtochemistry]][161]
*[[Aziz Sancar]] - Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, 2015 along with [[Tomas Lindahl]] and [[Paul L. Modrich]] for their mechanistic studies of DNA repair[162]

=== Engineering ===

*[[Fazlur Khan]] - structural engineer (designed the [[Willis Tower|Sears Tower]], John Hancock Center)[159]
*Amjad Masad - CEO and founder of [[Replit]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=amasad.me |title=Amjad Masad |url=https://amasad.me/about |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=amasad.me}}</ref>

==Politics==
To date, [[List of Muslim members of the United States Congress|four Muslims have served in the United States Congress]], all members of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2019/01/03/faith-on-the-hill-116/|title=Religious affiliation of the 116th Congress|date=2019-01-03|access-date=2021-09-05|website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> The first was [[Keith Ellison]], who took office representing Minnesota in 2007.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Michael|last=Isikoff |title='I'm a Sunni Muslim' |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16474497/site/newsweek |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |location=New York City|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106003610/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16474497/site/newsweek/ |archive-date=January 6, 2007 |date=January 4, 2007|via=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref>

=== Party politics ===
In the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 Presidential election]], 78 percent of Muslim Americans supported Republican candidate [[George W. Bush]] over Democratic candidate [[Al Gore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Survey Shows Bush Support Drops Among Muslim Voters |url=https://www.cair.com/cair_in_the_news/survey-shows-bush-support-drops-among-muslim-voters/}}</ref> However, the increased anti-Muslim rhetoric from the Republican Party after the [[September 11 attacks]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/azeem-ibrahim/muslim-voters-2012_b_1247616.html |title=Muslims in America 2012 - Who Will They Vote For? &#124; Azeem Ibrahim |website=[[HuffPost]] |date=February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111235311/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/azeem-ibrahim/muslim-voters-2012_b_1247616.html |archive-date=November 11, 2014 |access-date=September 24, 2014 }} Muslims in America 2012 – Who Will They Vote For?</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amuslimvoice.org/html/body_after_11_years.html |title=After 11 years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112020208/http://www.amuslimvoice.org/html/body_after_11_years.html |archive-date=November 12, 2014 |access-date=September 24, 2014 }} American Muslims remain in the dock 11 years after 9/11 by Abdus Sattar Ghazali</ref> support for the Republican Party among American Muslims has declined sharply.

[[File:Ilhan Omar, official portrait, 116th Congress (square).jpg|thumb|180px|[[Ilhan Omar]] (pictured) and [[Rashida Tlaib]] are the first Muslim women elected to serve in Congress.]]
By [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]], Bush's Muslim support had been reduced to under 1%, and Democratic candidate [[John Kerry]]'s support rose to 93%, with 5% voting for [[Ralph Nader]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sealey |first=Geraldine |date=2004-11-03 |title=Muslims abandon Bush for Kerry -- and prefer Nader, even |url=https://www.salon.com/2004/11/03/muslims_6/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Salon |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-26 |title=Election Watch: 2004 Election Sees Second American-Muslim Bloc Vote – 2005 January-February - WRMEA |url=https://www.wrmea.org/005-january-february/election-watch-2004-election-sees-second-american-muslim-bloc-vote.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226203444/https://www.wrmea.org/005-january-february/election-watch-2004-election-sees-second-american-muslim-bloc-vote.html |archive-date=February 26, 2021 }}</ref>

By [[2008 United States presidential election|2008]], Democratic candidate [[Barack Obama]] got 67% to 90% of the Muslim vote depending on region.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-muslims-idUSTRE4A57ZC20081106 |title=Smears against Obama energized Muslim voters: experts |date=November 6, 2008 |work=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018221524/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/11/06/us-usa-election-muslims-idUSTRE4A57ZC20081106 |archive-date=October 18, 2015 }}</ref> In total, Obama won 89% of the Muslim vote, with his Republican opponent [[John McCain]] getting only 2%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2008 |url=https://www.euro-islam.info/2008/11/08/poll-89-percent-of-muslims-voted-for-obama/ |title=Poll: 89 percent of Muslims Voted for Obama |work=Euro Islam Info}}</ref> Some of his opponents question Obama's religious faith; see [[Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories]].

By [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]], [[Barack Obama]]'s support slightly falls to 85%, with 4% voting for his Republican opponent, [[Mitt Romney]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-11 |title=Poll: Over 85% of US Muslim voters picked Obama |url=https://www.jpost.com/the-us-presidential-race/poll-over-85-percent-of-us-muslim-voters-picked-obama |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Jerusalem Post  |language=en-US}}</ref>

In a 2017 Survey done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, only 15% of American Muslims wanted [[Donald Trump]] to win the 2016 presidential election, compared to 54% wanting [[Hillary Clinton]] to win.<ref name="autogenerated10">{{Cite news |url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2017/ |title=American Muslim Poll 2017 {{!}} ISPU |date=March 21, 2017 |work=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding |access-date=June 14, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> 74% of Muslims ended up voting for Clinton, compared to 13% for Trump.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rappeport |first1=Alan |last2=Shear |first2=Michael |last3=Hulse |first3=Carl |date=22 November 2016 |title=Trump Inches Toward Naming Domestic Cabinet Members |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/22/us/politics/donald-trump-transition.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208005553/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/22/us/politics/donald-trump-transition.html |archive-date=8 December 2016 |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

According to a 2018 poll from the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, American Muslims were as satisfied with the American trajectory as the general public, reporting at around 27%. Regarding the 45th president of the United States, Donald Trump, Muslims are the least likely to approve of him across all faith groups including non affiliated Americans. This compares to, "17% of non-affiliated Americans, 31% of [[American Jews|Jews]], 36% of [[Catholic]]s, 41% of [[Protestants]], and 72% of white [[Evangelical]]s".<ref name="autogenerated10"/>

According to the report belongs to a Boston-based organization that works to increase American Muslim education and civic engagement, "at least 145 American Muslims, virtually all of them Democrats, ran for state or national public office in 2018. Of these, 110 were first-time candidates who represent an unprecedented rise for a diverse Muslim community that is typically underrepresented in American politics.".<ref name="usatoday"/>

[[File:20.March.March4Gaza.KStreet.WDC.13January2024 (53513227728).jpg|thumb|[[March on Washington for Gaza]] in January 2024]]
In [[2020 United States Presidential election|2020]], Democratic candidate [[Joe Biden]] received 69% of the Muslim vote, whereas Republican candidate Donald Trump received 17% (an increase from 13% in 2016) (excluding those who refused to answer, it would be 78% for Biden and 19% for Trump).<ref>{{cite news|last=Silva|first=Chantal de|title=Muslim US voters cast ballots in 'record numbers', with exit poll showing nearly 70% voting for Biden|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/us-election-muslim-voters-biden-b1587825.html|work=The Independent|date=4 November 2020}}</ref> Another survey showed that 86% of Muslims voted for Joe Biden, compared to just 6% for Trump. The remaining 8% either did not vote or supported a different candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Muslim Voters Voted Overwhelmingly For Biden, Support Key Democratic Priorities |url=https://emgageusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Muslim-Voters-Survey-Memo-2.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=Emgage USA}}</ref> 

American Muslim political engagement is increasing, as 75% of American Muslims surveyed by ISPU reported being registered to vote, an increase of 15% from 2016 data.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2018-full-report/ |title=American Muslim Poll 2018: Full Report {{!}} ISPU |date=April 30, 2018 |work=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding |access-date=June 14, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2019, [[Sadaf Jaffer]] became the first female [[Muslim American]] mayor, first female [[South Asian]] mayor, and first female [[Pakistani-American]] mayor in the United States, of [[Montgomery, New Jersey|Montgomery]] in [[Somerset County, New Jersey|Somerset County]], [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2019/05/first-female-muslim-mayor-in-the-us-calls-this-nj-town-home.html |title=First female Muslim mayor in the U.S. calls this N.J. town home |last=Olivia Rizzo |date=May 21, 2019 |publisher=New Jersey On-Line LLC |access-date=May 21, 2019 |quote=She is now the first female South Asian mayor of a New Jersey municipality and the first female Muslim mayor in the state. She is also believed to be the first female Muslim mayor, female Pakistani-American mayor and first female South Asian-American mayor first in the nation, according to Religionnews.com.}}</ref> In June 2022, Republican candidate [[Mehmet Oz]] became the first Muslim to be nominated by a major party for the U.S. Senate.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hammond|first=Joseph|title=Celebrity surgeon Dr. Oz seeks to be first Muslim elected to the US Senate|url=https://religionnews.com/2021/12/02/celebrity-surgeon-dr-oz-seeks-to-be-first-muslim-elected-to-the-u-s-senate/|work=Religion News|date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gabriel|first=Trip|title=David McCormick Concedes to Dr. Oz in Pennsylvania GOP Senate Primary|work=The New York Times|date=June 3, 2022|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/03/us/elections/pennsylvania-senate-oz-mccormick.html}}</ref>

During the [[2024 United States presidential election]], An August 2024 survey published by the [[Council on American-Islamic Relations]] (CAIR) found that 29% of [[Muslim]] voters planned to vote for [[Jill Stein 2024 presidential campaign|Jill Stein]].<ref name="a438">{{cite web | last=Farooq | first=Umar A | title=Muslim voters evenly split between Jill Stein and Kamala Harris, new poll finds | website=Middle East Eye | date=2024-08-29 | url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/most-muslim-americans-are-voting-jill-stein-or-kamala-harris-poll-finds | access-date=2024-08-30}}</ref> In Michigan, 40 percent of Muslim voters supported Stein, 18% supported Trump and 12% supported Harris.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim Americans moving to anti-Israel Jill Stein in potential blow to Kamala Harris |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/muslim-americans-moving-to-anti-israel-jill-stein-in-potential-blow-to-kamala-harris/ |website=Times of Israel |access-date=28 September 2024 |date=19 September 2024}}</ref> CAIR's final election poll, published on November 1, showed that nationwide among Muslims, 42.3% planned to vote for Stein, 41% for Harris, and 9.8% for Trump.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooper |first=Ibrahim |date=November 1, 2024 |title=BREAKING: CAIR's Final Election Poll Shows Stein and Harris Still Tied Among Muslim Voters, Trump Trailing |url=https://www.cair.com/press_releases/breaking-cairs-final-election-poll-shows-stein-and-harris-still-tied-among-muslim-voters-trump-trailing |access-date=November 2, 2024 |website=www.cair.com}}</ref> In CAIR's exit poll, published on November 8th, 53% of Muslims voted for the Green Party candidate, [[Jill Stein]]. Only 20% of Muslims voted for Harris and only 21% voted for Trump.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=Ismail |date=November 8, 2024 |title=CAIR Exit Poll of Muslim Voters Reveals Surge in Support for Jill Stein and Donald Trump, Steep Decline for Harris |url=https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-exit-poll-of-muslim-voters-reveals-surge-in-support-for-jill-stein-and-donald-trump-steep-decline-for-harris/ |url-status=live |website=CAIR}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Muslim vote by presidential election
!Election year
! {{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
! {{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
! {{party shading/Green}} | Green
|-
|[[2000 United States presidential election|2000]]
| style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0ff;" |22%{{Efn|Includes voters for all non-Republican candidates, not only Democrats.}}
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" |78%
| style="text-align:right; background:#f0fff5;" |—
|-
|[[2004 United States presidential election|2004]]
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" |93%
| style="text-align:right; background:#fff3f3;" |<1%
| style="text-align:right; background:#f0fff5;" |5%
|-
|[[2008 United States presidential election|2008]]
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" |89%
| style="text-align:right; background:#fff3f3;" |2%
| style="text-align:right; background:#f0fff5;" |—
|-
|[[2012 United States presidential election|2012]]
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" |85%
| style="text-align:right; background:#fff3f3;" |4%
| style="text-align:right; background:#f0fff5;" |—
|-
|[[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" |74%
| style="text-align:right; background:#fff3f3;" |13%
| style="text-align:right; background:#f0fff5;" |—
|-
|[[2020 United States presidential election|2020]]
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" |78%
| style="text-align:right; background:#fff3f3;" |19%
| style="text-align:right; background:#f0fff5;" |—
|-
|[[2024 United States presidential election|2024]]
| style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0ff;" |20%
| style="text-align:right; background:#fff3f3;" |21%
| style="text-align:right; background:#17aa5c;" |53%
|}

=== LGBT issues ===
American Muslims in the 2000s and early 2010s showed generally conservative [[LGBT people and Islam|views about homosexuality]], with only about 27% of American Muslims saying it should be accepted by society in 2007, compared to 51% of the entire US public in 2006, according to the Pew Research Center. However, this later rose to 39% in 2011 (compared to 58% of the entire US public), and eventually in 2017, rising to a majority at 52% of American Muslims approving of societal acceptance of homosexuality, on par with the approval of Protestants, although lower than the total US public approval rate of 63%.<ref>{{Cite web    |title=Like Americans overall, Muslims now more accepting of homosexuality |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/07/26/political-and-social-views/pf_2017-06-26_muslimamericans-04new-06/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref>

A 2017 survey by the [[Public Religion Research Institute]] showed that a slim majority of Muslims at 51% supported gay marriage, compared to 34% opposed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Nick |date=2018-05-01 |title=Majority of US Muslims now support same-sex marriage |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2018/05/01/most-us-muslims-now-support-same-sex-marriage/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=PinkNews }}</ref>

[[Hamtramck, Michigan]] the only Muslim-majority city in the United States and the first city to have a Muslim-majority city council in the history of the United States, with four of the six council members being Muslim. In June 2023, the city drew scrutiny for its ban of the [[Rainbow flag (LGBT)|rainbow flag]] on city property and perceived homophobia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Perkins |first=Tom |date=June 17, 2023 |title='A sense of betrayal': liberal dismay as Muslim-led US city bans Pride flags |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/17/hamtramck-michigan-muslim-council-lgbtq-pride-flags-banned |access-date=September 19, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Organizations==
[[File:Flushing 33 Av 143 St mosque jeh.JPG|thumb|Mosque in [[Queens]], [[New York City]] with classical [[Mosque#Domes|dome]] architecture]]
One of the largest Islamic organizations is the [[Islamic Society of North America]] (ISNA) which says that 27% of mosques in U.S. are associated with it. ISNA is an association of immigrant Muslim organizations and individuals that provides a common platform for presenting Islam. It is composed mostly of immigrants. Its membership may have recently exceeded ASM, as many independent mosques throughout the United States are choosing to affiliate with it. ISNA's annual convention is the largest gathering of Muslims in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isna.net/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041017011936/http://isna.net/|url-status=dead|title=Home|date=April 5, 2020|archive-date=October 17, 2004}}</ref>

The second largest Muslim organization is the community under the leadership of W. Deen Mohammed or the [[American Society of Muslims]] with 19% of mosques, mostly African-Americans having an affiliation with it. It was the successor organization to the [[Nation of Islam]], once better-known as the Black Muslims. The association recognizes the leadership of [[Warith Deen Mohammed]]. This group evolved from the [[black separatism|Black separatist]] [[Nation of Islam]] (1930–1975). The majority of its members are African Americans. This has been a 23-year process of religious reorientation and organizational decentralization, in the course of which the group was known by other names, such as the [[American Muslim Mission]], W.Deen Mohammed guided its members to the practice of mainstream Islam such as salat or fasting, and teaching the basic creed of Islam the ''[[shahadah]]''.

[[File:2015 01 SRCC Meets Imams In Minnesota-8 (21862147476).jpg|thumb|[[Imam]]s from ten mosques in Minnesota]]
The third largest group is the [[Islamic Circle of North America]] (ICNA). ICNA describes itself as a non-ethnic, open to all, independent, [[North America]]-wide, grass-roots organization. It is composed mostly of immigrants and the children of immigrants. It is growing as various independent mosques throughout the United States join and also may be larger than ASM at the present moment. Its youth division is Young Muslims.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icna.org/ |title=Islamic Circle of North America Official Website |publisher=Icna.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204161946/http://www.icna.org/ |archive-date=December 4, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref> [[Why Islam?]] is a community outreach project of ICNA;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/united-states/ |title=Islam in the United States |date=October 22, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313100411/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/united-states |archive-date=March 13, 2015 |access-date=March 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Message">Sherri Day, [http://www.tampabay.com/news/religion/muslims-take-message-on-the-road/937236 "Muslims take message on the road"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211331/http://www.tampabay.com/news/religion/muslims-take-message-on-the-road/937236 |date=August 12, 2014 }}, ''Tampa Bay Times'', December 13, 2008</ref> it seeks to provide accurate information about Islam<ref>Star-Ledger Editorial Board, [http://blog.nj.com/njv_editorial_page/2011/08/why_islam_fights_misunderstand.html "Why Islam? fights misunderstanding with the facts"] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140618134725/http://blog.nj.com/njv_editorial_page/2011/08/why_islam_fights_misunderstand.html |date=June 18, 2014 }}, ''The Star-Ledger'', August 10, 2011</ref> while debunking popular stereotypes and common misconceptions through various services and outreach activities.<ref name="Billboard Blitz">Liane Membis, [http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/15/billboard-blitz-for-877-why-islam/ "Billboard Blitz for 877-Why-Islam info hotline"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711000101/http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/15/billboard-blitz-for-877-why-islam/ |date=July 11, 2014 }}, ''CNN'', August 15, 2011</ref><ref>Alice Speri, [http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/08/nj_turnpike_muslim_billboard.html "In time for Ramadan, toll-free hotline seeks to educate N.J. residents about Islam"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812214530/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/08/nj_turnpike_muslim_billboard.html |date=August 12, 2014 }}, ''The Star-Ledger'', August 8, 2011</ref>

The [[Islamic Supreme Council of America]] (ISCA) is a small organization representing [[Sufi]] teachings, which, according to adherents, is the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. The ISCA's stated aims include providing practical solutions for American Muslims, based on the traditional Islamic legal rulings of an international advisory board, many of whom are recognized as the highest ranking Islamic scholars in the world. ISCA strives to integrate traditional scholarship in resolving contemporary issues affecting the maintenance of Islamic beliefs in a modern, secular society.<ref name="islamicsupremecouncil.org" /> It has been linked to neoconservative thought.

[[File:RoxburyMosque2.JPG|thumb|[[Islamic Society of Boston]] mosque in Roxbury.]]
[[File:Dar al Islam Mosque (352480000).jpg|thumb|right|[[Dar al-Islam (organization)|Dar al-Islam mosque]] near [[Abiquiú, New Mexico]]]]
[[File:Masjed UA.jpg|thumb|Tucson Islamic Center, [[Tucson, Arizona]].]]
[[File:Muslim U.S. Army trainees praying at Fort Jackson during Ramadan in 2015.jpg|thumb|Muslim U.S. Army soldiers praying during Ramadan in 2015]]
The Islamic Assembly of North America (IANA) is a leading Muslim organization in the United States. According to its website, among the goals of IANA is to "unify and coordinate the efforts of the different dawah oriented organizations in North America and guide or direct the Muslims of this land to adhere to the proper Islamic methodology." In order to achieve its goals, IANA uses a number of means and methods including conventions, general meetings, dawah-oriented institutions and academies, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iananet.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050606083407/http://www.iananet.org/|url-status=dead|title=Islamic Assembly of North America Official Website|archive-date=June 6, 2005}}</ref> IANA folded in the aftermath of the attack of September 11, 2001 and they have reorganized under various banners such as Texas Dawah and the [[Almaghrib Institute]].

The [[Muslim Students' Association]] (MSA) is a group dedicated, by its own description, to Islamic societies on college campuses in Canada and the United States for the good of Muslim students. The MSA is involved in providing Muslims on various campuses the opportunity to practice their religion and to ease and facilitate such activities. MSA is also involved in social activities, such as fund raisers for the homeless during Ramadan. The founders of MSA would later establish the [[Islamic Society of North America]] and [[Islamic Circle of North America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msa-natl.org |title=Muslim Student Association Official Website |publisher=Msa-natl.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104220018/http://www.msa-natl.org/ |archive-date=January 4, 2012 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>

The Islamic Information Center (IIC) is a "grass-roots" organization that has been formed for the purpose of informing the public, mainly through the media, about the real image of Islam and Muslims. The IIC is run by chairman (Hojatul-Islam) Imam Syed Rafiq Naqvi, various committees, and supported by volunteers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://islamicinformationcenter.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029054206/http://www.islamicinformationcenter.org/|url-status=dead|title=Islamic Information Center|archive-date=October 29, 2006}}</ref>

The [[Shia Muslim Foundation]] (SMF) works to support civic rights of American Shia Muslims, and to advocate on social and political issues. SMF is noted for working with both Shia community leaders and Shia Islamic scholars and clergy in accomplishing its work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shia Muslim Foundation |url=https://www.shiamuslimfoundation.com/ |website=Shia Muslim Foundation official website |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

The [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] was established in the U.S. in 1921, before the existence of [[Nation of Islam]], according to its members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahmadiyya.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=539&Itemid=238 |title=Official site |date=November 5, 2011 |publisher=Ahmadiyya.us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102113241/http://www.ahmadiyya.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=539&Itemid=238 |archive-date=November 2, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/muslims-we-must-not-take-the-bait-when-controversy-comes |title=reference at end |date=April 7, 2010 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603172938/http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2010/05/21/naseem-mahdi-muhammad-cartoons-controversy-facebook-draw-bait/ |archive-date=June 3, 2011 |publisher=Foxnews.com }}</ref>

Muslim Congress is another national Muslim organization. It is primarily a social welfare organization that runs many social projects, including food distribution to the homeless in their "No More Hunger" project. It also provides scholarships. It is under the leadership of Islamic scholars.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===Political===
[[File:Islamic Center of America.png|thumb|[[Islamic Center of America]], [[Dearborn, Michigan]]]]
Muslim political organizations lobby on behalf of various Muslim political interests. Organizations such as the [[American Muslim Council]] are actively engaged in upholding human and civil rights for all Americans.

* The [[Council on American–Islamic Relations]] (CAIR) is the United States largest Muslim civil rights and advocacy group, originally established to promote a positive image of Islam and Muslims in America. CAIR presents itself as representing mainstream, moderate Islam, and has condemned acts of terrorism and has been working in collaboration with the White House on "issues of safety and foreign policy."<ref name="Multi1">{{cite web |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr159.pdf |title=The Diversity of Muslims in the United States – Views as Americans |date=February 2006 |publisher=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701115532/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr159.pdf |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |access-date=November 18, 2017 }}</ref> [[Criticism of the Council on American-Islamic Relations|The group has been criticized]] for alleged links to [[Islamic terrorism]] and it has been designated as a terrorist group by the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="wam.ae">{{Cite news |url=http://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates-international/1395272478814.html |title=UAE Cabinet approves list of designated terrorist organisations, groups |date=November 15, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224100916/http://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates-international/1395272478814.html |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |publisher=WAM Emirates News Agency }}</ref>
* The [[Muslim Public Affairs Council]] (MPAC) is an American Muslim public service and policy organization headquartered in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] and with offices in [[Washington, D.C.]] MPAC was founded in 1988. The mission of MPAC "encompasses promoting an American Muslim identity, fostering an effective grassroots organization, and training a future generation of men and women to share our vision. MPAC also works to promote an accurate portrayal of Islam and Muslims in mass media and popular culture, educating the American public (both Muslim and non-Muslim) about Islam, building alliances with diverse communities and cultivating relationships with opinion- and decision-makers."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpac.org |title=Home |publisher=MPAC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308155123/http://www.mpac.org/ |archive-date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=March 5, 2015 }}</ref>
* The [[American Islamic Congress]] is a small secular Muslim organization that promotes "[[religious pluralism]]". Their official Statement of Principles states that "Muslims have been profoundly influenced by their encounter with America. American Muslims are a minority group, consisting largely of immigrants and children of immigrants, who have prospered in America's climate of [[religious tolerance]] and civil rights. The lessons of our unprecedented experience of acceptance and success must be carefully considered by our community."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aicongress.org/principles.htm |title=The American Islamic Congress Statement Of Principles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020806012513/http://aicongress.org/principles.htm |archive-date=August 6, 2002 |access-date=July 2, 2014}}</ref> The AIC holds an annual essay writing competition, the [[Dream Deferred Essay Contest]], focusing on [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] in the [[Middle East]].
* The [[Free Muslims Coalition]] states it was created to "eliminate broad base support for [[Islamic extremism]] and terrorism" and to strengthen secular democratic institutions in the Middle East and the Muslim World by supporting Islamic reformation efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freemuslims.org/ |title=Free Muslims Coalition |publisher=Freemuslims.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612210342/http://www.freemuslims.org/ |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Muslims for Bush]] was an [[advocacy group]] aiming to drum up support from Muslims for President [[George W. Bush]]. It was co-founded by Muhammad Ali Hasan and his mother Seeme, who were prominent donors to the Republican Party. In 2010, co-founder Muhammad Ali Hasan left the Republican Party. Muslims for Bush has since been reformed into the bipartisan [[Muslims for America]].
* [[American Muslim Political Action Committee]] (AMPAC) was created in July 2012 by MD Rabbi Alam, a Bangladeshi-born American politician. This newly created organization is one of America's largest Muslim civil liberties advocacy organizations. It is headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri, with two regional offices in New York City and Madison, Wisconsin. AMPAC a bipartisan political platform for Muslim Americans to participate in political races. AMPAC presents an Islamic perspective on issues of importance to the American public, and seeks to empower the American Muslim community and encourage its social and political activism. On September 11, 2013, AMPAC organized the [[Million Muslim March]] which took place at the National Mall in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Million-Muslim-March-Christian-Protesters-White-House-Sept-11-2013-223315411.html |title="Million Muslim March" Attendees Confronted by Christian Protesters on National Mall &#124; NBC4 Washington |date=September 11, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055142/http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Million-Muslim-March-Christian-Protesters-White-House-Sept-11-2013-223315411.html |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=September 18, 2013 }} "Million Muslim March" Attendees Confronted by Christian Protesters on National Mall</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/11/million-muslim-march_n_3906303.html |title='Million Muslim March' Shaping up to be More Like a Few Hundred People Walking Down the Street |website=[[HuffPost]] |date=September 11, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917091800/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/11/million-muslim-march_n_3906303.html |archive-date=September 17, 2013 |access-date=September 18, 2013 }} 'Million Muslim March' Shaping Up To Be More Like A Few Hundred People Walking Down The Street: Kevin Barrett at the March Leading</ref>
* The Islamic Center of [[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passaic County]], the American Arab Civic Organization, and the American Muslim Union, all based in [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]], [[New Jersey]], voice Muslims' opposition to terrorism, including the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/new-jersey-muslim-groups-condemn-paris-attacks-1.1455972 |title=New Jersey Muslim groups condemn Paris attacks |last1=Linda Moss |last2=Minjae Park |date=November 16, 2015 |publisher=North Jersey Media Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031605/http://www.northjersey.com/news/new-jersey-muslim-groups-condemn-paris-attacks-1.1455972 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=November 16, 2015 }}</ref>
* In November 2022, [[Nabeela Syed]] was elected as the first state legislature. In the Illinois 51st district, she defeated the a republican incumbent. She is also one of the very few Muslim women and youngest political figures at the age of 23.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Molina |first=Alejandra |date=November 11, 2022 |title=Muslim Americans make historic gains in 2022 midterm elections |work=Religion News Service |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/11/11/muslim-americans-make-historic-gains-in-2022-midterm-elections/ |access-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref>

===Charitable===
Charitable donations within the Muslim American community are impacted by domestic political and social climates. ISPU found in 2017 that, “23% of Muslim Americans increased their giving to organizations associated with their faith community and 18% joined, donated to, or volunteered at a civic organizations for the first time as a result of the 2016 national elections.<ref name="autogenerated10"/> A 2021 study showed that Muslim Americans donated more to charity than other Americans during 2020. Most of the donations were given to causes supporting poverty relief, COVID-19 relief, civil rights, and religious research.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Wasif|first1=Rafeel|last2=Siddiqui|first2=Shariq|title=US Muslims gave more to charity than other Americans in 2020|url=http://theconversation.com/us-muslims-gave-more-to-charity-than-other-americans-in-2020-170689|access-date=2021-12-14|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|date=November 5, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to the organizations listed above, other Muslim organizations in the United States serve more specific needs. For example, some organizations focus almost exclusively on charity work. As a response to a crackdown on Muslim charity organizations working overseas such as the [[Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development|Holy Land Foundation]], more Muslims have begun to focus their charity efforts within the United States.

* [[Inner-City Muslim Action Network]] (IMAN) is one of the leading Muslim charity organizations in the United States. According to the Inner-City Muslim Action Network, IMAN seeks "to utilize the tremendous possibilities and opportunities that are present in the community to build a dynamic and vibrant alternative to the difficult conditions of inner city life." IMAN sees understanding Islam as part of a larger process to empower individuals and communities to work for the betterment of humanity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imancentral.org |title=Inner-City Muslim Action Network Official Website |date=December 1, 2011 |publisher=Imancentral.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726173917/http://www.imancentral.org/ |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>
*[[Islamic Relief]] USA is the American branch of [[Islamic Relief]] Worldwide, an international relief and development organization. Its stated goal is "to alleviate the suffering, hunger, illiteracy and diseases worldwide without regard to color, race or creed." They focus on development projects; emergency relief projects, such as providing aid to victims of [[Hurricane Katrina]]; orphans projects; and seasonal projects, such as food distributions during the month of [[Ramadan]]. They provide aid internationally and in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irw.org |title=Islamic Relief Official Website |publisher=Irw.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810194309/http://www.irw.org/ |archive-date=August 10, 2009 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>
*[[Project Downtown]] is a non profit organization originated in Miami Fl. From what started as two men giving away a few sandwiches eventually turned into an array of chapters all over the United States giving away thousands of packets of food, hygiene bags, clothes, and other necessities of life to those who cannot afford it. The motto of Project Downtown is "We feed you for the sake of God alone, no reward do we seek, nor thanks." (Quran 76:9)
*[[Compassionate Care Network, Chicago, CCNchicago]] was formed 14 years ago to offer basic health screening for the uninsured population in the community. It offers health screening for obesity, hypertension, diabetes and health awareness for the indigent people. It has formed a network of 200 providers and enrolled several thousand patients. In 2014 CCN's work was recognized with honors from the Governor of Illinois and also by President Obama at the White House. In 2015 CCN was invited to participate in White House policy recommendation discussions with the US Dept of Health and Human Services Office of Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnerships.
*[[American Muslim Health Professionals]] is a nonprofit organization, founded in 2004, which aims to unite Muslim health professionals and provide information on health. They also provide information on mental health. Another of their goals is to connect Muslim Americans to affordable insurance and free health clinics.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Muslim Health Professionals |url=https://amhp.us/ |website=American Muslim Health Professionals |date=2019}}</ref>

===Cultural===
There are two museums dedicated to the history of Islamic culture in the U.S. and abroad. The [[International Museum of Muslim Cultures]] in [[Jackson, Mississippi]] opened in early 2001.<ref>Ann Walter Sieber,{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200601/mississippi.s.muslim.museum.htm |title=Saudi Aramco World : Mississippi's Muslim Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807043319/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200601/mississippi.s.muslim.museum.htm |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |access-date=August 7, 2011 }}, ''Saudi Aramco World'', January/February 2006</ref> [[America's Islamic Heritage Museum]], in Washington, D.C., opened on April 30, 2011.<ref>Arlene Borenstein, {{cite web |url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Islamic-Heritage-Museum-Opens-in-DC--126333533.html |title=Islamic Heritage Museum Opens in D.C. &#124; NBC4 Washington |date=July 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902084650/http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Islamic-Heritage-Museum-Opens-in-DC--126333533.html |archive-date=September 2, 2012 |access-date=August 7, 2011 }}, ''NBC Washington'', July 28, 2011</ref>

There are also numerous cultural organizations centering the Muslim community in the U.S.

* [[Muslim Writers Collective]] (MWC) is one of the leading Muslim arts and culture organizations in the United States, founded in 2014 in New York City, and holding monthly open mics across the country. According to a [[Vice (magazine)|''Vice'']] magazine article published in 2016, "At a time when Islamophobia has reached new virulent and violent heights, MWC provides a space for young Muslims to honor their humanity."<ref name = "Reclaiming What It Means to Be Muslim, One Open Mic at a Time">{{cite web | url = https://www.vice.com/en/article/4xkzqg/reclaiming-what-it-means-to-be-muslim-one-open-mic-at-a-time|title=Reclaiming What It Means to Be Muslim, One Open Mic at a Time | work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] | author = Stahl, Aviva | date = February 22, 2016 | access-date = October 21, 2023}}</ref>

===Research and think tanks===
The [[Institute for Social Policy and Understanding]], with offices in Dearborn, MI and Washington, DC, is an independent, nonpartisan research organization specializing in addressing the most pressing challenges facing the American Muslim community and in bridging the information gap between the American Muslim community and the wider society.

==Views==
===American populace's views on Islam===
A nationwide survey conducted in 2003 by the Pew Research Center and the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life reported that the percentage of Americans with an unfavorable view of Islam increased by one percentage point between 2002 and 2003 to 34%, and then by another two percentage points in 2005 to 36%. At the same time the percentage responding that Islam was more likely than other religion to encourage violence fell from 44% in July 2003 to 36% in July 2005.<ref name="PewLondon">[http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/muslims-survey-2005.pdf Views of Muslim-Americans hold steady after London Bombings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708105444/http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/muslims-survey-2005.pdf |date=July 8, 2011 }} – [[Pew Research Center]]. July 26, 2005</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|-
! colspan=3 | July 2007 ''Newsweek'' survey of non-Muslim Americans<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/newsweek-poll-americans-are-mixed-on-us-muslims-52756242.html |title=Newsweek Poll: Americans Are Mixed on U.S. Muslims |publisher=PR Newswire |location=New York |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114231917/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/newsweek-poll-americans-are-mixed-on-us-muslims-52756242.html |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Statement'''
| '''Agree'''
| '''Disagree'''
|-
| Muslims in the United States are as <br />loyal to the U.S. as they are to Islam
| 40%
| 32%
|-
| Muslims do not condone violence
| 63%
|
|-
| Qur'an does not condone violence
| 40%
| 28%
|-
| Muslim culture does not glorify<br /> suicide
|
| 41%
|-
| Concern about Islamic radicals
|
| 54%
|-
| Support wiretapping by FBI
|
| 52%
|-
| American Muslims more "peaceable"<br /> than non-American ones
| 52%
| 7%
|-
| Muslims are unfairly targeted by<br /> law enforcement
| 38%
| 52%
|-
| Oppose mass detentions of Muslims
| 60%
| 25%
|-
| Believe most are immigrants
|
| 52%
|-
| Would allow son or daughter to date<br /> a Muslim
| 64%
| 
|-
| Muslim students should be allowed<br /> to wear headscarves
| 69%
| 23%
|-
| Would vote for a qualified Muslim<br /> for political office
| 45%
| 45%
|}

The July 2005 Pew survey also showed that 59% of American adults view Islam as "very different from their religion," down one percentage point from 2003. In the same survey 55% had a favorable opinion of Muslim Americans, up four percentage points from 51% in July 2003.<ref name="PewLondon" /> A December 2004 Cornell University survey shows that 47% of Americans believe that the Islamic religion is more likely than others to encourage [[Islam and violence|violence among its believers]].<ref>[http://www.comm.cornell.edu/msrg/report1a.pdf Restrictions on Civil Liberties, Views of Islam, & Muslim Americans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104030901/http://www.comm.cornell.edu/msrg/report1a.pdf |date=January 4, 2006 }} – [[Cornell University]]. December 2005</ref>

A CBS April 2006 poll showed that, in terms of faiths<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/12/national/main1494697.shtml Poll news] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102132747/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/12/national/main1494697.shtml |date=November 2, 2013 }} [[CBS]].</ref>
* 58% of Americans have favorable attitudes toward [[Protestantism]]/Other [[Christians]]
* 48% favorable toward [[Catholicism]]
* 47% favorable toward [[Judaism]]
* 31% favorable toward [[Christian fundamentalism]]
* 20% favorable toward [[Mormonism]]
* 19% favorable toward [[Islam]]
* 8% favorable toward [[Scientology]]

The Pew survey shows that, in terms of adherents<ref name="PewLondon" />
* 77% of Americans have favorable opinions of [[Jew]]s
* 73% favorable of [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholics]]
* 57% favorable of "[[Evangelicalism|evangelical Christians]]"
* 55% favorable of [[Muslim]]s
* 35% favorable of [[Atheism|Atheists]]

Pew surveys conducted in 2014, 2017, and 2019 continued this trend showing Americans had the least favorable views toward Muslims and Atheists.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-23|title=How Americans feel toward religious groups|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2019/07/23/feelings-toward-religious-groups/|access-date=2021-09-08|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref>

A 2011 [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] poll found that 56% of Protestants, 63% of Catholics, and 70% of Jews believed that American Muslims had no sympathy for [[Al Qaeda]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2011/0802/Muslim-Americans-are-optimistic-despite-discrimination-new-poll-says/%28page%29/2 |title=Muslim Americans are optimistic despite discrimination, new poll says |date=August 2, 2011 |website=The Christian Science Monitor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022073423/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2011/0802/Muslim-Americans-are-optimistic-despite-discrimination-new-poll-says/(page)/2 |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref> A 2015 Brookings poll found that 14% Americans believe most Muslims support ISIS and another 44% believe Muslims partially support ISIS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/american-public-attitudes-toward-isis-and-syria/ |title=American Public Attitudes Toward ISIS and Syria {{!}} Brookings Institution |date=November 30, 2001 |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923184602/https://www.brookings.edu/research/american-public-attitudes-toward-isis-and-syria/ |archive-date=September 23, 2016 |access-date=September 23, 2016 }}</ref> Political party also plays a role in whether Americans believe Islam encourages violence. Over the years, Republicans have become more likely to state they believe Islam encourages violence more than other religions, while Democrats are more likely to say it does not.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muslims are a growing presence in U.S., but still face negative views from the public|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/01/muslims-are-a-growing-presence-in-u-s-but-still-face-negative-views-from-the-public/|access-date=2021-09-08|website=Pew Research Center|date=September 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>

A 2016 poll found that on average; Americans believed that 17% of the US population was Muslim and that this number would rise to 23% by 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ipsos-mori.com/Assets/Docs/Polls/ipsos-mori-perils-of-perception-charts-2016.pdf |title=Perils of Perception, A 40 Country Study |publisher=Ipsos Mori |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122010810/https://www.ipsos-mori.com/Assets/Docs/Polls/ipsos-mori-perils-of-perception-charts-2016.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2017 }}</ref>

A 2018 poll by The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that 86% of Americans report wanting to, “live in a country where no one is targeted for their religious identity.”<ref name=":2"/> 95% of American Jews and 78% of white Evangelicals agreed. The study also found that 66% of Americans agree that “the negative things politicians say regarding Muslims is harmful to our country.” Breaking down the results by faith community, 78% of Muslims and non-affiliated Americans agreed, contrasted with only 45% of white Evangelicals. Most Americans oppose banning the building of mosques (79%), the surveillance of U.S. mosques (63%), and a ‘Muslim Ban’ (~63%).<ref name=":2" /> Most Americans also take issue with the collective blaming of Muslims for the acts of individuals, and 69% of those surveyed believe Muslims are no more responsible for violence carried out by a Muslim than anyone else. ISPU writes that, “Though at a lower rate, the majority of Americans (55%) say that most Muslims living in the United States are committed to the well-being of America.”<ref name=":2" />

According to a research by the New America foundation and the American Muslim Initiative found in 2018, 56 percent of Americans believed Islam was compatible with American values and 42 percent said it was not. About 60 percent believed US Muslims were as patriotic as others, while 38 percent they were not.The study also found that a big majority of Americans - 74 percent - accepted there was "a lot" of bigotry against Muslims existed. Researchers also found that Republicans were more likely to hold negative perceptions of Muslims with 71 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two in five Americans say Islam 'is incompatible with US values'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2018/11/americans-islam-incompatible-values-181101185805274.html|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=May 1, 2020}}</ref>

A 2021 Pew study found that 78% of Americans believe Muslims face discrimination, which was a higher percentage than for other religions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Americans more likely to say Muslims face discrimination than to say this about other religions|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/ft_2021.09.01_muslimsinamerica_01.png|access-date=2021-09-08|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref>

===American Muslims' views of the United States===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|-
! colspan=3 | Pew's poll of views on American Society<ref name="PewMainstream" />
|-
| '''Statement'''
| '''U.S.<br /> Muslim'''
| '''General<br /> public'''
|-
| Agree that one can get<br /> ahead with hard work
| 71%
| 64%
|-
| Rate their community as<br /> "excellent" or "good"
| 72%
| 82%
|-
| Excellent or good<br /> personal financial situation
| 42%
| 49%
|-
| Satisfied with the<br /> state of the U.S.
| 38%
| 32%
|}
In a 2007 survey titled ''Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream'', the [[Pew Research Center]] found Muslim Americans to be "largely integrated, happy with their lives, and moderate with respect to many of the issues that have divided Muslims and Westerners around the world."<ref name="PewMainstream">{{cite report |url=http://pewresearch.org/assets/pdf/muslim-americans.pdf |title=Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream |website=Pew Research Center |date=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916051122/http://pewresearch.org/assets/pdf/muslim-americans.pdf |archive-date=September 16, 2012}}&nbsp;{{small|(656&nbsp;KB)}}</ref>

47% of respondents said they considered themselves Muslims first and Americans second. However, this was compared to 81% of British Muslims and 69% of German Muslims, when asked the equivalent question. A similar disparity exists in income, the percentage of American Muslims living in poverty is 2% higher than the general population, compared to an 18% disparity for French Muslims and 29% difference for Spanish Muslims.<ref name="PewMainstream" />

Politically, American Muslims both supported larger government and are socially conservative. Despite their social conservatism, 71% of American Muslims expressed a preference for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref name="PewMainstream" /> The Pew Research survey also showed that nearly three quarters of respondents believed that American society rewards them for hard work regardless of their religious background.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-06/2007-06-01-voa36.cfm |title=Major poll finds U.S. Muslims Mostly Mainstream |date=June 1, 2007 |work=VOA News |access-date=December 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211132319/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-06/2007-06-01-voa36.cfm |archive-date=December 11, 2008 |publisher=Voice of America }}</ref>

The same poll also reported that 40% of U.S. Muslims believe that Arab Muslims carried out the 9/11 attacks. Another 28% do not believe it and 32% said they had no opinion. Among the 28% who doubted that Arab Muslims were behind the conspiracy, one-fourth said the U.S. government or President [[George W. Bush]] was responsible. 26% of American Muslims believe the U.S.-led "war on terror" is a sincere effort to root out international terrorism. 5% of those surveyed had a "very favorable" or "somewhat favorable" view of Al-Qaeda. 35% of American Muslims stated that the decision for military action in Afghanistan was the right one and 12% supported the use of military force in Iraq.<ref name="PewMainstream" />

Although American Muslims do report feeling discriminated against as a religious minority, they are just as likely as the general public (81%) to say they value their American Identity. In fact, a 2018 study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding asserts that, “a higher religious identity correlates with a higher American identity among all Americans, especially Muslims.”<ref name=":2" />

===American Muslims' views on LGBT issues===
Similarly to the broader American public, U.S. Muslims have become more accepting of homosexuality in recent years.<ref name="pew-2017-4">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/political-and-social-views/ |title=4. Political and social views |date=July 26, 2017 |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref> In a 2007 poll conducted by Pew Research Center, 27% of American Muslims believed that homosexuality should be accepted. In a 2011 poll, that percentage had risen to 39%. In a July 2017 poll, Muslims who say homosexuality should be accepted by society outnumber those who say it should be discouraged (52% of respondents, versus 33%), a level of acceptance similar to U.S. Protestants (52% in 2016).<ref name=pew-2017-4/> According to research by [[Public Religion Research Institute|the Public Religion Research Institute's]] 2017 American Values Atlas, 51% of American Muslims favor same-sex marriage, while 34% are opposed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emerging Consensus on LGBT Issues: Findings From the 2017 American Values Atlas|url=https://www.prri.org/research/emerging-consensus-on-lgbt-issues-findings-from-the-2017-american-values-atlas/|website=PRRI|date=May 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=May 1, 2020}}</ref>

===American Muslim life after the September 11 attacks===
[[File:Bush Islamic Center Washington.jpg|thumb|President [[George W. Bush]] inside the [[Islamic Center of Washington]], D.C.]]
[[File:Ground Zero Mosque Supporters 4.jpg|thumb|[[Muslim]] children in [[New York City]] supporting [[Park51]].]]
After the [[September 11 attacks]], America saw an increase in the number of hate crimes committed against people who were perceived to be Muslim, particularly those of Middle Eastern and South Asian descent. More than 20 acts of discrimination and violence were documented in the post 9/11 era by the U.S. Department of Justice.<ref name="U.S. Department of Justice">{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/legalinfo/discrimupdate.php |title=Civil Rights Division Post-9/11 Enforcement and Outreach |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111164216/http://www.justice.gov/crt/legalinfo/discrimupdate.php |archive-date=November 11, 2013 }}</ref> Some of these acts were against Muslims living in America. Other acts were against those accused of being Muslims, such as Sikhs, and people of Arabian and South-Asian backgrounds<ref name="U.S. Department of Justice" /> A publication in [[Journal of Applied Social Psychology]] found evidence that the number of anti-Muslim attacks in America in 2001 increased from 354 to 1,501 following 9/11.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oswald |first=Debra L. |year=2005 |title=Understanding Anti-Arab Reactions Post-9/11: The Role of Threats, Social Categories, and Personal Ideologies |journal=Journal of Applied Social Psychology |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1775–1799 |doi=10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02195.x}}</ref> The same year, the [[Arab American Institute]] reported an increase in anti-Muslim hate crimes ranging from discrimination and destruction of private property to violent threats and assaults, some of which resulted in deaths.<ref name="Arab American Institute 2001 report submitted to the United States Commission on Civil Rights (PDF)">{{cite web |url=http://www.humanitykingdom.com/library/general/arab-american.pdf |title=Humanitykingdom.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926003130/http://www.humanitykingdom.com/library/general/arab-american.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref><ref name="New York Times: Slain Arab-American May Have Been Hate-Crime Victim">{{Cite news |last=Nieves |first=Evelyn |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03EFDC153CF935A35753C1A9679C8B63 |title=Slain Arab-American May Have Been Hate-Crime Victim |date=October 6, 2001 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="Media Monitor Network: Is There A Solution To Racism?">{{cite web |url=http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/12447/ |title=Home / Articles / Is there a solution to racism? – Media Monitors Network (MMN) |last=Siddiqui |first=Habib |date=January 8, 2005 |publisher=Usa.mediamonitors.net |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320170356/http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/12447/ |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>

In a 2007 survey, 53% of American Muslims reported that it was more difficult to be a Muslim after the 9/11 attacks. Asked to name the most important problem facing them, the options named by more than ten percent of American Muslims were discrimination (19%), being viewed as a terrorist (15%), public's ignorance about Islam (13%), and stereotyping (12%). 54% believe that the U.S. government's anti-terrorism activities single out Muslims. 76% of surveyed Muslim Americans stated that they are very or somewhat concerned about the rise of Islamic extremism around the world, while 61% express a similar concern about the possibility of Islamic extremism in the United States.<ref name="PewMainstream" />

On a small number of occasions Muslim women who wore distinctive [[hijab]] were harassed, causing some Muslim women to stay at home, while others temporarily abandoned the practice. In November 2009 Amal Abusumayah, a mother of four young girls, had her hijab pulled following derogatory comments while grocery shopping.<ref name="The Huffington Post">{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-rehab/hijab-case-why-bigoted-ba_b_368330.html |title=Ahmed Rehab: Hijab Case: Why Bigoted Battery Makes For A Hate Crime |date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114004112/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-rehab/hijab-case-why-bigoted-ba_b_368330.html |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |publisher=HuffPost }}</ref> In 2006, one California woman was shot dead as she walked her child to school; she was wearing a headscarf and relatives and Muslim leaders believe that the killing was religiously motivated.<ref name="autogenerated7">[http://www.tolerance.org/news/article_hate.jsp?id=278 Tolerance.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929171538/http://www.tolerance.org/news/article_hate.jsp?id=278 |date=September 29, 2006 }}: Violence against Arab and Muslim Americans: Alabama to Massachusetts</ref><ref name="autogenerated5">[http://www.tolerance.org/news/article_hate.jsp?id=412 Tolerance.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929173417/http://www.tolerance.org/news/article_hate.jsp?id=412 |date=September 29, 2006 }}: Violence against Arab and Muslim Americans: Michigan to Wisconsin</ref> While 51% of American Muslims express worry that women wearing hijab will be treated poorly, 44% of American Muslim women who always wear hijab express a similar concern.<ref name="PewMainstream" />

In 2011, The Learning Channel (TLC) broadcast a television series, ''[[All-American Muslim]]'', depicting the lives of different American Muslims in Dearborn, Michigan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/tv/all-american-muslim/about-all-american-muslim.htm |title=All-American Muslim: All-American Muslim: TLC |date=October 18, 2011 |publisher=Tlc.howstuffworks.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219054208/http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/tv/all-american-muslim/about-all-american-muslim.htm |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref>

Even 16 years after 9/11, studies show that 42% Muslim Americans report bullying of their children in school because of their faith. One in four bullying incidents involving Muslims is rerouted to have involved a teacher or other school official. Policies regarding immigration and airport security have also impacted Muslim American Lives after 9/11, with Muslims being twice as likely as any other faith group surveyed to be stopped at the border for additional screening. 67% of Muslims who were stopped at a US border also reported that they were easily identifiable as a member of their faith group. The climate of the 2016 presidential election and the policies that followed have also affected the lives and sentiments of Muslims Americans when it comes to their own safety. Muslims and Jews are, “most likely to express fear for their personal safety or that of their family from white supremacist groups as a result of the 2016 elections.” Overall, the majority of nonwhite Muslims do report some level of race-based discrimination in the past year. When it comes to religious based discrimination, Muslim Americans as a whole were the most likely faith group to report it.

==Concerns and perceptions==
A 2011 [[Pew Research Center|Pew]] poll reported support for extremism among Muslim Americans is negligible.<ref name="Pew2NoSigns">{{cite web |url=http://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/muslim-americans-no-signs-of-growth-in-alienation-or-support-for-extremism/ |title=Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism |date=August 30, 2011 |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=September 26, 2018}}</ref> The poll indicated all segments of the Muslim American population were opposed to violence and to a correlation between support for suicide bombing and religiosity measures.<ref name=Pew2NoSigns/> A 2007 [[Pew Research Center|Pew]] poll reported that very few Muslim Americans (1%) supported [[suicide attack|suicide bombings]] against civilian targets in at least some circumstances, with 81% reporting that suicide bombings and other forms of violence against civilians are never justified.<ref name=Pew2NoSigns/> Favorable views towards Al Qaeda were held by a comparably smaller percentage among Muslim Americans, 2% very favorable and 3% somewhat favorable.<ref name=Pew2NoSigns/> 15% of American Muslims under the age of 30 supported [[suicide attack|suicide bombings]] against civilian targets in at least some circumstances, on the other hand, 11% said it could be "rarely justified" in a 2007 Pew poll. Among those over the age of 30, just 6% expressed their support for the same. (9% of Muslims over 30 and 5% under 30 chose not to answer).<ref name="PewMainstream" />

[[File:US Muslim opinions on suicide bombing (2011).png|thumb|Based on data from a 2011 poll by the [[Pew Research Center]], this graph records the distribution of feelings of U.S. Muslims on the topic of [[suicide bombings]].]]
Terrorism that involved Muslim perpetrators began in the United States with the [[1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters]] in [[Langley, Virginia]], followed by the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] in New York City. After the [[September 11 attacks]] and the start of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)|Afghanistan war]] in 2001, there was concern about the potential radicalization of American Muslims.

Between 2001 and the end of 2009, there were 46 publicly reported incidents of "domestic radicalization and recruitment to jihadist terrorism" that involved at least 125 people between 2001 and the end of 2009. There had been an average of six cases per year since 2001, but that rose to 13 in 2009.<ref name="CFR">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/terrorism/threat-homegrown-islamist-terrorism/p11509#p1 |title=Threat of Homegrown Islamist Terrorism |publisher=Cfr.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129212459/http://www.cfr.org/terrorism/threat-homegrown-islamist-terrorism/p11509#p1 |archive-date=November 29, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref>

While the seeming increase in cases may be alarming, half "involve single individuals, while the rest represent ‘tiny conspiracies,’ " according to Congressional testimony.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jenkins |first=Brian Michael |year=2010 |title=No Path to Glory: Deterring Homegrown Terrorism |journal=[[RAND Corporation]]}}</ref> Furthermore, a 2012 study by the [[University of North Carolina]] indicated that the yearly number of cases of alleged plots by Muslim-Americans appears to be declining. The total of 20 indictments for terrorism in 2011 is down from 26 in 2010 and 47 in 2009 (the total since 9/11 is 193). The number of Muslim-Americans indicted for support of terrorism also fell, from 27 individuals in 2010 to just eight in 2011 (the total since 9/11 stands at 462).<ref name="jr-tcth">{{Cite news |url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/muslim-american-terrorism-decade-since-911/ |title=Muslim-American Terrorism in the Decade Since 9/11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426190112/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/muslim-american-terrorism-decade-since-911/ |archive-date=April 26, 2012 }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved March 20, 2012</ref><ref name="tcth">{{Cite journal |last=Kurzman |first=Charles |year=2012 |title=Muslim-American Terrorism in the Decade Since 9/11 |journal=Triangle Center on Terrorism and Homeland Security}}</ref> Also in apparent decline is the number of actual attacks: Of the 20 suspects indicted for terrorism, only one was charged with carrying out a terrorist act. This number is down from the six individuals charged with attacks in 2010.<ref name="tcth" />

Muslim Americans are significantly represented among those who tip authorities off to alleged plots having given 52 of the 140 documented tips regarding individuals involved in violent terrorist plots since 9/11 up to 2012.<ref name="jr-tcth" /><ref name="tcth" />

The [[Boston Marathon bombing]] in 2013 caused 280 injuries, and 5 civilian and police deaths.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-32225787 |title=Dzhokhar Tsarnaev: Boston Marathon bomber found guilty |date=April 8, 2015 |access-date=April 8, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408184602/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-32225787 |archive-date=April 8, 2015 |work=BBC News }}</ref> Attempted attacks, like the [[Curtis Culwell Center attack]] and [[2015 Boston beheading plot]] have attracted substantial media coverage<ref name="cbslocal">{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/breaking-shooting-in-garland/ |title=Breaking: Shooting At Muhammad Art Exhibit In Garland « CBS Dallas/Fort Worth |date=May 3, 2015 |publisher=dfw.cbslocal.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504134407/http://dfw.cbslocal.com/2015/05/03/breaking-shooting-in-garland/ |archive-date=May 4, 2015 |access-date=May 4, 2015 }}</ref> and inflamed community relations.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sara Sidner |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/29/us/mohammed-cartoon-contest/ |title=Mohammed cartoon contest: Protest held outside Phoenix mosque |date=May 30, 2015 |work=CNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530155932/http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/29/us/mohammed-cartoon-contest/ |archive-date=May 30, 2015 |last2=Ed Payne }}</ref> In 2015 the [[New America Foundation]] released information about violent extremist groups in the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newamerica.org/in-depth/terrorism-in-america/what-threat-united-states-today/#americas-layered-defenses |title=Part IV. What is the Threat to the United States Today? |website=newamerica.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219190255/http://www.newamerica.org/in-depth/terrorism-in-america/what-threat-united-states-today/#americas-layered-defenses |archive-date=December 19, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2016 }}</ref> While the Boston Marathon bombing had a high injury toll, only four deaths were counted by the group, and the group's count of only deaths from [[violent extremism]] showed that since 9/11, 48 people had been killed by anti-government extremists, compared to 28 by Jihadists.

Some Muslim Americans have been criticized because of perceived conflicts between their religious beliefs and mainstream American [[value system]]s. Muslim cab drivers in Minneapolis, Minnesota have been criticized for refusing passengers for carrying alcoholic beverages or dogs. The [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport]] authority has threatened to revoke the operating authority of any driver caught discriminating in this manner.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSN1633289220070417?feedType=RSS |title=Minnesota's Muslim cab drivers face crackdown |date=April 17, 2007 |access-date=May 6, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509111033/http://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSN1633289220070417?feedType=RSS |archive-date=May 9, 2007 |publisher=Reuters }}</ref> There are reported incidents in which Muslim cashiers have refused to sell pork products to their clientele.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17665989 |title=Target shifts Muslims who won't ring up pork products |date=March 17, 2007 |access-date=June 3, 2009 |publisher=[[NBC News]] }}</ref>

===Jihadist extremism===
{{main|Jihadist extremism in the United States}}
[[File:Stonewall Inn 15 pride weekend 2016.jpg|thumb|A memorial for the 2016 [[Orlando nightclub shooting]]]]
At least one American not of recent immigrant background, [[John Walker Lindh]], has been imprisoned, convicted on charges of working with the [[Taliban]] and carrying weapons against American soldiers. He had converted to Islam while in the United States, moved to [[Yemen]] to study [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and then went to [[Pakistan]], where he was recruited by the Taliban.

Another American that was not of recent immigrant background, [[José Padilla (prisoner)|José Padilla]], of Puerto Rican descent and the first Hispanic-American to be imprisoned and convicted on suspicion of plotting a radiological bomb ("dirty bomb") attack. He was detained as a material witness until June 9, 2002, when President George W. Bush designated him an enemy combatant and, arguing that he was not entitled to trial in civilian courts, had him transferred to a military prison. He had converted to Islam while serving his last jail sentence in prison, and went to [[Pakistan]] where he was recruited into Al-Qaeda.

In 2015 four U.S. Marines were killed and three injured in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] by a twenty four-year-old Kuwaiti man,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/16/chattanooga-shooting-mohammod-youssuf-abdulazeez |title=Mohammad Youssuf Abdulazeez: everything we know about the Chattanooga gunman |last1=Holpuch |first1=Amanda |last2=Yuhas |first2=Alan |date=July 17, 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221122400/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/16/chattanooga-shooting-mohammod-youssuf-abdulazeez |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2016 }}</ref> a naturalized US citizen with an engineering degree.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/chattanooga-shooter-came-from-middle-class-muslim-family/2015/07/16/815c39c2-2c04-11e5-bd33-395c05608059_story.html |title=Chattanooga gunman came from a middle-class Muslim family |newspaper=Washington Post |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102115824/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/chattanooga-shooter-came-from-middle-class-muslim-family/2015/07/16/815c39c2-2c04-11e5-bd33-395c05608059_story.html |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2016 }}</ref>

===Islamophobia===
{{main|Islamophobia in the United States}}
[[File:March Against Sharia in Raleigh (36978805695).jpg|thumb|right|An anti-[[Sharia]] protest in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]], June 10, 2017]]
In the first half of 2024, anti-Muslim incidents rose about 70% amid Gaza attack.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Kanishka |date=2024-07-29 |title=US anti-Muslim incidents rose about 70% in first half of 2024 amid Gaza war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-anti-muslim-incidents-rose-about-70-first-half-2024-amid-gaza-war-2024-07-30/ }}</ref> According to a 2011 Gallup poll, over the preceding decade, there had been an increase in [[Islamophobia]], which it defined as "an exaggerated fear, hatred, and hostility toward Islam and Muslims that is perpetuated by negative stereotypes resulting in bias, discrimination, and the marginalization and exclusion of Muslims from social, political, and civic life."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/157082/islamophobia-understanding-anti-muslim-sentiment-west.aspx |title=Islamophobia: Understanding Anti-Muslim Sentiment in the West |date=December 12, 2011 |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054910/http://www.gallup.com/poll/157082/islamophobia-understanding-anti-muslim-sentiment-west.aspx |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |access-date=March 5, 2015 }}</ref> Another 2011 poll provided by ''[[The Washington Post]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ingraham |first=Christopher |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/11/17/most-americans-say-islam-is-at-odds-with-american-values/ |title=What most Americans think of Islam today |date=November 17, 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=December 12, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214200216/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/11/17/most-americans-say-islam-is-at-odds-with-american-values/ |archive-date=December 14, 2015 |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 }}</ref> through the [[Public Religion Research Institute]] states that 48 percent of Americans are uncomfortable with Muslim women wearing the burqa. A 2014 [[Pew Research Center]] survey found that Muslims were the most disliked religious group in the United States with an average "cold" rating of 40 (out of 100), which is lower than the 41 cold ratings received by atheists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/07/16/how-americans-feel-about-religious-groups/ |title=How Americans Feel About Religious Groups: Jews, Catholics & Evangelicals Rated Warmly, Atheists and Muslims More Coldly |date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Pew Research Center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209101432/http://www.pewforum.org/2014/07/16/how-americans-feel-about-religious-groups/ |archive-date=February 9, 2017 }}</ref> According to a poll in November 2015 by the [[Public Religion Research Institute]] 56 percent of Americans believe that the values of Islam are at odds with the American values and ways of life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publicreligion.org/research/2015/11/survey-anxiety-nostalgia-and-mistrust-findings-from-the-2015-american-values-survey/#.VmtqM_mrShc |title=Survey {{!}} Anxiety, Nostalgia, and Mistrust: Findings from the 2015 American Values Survey |publisher=Public Religion Research Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212619/http://publicreligion.org/research/2015/11/survey-anxiety-nostalgia-and-mistrust-findings-from-the-2015-american-values-survey/#.VmtqM_mrShc |archive-date=December 10, 2015 |access-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref>

Public institutions in the U.S. have also drawn fire for accommodating Islam at the expense of taxpayers. The [[University of Michigan–Dearborn]] and a public college in Minnesota have been criticized for accommodating Islamic prayer rituals by constructing footbaths for Muslim students using taxpayer money. Critics said this special accommodation, which is made to satisfy the needs of Muslims alone, is a violation of Constitutional provisions [[separation of church and state in the United States|separating church and state]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.startribune.com/|title=The latest from the StarTribune|website=Star Tribune}}</ref> Along the same constitutional lines, a San Diego public elementary school is being criticized for making special accommodations, specifically for American Muslims, by adding Arabic to its curriculum and giving breaks for Muslim prayers. Some critics said exceptions have not been made for any religious group in the past, and they see this as an endorsement of Islam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20070702/news_1n2prayer.html |title=Muslim prayers in school debated |last=Gao |first=Helen |date=July 2, 2007 |website=The San Diego Union-Tribune |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201180513/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20070702/news_1n2prayer.html |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |access-date=December 6, 2011 }}</ref>

The first American Muslim Congressman, [[Keith Ellison (politician)|Keith Ellison]], created controversy when he compared President George W. Bush's actions after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] to [[Adolf Hitler]]'s actions after the Nazi-sparked [[Reichstag fire]], saying that Bush was exploiting the aftermath of 9/11 for political gain, as Hitler had exploited the Reichstag fire to suspend constitutional liberties.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/07/14/wbush114.xml Bush like Hitler, says first Muslim in Congress] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224114527/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F07%2F14%2Fwbush114.xml |date=February 24, 2008 }} ''The Telegraph''</ref> The [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League]] condemned Ellison's remarks. The congressman later retracted the statement, saying that it was "inappropriate" for him to have made the comparison.<ref name="APerror">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/congressman-admits-9-11-error/ Congressman Admits 9/11 Error], [[Associated Press]], July 18, 2007</ref>

In April 2018, former President [[Donald Trump]] instigated a [[Trump travel ban|ban on Muslim immigration]] to America that still reverberates today. America had already some of the lowest percentages (about 1.1% of the total US population) of Muslims among Western nations, and with the ban in 2018, many African Muslims were also barred from traveling to the U.S. or seeking refuge there. The ban had a dramatic impact, but the measure was [[Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States|immediately rescinded]] in 2021, when [[Joe Biden]] took office. [[Muslim American]]s, rights advocates and immigration experts, however, say the policy continues to have a lingering effect on Muslim citizens, as well as on their family members living abroad, unable to join their loved ones in America.<ref>Abdalla J. (4 Feb 2022). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/4/empty-promises-the-us-muslim-ban-still-reverberates ‘Empty promises’: The US’s ‘Muslim ban’ still reverberates] ''AlJazeera''. Accessed 9 April 2023.</ref>

=== 2018 ISPU Poll ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Islamophobia Index<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2018-full-report/|title=American Muslim Poll 2018: Full Report {{!}} ISPU|date=2018-04-30|website=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> 
!Most Muslims living in the United States... (% Net agree shown)
!Muslim
!Jewish
!Catholic
!Protestant
!White Evangelical
!Non-Affiliated
!General Public
|-
|Are more prone to violence
|18%
|15%
|12%
|13%
|23%
|8%
|13%
|-
|Discriminate against women
|12%
|23%
|29%
|30%
|36%
|18%
|26%
|-
|Are hostile to the United States
|12%
|13%
|9%
|14%
|23%
|8%
|12%
|-
|Are less civilized than other people
|8%
|6%
|4%
|6%
|10%
|1%
|6%
|-
|Are partially responsible for acts of violence carried out by other Muslims
|10%
|16%
|11%
|12%
|14%
|8%
|12%
|-
|Index (0 min - 100 max)
|17
|22
|22
|31
|40
|14
|24
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Pride Index<ref name=":3" />
!My faith identity/ community... (% Net agree shown)
!Muslim
!Jewish
!Catholic
!Protestant
!White Evangelical
!Non-Affiliated
!General Public
|-
|Is a source of happiness
|85%
|72%
|73%
|81%
|94%
|34%
|68%
|-
|Contributes to society
|85%
|91%
|78%
|79%
|95%
|44%
|71%
|-
|Makes me proud
|86%
|87%
|85%
|83%
|95%
|37%
|72%
|-
|Index
|87
|86
|82
|85
|93
|58
|78
|}

In the American Muslim Poll 2018, the [[Institute for Social Policy and Understanding]] set out "to measure the level of public anti-Muslim sentiment" in the United States.<ref name=":3"/>
The following graph shows data across six different faith populations in the United States, and their answers to the two questions below ("W. Evang." is short for White Evangelical, the specific demographic surveyed):<ref name=":3"/>

'''Question 1:''' Some people think that for the military to target and kill civilians is sometimes justified, while others think that this kind of violence is never justified. Which is your opinion?

'''Question 2:''' Some people think that for an individual or a small group of people to target and kill civilians is sometimes justified, while others think that this kind of violence is never justified. Which is your opinion?
<br />{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| group 1 = 71 : 51 : 35 : 34 : 23 : 55
| group 2 = 80 : 78 : 76 : 68 : 62 : 80
| colors = green : yellow
| group names = Question 1 (% Never Justified) : Question 2 (% Never Justified)
| x legends = Muslim : Jewish : Catholic : Protestant : W. Evang. : Non-Affiliated
}}

The following graph contains additional data collected by ISPU during their 2018 poll. The following statements were posed to participants and they were asked to answer on a scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The chart below shows the total percentage from each American faith demographic that agreed with the statements below. (Note: "W. Evang." is short for White Evangelical, the specific demographic surveyed.)

'''Question 1:''' I want to live in a country where no one is targeted for their religious identity

'''Question 2:''' The negative things politicians say regarding Muslims is harmful to our country

'''Question 3:''' Most Muslims living in the United States are committed to the wellbeing of America

'''Question 4:''' Most people associate negative stereotypes with my faith identity
<br />{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| group 1 = 91 : 95 : 85 : 88 : 78 : 88
| group 2 = 78 : 69 : 61 : 61 : 45 : 78
| group 3 = 81 : 66 : 64 : 50 : 36 : 65
| group 4 = 62 : 46 : 27 : 24 : 34 : 28
| colors = blue : orange : purple : green
| group names = Question 1 (% Net agree) : Question 2 (% Net agree) : Question 3 (% Net agree) : Question 4 (% Net agree)
| x legends = Muslim : Jewish : Catholic : Protestant : W. Evang. : Non-Affiliated
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|United States}}
* [[Islam in New York City]]
* [[Islam in Canada]]
* [[Ahmadiyya in the United States]]
* [[List of American Muslims]]
* [[List of Islamic and Muslim related topics]]
* [[List of mosques in the United States]]
* [[Latino Muslims]]
* [[Religious school]]
* [[United States military chaplain symbols]] (including images of U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force Muslim Chaplain insignia)
* [[American Islam (term)]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Primary sources==
* Curtis IV, Edward E., ed. ''Columbia Sourcebook of Muslims in the United States'' (2007), 472 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/023113956X/  table of contents]

==Further reading==

* {{cite book |title=American Islamophobia: Understanding the Roots and Rise of Fear |year=2018 |first= Khaled A. |last=Beydoun |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520297791 }}
* Curtis IV, Edward E. ''Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History'' (2010), 715 pp.
*Etengoff, C. & Daiute, C., (2013). Sunni-Muslim American Religious Development during Emerging Adulthood, Journal of Adolescent Research, 28(6), 690–714
* [[Kambiz GhaneaBassiri|GhaneaBassiri, Kambiz]]. ''A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order'' (Cambridge University Press; 2010) 416 pp; chronicles the Muslim presence in America across five centuries.
* Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, Jane I. Smith, and Kathleen M. Moore. ''Muslim Women in America: The Challenge of Islamic Identity Today'' (2006)
* [[Kabir, Nahib]] . ''Muslims in Australia: Immigration, Race Relations and Cultural History'', London: Routledge {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1108-5}} (2005)
* Kidd, Thomas. S. ''American Christians and Islam – Evangelical Culture and Muslims from the Colonial Period to the Age of Terrorism'', [[Princeton University Press]], Princeton, NJ, 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-691-13349-2}}
* Koszegi, Michael A., and J. Gordon Melton, eds. ''Islam In North America'' (Garland Reference Library of Social Science) (1992)
*{{Cite book |title=Black Routes to Islam |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4039-8400-5 |editor-last=Marable |editor-first=Manning |location=New York |editor-last2=Aidi |editor-first2=Hishaam D}}
* Naqvi, S. Kaazim. ''Chicago Muslims and the Transformation of American Islam: Immigrants, African Americans, and the Building of the American Ummah'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).
* Smith, Jane I; ''Islam in America'' (2nd ed. 2009)

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170920141753/http://www.vividmaps.com/2017/09/the-percentage-of-muslims-in-us-1980.html The percentage of Muslims in the U.S. (1980 - 2010)]

;Events
*[http://www.friendlycombatant.com/ FriendlyCombatant.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221121150/http://friendlycombatant.com/ |date=December 21, 2018 }}<!-- even the archived link contains no content -->
*[http://www.islamoncapitolhill.com/ Islam on Capitol Hill] (Internet home of Islam affirmation event at [[Capitol Hill]] on September 25, 2009)
*[http://www.icbh.org Islamic Center of Beverly Hills]
*[http://www.allied-media.com/muslim_americans/Public_Relations_Muslim_American_Community_Outreach.html Muslim American Outreach]

;Guides and reference listings
*[http://www.garamchai.com/mosques.htm GaramChai.com: Mosques] (listings of mosques in the United States)

;Academia and news
*[http://www.muslimjournal.net The Muslim Journal]
*[http://www.allied-media.com/AM/AM-media.htm Allied Media Corporation: Muslim American Market: MUSLIM AMERICAN MEDIA]
*[http://www.sunnah.org/history/islamamr.htm The As-Sunnah Foundation of America: ''The Islamic Community In The United States: Historical Development''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308132923/http://www.sunnah.org/history/islamamr.htm |date=March 8, 2016 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091011045140/http://www.dinarstandard.com/mlm/AmericanMuslims100609.html DinarStandard: ''The Untapped American Muslim Consumer Market'']
*[http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/united-states/ Euro Islam.info: Islam in the United States]
*[https://archive.org/details/An_Oral_History_of_Islam_in_Pittsburgh Internet Archive: An Oral History of Islam in Pittsburgh (2006)]
*[http://www.onislam.net/english/politics/americas/446642.html OnIslam.net: ''What Goes First for American Muslims: A Guide to A Better-engaged Community'']
*[http://onislam.net/english/politics/americas/434851.html OnIslam.net: ''Politicking U.S. Muslims: How Can U.S. Muslims Change Realities'' – Interview with Dr. Salah Soltan]
*[http://onislam.net/english/politics/americas/436889.html OnIslam.net: ''US Muslims: The Social Angle'' – Interview with Dr. Mazen Hashem]
*[http://www.religioustolerance.org/isl_numb.htm Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance: How many Muslims are there in the U.S. and the rest of the world?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609112422/http://www.religioustolerance.org/isl_numb.htm |date=June 9, 2007 }}
*[http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=436 The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life: ''Muslims Widely Seen As Facing Discrimination''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422075109/http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=436 |date=April 22, 2010 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070524114915/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/483/muslim-americans Pew Research Center: Publications: ''Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream'']
*[http://www.pluralism.org/resources/statistics/islam_distribution.gif The Pluralism Project at Harvard University: Distribution of Muslim Centers in the U.S.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230110/http://www.pluralism.org/resources/statistics/islam_distribution.gif |date=March 3, 2016 }}
*[http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-908/i.html Qantara.de: ''African-American Muslims: The American Values of Islam''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820074332/http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-908/i.html |date=August 20, 2009 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100603075323/http://mediaguidetoislam.sfsu.edu/intheus/10_timeline.htm San Francisco State University: Media Guide to Islam: Timeline of Islam in the United States]
*[https://ssrn.com/abstract=1089809 Social Science Research Network: ''What Every Political Leader in America and the West should Know about the Arab-Islamic World'']
*[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,505573,00.html Spiegel.de], ''A Lesson for Europe: American Muslims strive to become model citizens''
*[https://www.usip.org/publications/2006/02/diversity-muslims-united-states-views-americans United States Institute of Peace: ''The Diversity of Muslims in the United States: Views as Americans'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080405221413/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1725413,00.html TIME: ''Muslim in America''] ([[photo essay]])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060420170704/http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/religion/muslim.gif Valparaiso University: Muslims as a Percentage of all Residents, 2000]
*[http://www.onislam.net/english/news/americas/453842-growing-up-in-911-shadow.html Growing Up in 9/11 Shadow] ''OnIslam.net''
*[http://www.onislam.net/english/news/americas/453843-in-911-memory-us-faiths-urge-unity.html In 9/11 Memory, U.S. Faiths Urge Unity ] ''OnIslam.net''

;History
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100612172819/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=2028 Muslim Legacy in Early Americas]
*[http://www.muslimsinamerica.org The History of Muslim in America]
* {{Cite news |last=Manseau |first=Peter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/09/opinion/the-founding-muslims.html |title=The Muslims of Early America |date=February 9, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}

{{Islam in the United States}}
{{Islam in the United States by city}}
{{Islam in the Americas}}
{{Demographics of the United States}}
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Islam in the United States| ]]
[[Category:Islam by country|United States]]
[[Category:Islam in North America|United States]]
[[Category:Religion in the United States]]