View source for Issue-based information system

{{Short description|Argumentation scheme}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}} 
{{InfoMaps}}
The '''issue-based information system''' (IBIS) is an [[argumentation]]-based approach to clarifying [[wicked problem]]s—complex, ill-defined problems that involve multiple [[Stakeholder (corporate)|stakeholders]].<ref name="IBIS1970">{{cite tech report |last1=Kunz |first1=Werner |last2=Rittel |first2=Horst W. J. |author-link2=Horst Rittel |date=July 1970 |title=Issues as elements of information systems |type=Working paper |number=131 |location=Berkeley |institution=Institute of Urban and Regional Development, [[University of California, Berkeley]] |oclc=5065959 }}</ref> [[Diagrammatic]] visualization using IBIS notation is often called '''issue mapping'''.<ref name="Knowledge Cartography"/>{{rp|ix}}

IBIS was invented by Werner Kunz and [[Horst Rittel]] in the 1960s. According to Kunz and Rittel, "Issue-Based Information Systems (IBIS) are meant to support coordination and planning of political decision processes. IBIS guides the [[Problem finding|identification]], [[Problem shaping|structuring]], and [[Problem solving|settling]] of issues raised by problem-solving groups, and provides information pertinent to the [[discourse]]."<ref name="IBIS1970"/>

Subsequently, the understanding of planning and design as a process of argumentation (of the designer with himself or with others) has led to the use of IBIS in [[design rationale]],<ref name="Rittel Nobel 1988">{{cite tech report |last1=Rittel |first1=Horst W. J. |author-link1=Horst Rittel |last2=Noble |first2=Douglas E. |author-link2=Douglas E. Noble |date=January 1989 |orig-year=1988 |title=Issue-based information systems for design |type=Working paper |number=492 |location=Berkeley |institution=Institute of Urban and Regional Development, [[University of California, Berkeley]] |oclc=20155825 |url=http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/ca71.content.pdf |access-date=2017-05-26}} Originally presented to the ACADIA '88 Conference, [[Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture]], [[University of Michigan]], October 1988.</ref><ref name="15 years"/> where IBIS notation is one of a number of different kinds of rationale notation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Buckingham Shum |first=Simon J. |date=1991 |chapter=Cognitive dimensions of design rationale |editor1-last=Diaper |editor1-first=Dan |editor2-last=Hammond |editor2-first=Nick V. |title=People and computers VI: proceedings of the HCI '91 Conference, 20–23 August 1991 |series=[[British Computer Society]] conference series |volume=3 |location=Cambridge, UK; New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=331–344 |isbn=978-0521416948 |oclc=24871337 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2953491}} Also available as: Technical Report EPC-91-114, Rank Xerox [[PARC (company)|EuroPARC]].</ref> The simplicity of IBIS notation, and its focus on questions, makes it especially suited for representing conversations during the early exploratory phase of problem solving, when a problem is relatively ill-defined.<ref name="Culmsee & Awati 2011"/>{{rp|204}}

The basic structure of IBIS is a [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|graph]]. It is therefore quite suitable to be manipulated by computer, as in a [[graph database]].<ref name="Conklin Begeman 1988">{{cite journal |last1=Conklin |first1=E. Jeffrey |last2=Begeman |first2=Michael L. |date=October 1988 |title=gIBIS: a hypertext tool for exploratory policy discussion |journal=[[ACM Transactions on Information Systems]] |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=303–331 |doi=10.1145/58566.59297 |s2cid=2609461 |url=http://csis.pace.edu/~marchese/CS835/Readings/p303-conklin_gibis.pdf |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>

==Overview==
The elements of IBIS are: ''issues'' (questions that need to be answered), each of which are associated with (answered by) alternative ''positions'' (possible answers or ideas), which are associated with ''arguments'' which support or object to a given position; arguments that support a position are called "pros", and arguments that object to a position are called "cons".<ref name="IBIS1970"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Awati |first=Kailash |date=8 July 2009 |url=https://eight2late.wordpress.com/2009/07/08/the-what-and-whence-of-issue-based-information-systems/ |title=The what and whence of issue-based information systems |website=eight2late.wordpress.com |access-date=2016-02-24}}</ref> In the course of the treatment of issues, new issues come up which are treated likewise.<ref>{{cite web |last=Awati |first=Kailash |date=7 April 2009 |url=https://eight2late.wordpress.com/2009/04/07/issues-ideas-and-arguments-a-communication-centric-approach-to-tackling-project-complexity/ |title=Issues, Ideas and Arguments: a communication-centric approach to tackling project complexity |website=eight2late.wordpress.com |access-date=2016-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The IBIS field guide: exploring complexity |date=December 2010 |website=cognexus.org |publisher=CogNexus Institute |url=http://www.cognexus.org/IBIS_FieldguideVer12012010.pdf |access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref>

IBIS elements are usually represented as [[Node (computer science)|node]]s, and the associations between elements are represented as [[directed edge]]s (arrows).<ref>{{cite thesis |type=Masters thesis |last=Lien |first=Magnus |date=Spring 2016 |title=Contextual search in issue based information systems: towards information discovery in complex discourse graphs |location=Oslo, Norway |publisher=Department of Informatics, [[University of Oslo]] |page=19 |hdl=10852/51629 |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/51629/1/magnlien_master.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:Issue-based information system (IBIS) rhetorical rules diagram.svg|thumb|none|upright=1.5|alt=Issue-based information system (IBIS) rhetorical rules diagram that has three nodes (circles labeled "issue", "position", "argument") connected by directed edges (arrows) that show which nodes are permitted to lead to other nodes in IBIS notation|IBIS as typically used has three basic elements (or kinds of nodes, labeled "issue", "position", "argument") and a limited set of ways that the nodes may be connected.<ref name="Conklin Begeman 1988"/>{{rp|305}} Issues (questions) can be associated with any node. Positions (answers) can be associated only with issues. Arguments can be associated with positions but not with questions.]]

In 1988, [[Douglas E. Noble]] and [[Horst Rittel]] described the overall purpose of IBIS as follows: {{Quote|Issue-Based Information Systems are used as a means of widening the coverage of a problem. By encouraging a greater degree of participation, particularly in the earlier phases of the process, the designer is increasing the opportunity that difficulties of his proposed solution, unseen by him, will be discovered by others. Since the problem observed by a designer can always be treated as merely a symptom of [[5 Whys|another higher-level problem]], the argumentative approach also increases the likelihood that someone will attempt to attack the problem from this point of view. Another desirable characteristic of the Issue-Based Information System is that it helps to make the design process 'transparent'. Transparency here refers to the ability of observers as well as participants to trace back the process of decision-making.<ref name="Rittel Nobel 1988"/>}}

IBIS notation has been used, along with [[function analysis diagram]] (FAD) notation, as an aid for [[root cause analysis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aurisicchio |first1=Marco |last2=Bracewell |first2=Rob |last3=Hooey |first3=Becky L. |date=June 2016 |title=Rationale mapping and functional modelling enhanced root cause analysis |journal=Safety Science |volume=85 |pages=241–257 |doi=10.1016/j.ssci.2015.12.022 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82010804.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mulenga |first1=Kabwe |last2=Zhao |first2=Xiujie |last3=Xie |first3=Min |last4=Chikamba |first4=Chipili |date=February 2018 |title=Investigating the root causes of major failures of critical components—with a case study of asbestos cement pipes |journal=Engineering Failure Analysis |volume=84 |pages=121–130 |doi=10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.08.024}}</ref>

==Issue mapping==
IBIS notation is used in issue mapping,<ref name="Knowledge Cartography">{{cite book |editor1-last=Okada |editor1-first=Alexandra |editor2-last=Buckingham Shum |editor2-first=Simon J. |editor3-last=Sherborne |editor3-first=Tony |year=2014 |orig-year=2008 |title=Knowledge cartography: software tools and mapping techniques |edition=2nd |series=Advanced information and knowledge processing |location=New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-1447164692 |oclc=890438015 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-6470-8 |s2cid=28008938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loa4BAAAQBAJ |access-date=2016-02-24}}</ref>{{rp|ix}} an argument visualization technique closely related to [[argument map]]ping.<ref name="Culmsee & Awati 2011"/> An issue map aims to comprehensively diagram the rhetorical structure of a conversation (or a series of conversations) as seen by the participants in the conversation, as opposed to an ideal conceptual structure such as, for example, a [[causal loop diagram]], [[flowchart]], or [[structure chart]].<ref name="Knowledge Cartography"/>{{rp|264}}

[[File:Simple schematic issue-mapping example using issue-based information system (IBIS) notation with icons.svg|thumb|none|upright=1.5|alt=Simple issue-mapping example using issue-based information system (IBIS) notation that forms a directed acyclic graph of 13 IBIS nodes (circles labeled "issue", "position", "argument") and directed edges (arrows)|This graph shows a simple issue-mapping example using IBIS notation with icons. Many other configurations are possible within the restrictions of IBIS rhetorical rules, and issue maps can expand indefinitely.]]

===Dialogue mapping===
Issue mapping is the basis of a meeting [[Facilitation (business)|facilitation]] technique called '''dialogue mapping'''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Eugene Eric |date=27 September 2001 |title=Dialog mapping: solving wicked problems |website=[[Dr. Dobb's Journal]] |url=http://www.ddj.com/184404936 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209032747/http://www.ddj.com/184404936 |archive-date=2006-12-09 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref><ref name="Dialogue Mapping 2003">{{cite book |last=Conklin |first=E. Jeffrey |date=2003 |chapter=Dialog mapping: reflections on an industrial strength case study |editor1-last=Kirschner |editor1-first=Paul Arthur |editor2-last=Buckingham Shum |editor2-first=Simon J. |editor3-last=Carr |editor3-first=Chad S. |title=Visualizing argumentation: software tools for collaborative and educational sense-making |series=Computer supported cooperative work |location=London; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/visualizingargum0000unse/page/117 117–136] |isbn=978-1852336646 |oclc=50676911 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-0037-9 |s2cid=46267938 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/visualizingargum0000unse/page/117 |chapter-url-access=registration |access-date=2016-02-24 |url=https://archive.org/details/visualizingargum0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Dialogue Mapping 2006">{{cite book |last=Conklin |first=E. Jeffrey |date=2006 |title=Dialogue mapping: building shared understanding of wicked problems |location=Chichester, UK; Hoboken, NJ |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0470017685 |oclc=60491946 |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1237968 |access-date=2016-02-24}}</ref> In dialogue mapping, a person called a [[facilitator]] uses IBIS notation to record a group conversation, while it is happening, on a "shared display" (usually a video projector). The facilitator listens to the conversation, and summarizes the ideas mentioned in the conversation on the shared display using IBIS notation, and if possible "validates" the map often by checking with the group to make sure each recorded element accurately represents the group's thinking.<ref name="Dialogue Mapping 2006"/> Dialogue mapping, like a few other facilitation methods, has been called "nondirective" because it does not require participants or leaders to agree on an agenda or a problem definition.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zubizarreta |first=Rosa |year=2006 |chapter=Practical dialogue: emergent approaches for effective collaboration |editor-last=Schuman |editor-first=Sandy |title=Creating a culture of collaboration: the International Association of Facilitators handbook |location=San Francisco |publisher=[[Jossey-Bass]] |pages=257–278 |isbn=978-0787981167 |oclc=70659897 |chapter-url=http://www.diapraxis.com/media/AA/AL/diapraxis/downloads/267023/Chapter-13.pdf}}</ref> Users of dialogue mapping have reported that dialogue mapping, under certain conditions, can improve the efficiency of meetings by reducing unnecessary redundancy and digressions in conversations, among other benefits.<ref name="Dialogue Mapping 2006"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Compendium Community |website=compendium.open.ac.uk |url=http://compendium.open.ac.uk/community/community.htm |access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref>

A dialogue map does not aim to be as formal as, for example, a [[logic diagram]] or [[decision tree]], but rather aims to be a comprehensive display of all the ideas that people shared during a conversation.<ref name="Dialogue Mapping 2006"/> Other decision algorithms can be applied to a dialogue map after it has been created,<ref>For example, see section 4.2, "Argument maps as reasoning tools", in: {{cite book |last1=Brun |first1=Georg |last2=Betz |first2=Gregor |date=2016 |chapter=Analysing practical argumentation |editor1-last=Hansson |editor1-first=Sven Ove |editor2-last=Hirsch Hadorn |editor2-first=Gertrude |title=The argumentative turn in policy analysis: reasoning about uncertainty |series=Logic, argumentation & reasoning |volume=10 |location=Cham; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |pages=39–77 |isbn=978-3319305479 |oclc=950884495 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-30549-3_3 |chapter-url=http://www.georgbrun.ch/publications/Brun-Betz-AnalysingPracticalArgumentation.pdf}}</ref> although dialogue mapping is also well suited to situations that are too complex and context-dependent for an algorithmic approach to [[decision-making]].<ref name="Dialogue Mapping 2006"/> Some researchers and practitioners have combined IBIS with numerical [[decision-making software]] based on [[multi-criteria decision making]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ouerdane |first1=Wassila |last2=Maudet |first2=Nicolas |last3=Tsoukiàs |first3=Alexis |date=2010 |chapter=Argumentation theory and decision aiding |editor1-last=Ehrgott |editor1-first=Matthias |editor2-last=Figueira |editor2-first=José |editor3-last=Greco |editor3-first=Salvatore |title=Trends in multiple criteria decision analysis |series=International series in operations research & management science |volume=142 |location=New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |pages=177–208 |isbn=978-1441959034 |oclc=495781251 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-5904-1_7 |chapter-url=https://basepub.dauphine.fr/handle/123456789/5304}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aldea |first1=Arantza |last2=Bañares-Alcántara |first2=René |last3=Skrzypczak |first3=Simon |date=September 2012 |title=Managing information to support the decision making process |journal=[[Journal of Information & Knowledge Management]] |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=1250016 |doi=10.1142/S0219649212500165}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Aurisicchio |first1=Marco |last2=Baroni |first2=Pietro |last3=Pellegrini |first3=Dario |last4=Toni |first4=Francesca |author4-link= Francesca Toni |date=2016 |chapter=Comparing and integrating argumentation-based with matrix-based decision support in Arg&Dec |editor1-last=Black |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Modgil |editor2-first=Sanjay |editor3-last=Oren |editor3-first=Nir |title=Theory and applications of formal argumentation: third international workshop, TAFA 2015, Buenos Aires, Argentina, July 25–26, 2015, revised selected papers |series=Lecture notes in computer science |volume=9524 |location=Cham; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |pages=1–20 |isbn=978-3319284590 |oclc=935213333 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-28460-6_1 |s2cid=26992976 |chapter-url=http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/n.oren/pages/TAFA-15/TAFA-15_submission_9.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Culmsee |first=Paul |date=8 June 2017 |title=Innovations in decision making on a major infrastructure project: a dialogue mapping case study |url=https://medium.com/@paulculmsee/innovations-in-decision-making-on-a-major-infrastructure-project-35625d590dcd |website=[[medium.com]] |access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Compendium.v1.5.2-Screenshot.png|thumb|upright=1|Graphical IBIS in [[Compendium (software)]]]]
Rittel's interest lay in the area of public policy and planning, which is also the context in which he and his colleagues defined [[wicked problem]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rittel |first1=Horst W. J. |author-link1=Horst Rittel |last2=Webber |first2=Melvin M. |author-link2=Melvin M. Webber |date=June 1973 |title=Dilemmas in a general theory of planning |journal=Policy Sciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=155–169 |doi=10.1007/BF01405730 |s2cid=18634229 |url=https://archive.epa.gov/reg3esd1/data/web/pdf/rittel%2Bwebber%2Bdilemmas%2Bgeneral_theory_of_planning.pdf |access-date=2016-02-24}}</ref> So it is no surprise that Kunz and Rittel envisaged IBIS as the "type of information system meant to support the work of cooperatives like governmental or administrative agencies or committees, planning groups, etc., that are confronted with a problem complex in order to arrive at a plan for decision".<ref name="IBIS1970"/>

When Kunz and Rittel's paper was written, there were three manual, paper-based IBIS-type systems in use—two in government agencies and one in a university.<ref name="IBIS1970"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Grant |first=Donald P. |date=1982 |chapter=Issue-based information system (IBIS) |editor-last=Olsen |editor-first=Shirley A. |title=Group planning and problem-solving methods in engineering management |series=Construction management and engineering |location=New York |publisher=Wiley |pages=[https://archive.org/details/groupplanningpro0000unse/page/203 203–246] |isbn=0471083119 |oclc=7947896 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/groupplanningpro0000unse/page/203 |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>

A renewed interest in IBIS-type systems came about in the following decade, when advances in technology made it possible to design relatively inexpensive, computer-based IBIS-type systems.<ref name="Rittel Nobel 1988"/><ref name="Conklin Begeman 1988"/><ref name="Conklin Begeman 1989">{{cite journal |last1=Conklin |first1=E. Jeffrey |last2=Begeman |first2=Michael L. |date=May 1989 |title=gIBIS: a tool for all reasons |journal=[[Journal of the American Society for Information Science]] |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=200–213 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198905)40:3<200::AID-ASI11>3.0.CO;2-U |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=65214 |access-date=2016-02-24}}</ref> By 1983, Raymond McCall and colleagues had implemented a version of IBIS called PHIBIS (procedurally hierarchical IBIS) in personal computer software called MIKROPLIS (microcomputer-based planning and information system), which was described as an information system for "professional problem solvers—including planners, designers and scientists".<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCall |first1=Raymond |last2=Schaab |first2=Barbara |last3=Schuler |first3=Wolfgang |date=1983 |chapter=An information station for the problem solver: system concepts |editor1-last=Keren |editor1-first=Carl |editor2-last=Perlmutter |editor2-first=Linda |title=The application of mini- and micro-computers in information, documentation, and libraries: proceedings of the International Conference on the Application of Mini- and Micro-Computers in Information, Documentation, and Libraries, Tel-Aviv, Israel, March 13–18, 1983 |series=Contemporary topics in information transfer |volume=3 |location=Amsterdam; New York |publisher=North-Holland |pages=[https://archive.org/details/applicationofmin0000inte/page/245 245–251] |isbn=0444867678 |oclc=9828460 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/applicationofmin0000inte/page/245 |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Swanson |first=E. Burton |author-link=E. Burton Swanson |date=August 2016 |chapter=Recalling IBIS: can argumentation be disciplined? |title=Surfing the IT innovation wave: 22nd Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2016): San Diego, California, USA, 11–14 August 2016: proceedings |location=Red Hook, NY |publisher=Curran Associates |pages=1–9 |oclc=963804471 |chapter-url=https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2016/Phil/Presentations/1}}</ref> In 1987, [[Douglas E. Noble]] completed a computer-supported IBIS program as part of his doctoral dissertation.<ref name="Rittel Nobel 1988"/> Another IBIS computer program developed in the late 1980s was called HyperIBIS.<ref>{{cite book |last=Isenmann |first=Severin |date=1992 |chapter=HyperIBIS – a tool for argumentative problem solving |editor1-last=Tjoa |editor1-first=A. Min |editor2-last=Ramos |editor2-first=Isidro |title=Database and expert systems applications: proceedings of the international conference, Valencia, Spain, 1992 |location=Vienna; New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FIurCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 185–190] |isbn=978-3709175576 |oclc=26256854 |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-7557-6_32 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIurCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 |chapter-url-access=limited}}</ref> Jeff Conklin and co-workers adapted the IBIS structure for use in software engineering, creating the [[gIBIS]] (graphical IBIS) hypertext system in the late 1980s.<ref name="Conklin Begeman 1988"/><ref name="Conklin Begeman 1989"/> Around 1990, a program called Author's Argumentation Assistant (AAA) combined the PHIBIS model with the [[Toulmin model]] of argumentation in "a hypertext-based authoring tool for argumentative texts".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schuler |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Smith |first2=John B. |date=1992 |orig-year=1990 |chapter=Author's Argumentation Assistant (AAA): a hypertext-based authoring tool for argumentative texts |editor1-last=Rizk |editor1-first=Antoine |editor2-last=Streitz |editor2-first=Norbert A. |editor3-last=André |editor3-first=Jacques |title=Hypertext: concepts, systems and applications: proceedings of the First European Conference on Hypertext, INRIA, France, November 1990 |series=Cambridge series on electronic publishing |location=Cambridge, UK; New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=137–151 |isbn=978-0521405171 |oclc=24908133 |chapter-url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/Research/jbsArchive/docs/AAA/AAA.pdf}}</ref> In the 1990s, architecture researchers experimented with enhancing IBIS with a [[Fuzzy logic|fuzzy]] [[reasoning system]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cao |first1=Quinsan |last2=Protzen |first2=Jean-Pierre |date=1997 |chapter=Managing information with fuzzy reasoning system in design reasoning and issue-based argumentation |editor-last=Junge |editor-first=Richard |title=CAAD futures 1997: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures held in Munich, Germany, 4–6 August 1997 |location=Dordrecht; Boston |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |pages=771–786 |isbn=0792347269 |oclc=37844085 |doi=10.1007/978-94-011-5576-2_56 |chapter-url=http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/a96b.content.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cao |first1=Quinsan |last2=Protzen |first2=Jean-Pierre |date=July 1999 |title=Managing design information: issue-based information systems and fuzzy reasoning system |journal=Design Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=343–362 |doi=10.1016/S0142-694X(98)00042-8}}</ref>

Several other graphical IBIS-type systems were developed once it was realised that such systems facilitated collaborative design and [[problem solving]].<ref name="15 years">{{cite book |last1=Buckingham Shum |first1=Simon J. |last2=Selvin |first2=Albert M. |last3=Sierhuis |first3=Maarten |last4=Conklin |first4=E. Jeffrey |last5=Haley |first5=Charles B. |last6=Nuseibeh |first6=Bashar |date=2006 |chapter=Hypermedia support for argumentation-based rationale: 15 years on from gIBIS and QOC |editor1-last=Dutoit |editor1-first=Allen H. |editor2-last=McCall |editor2-first=Raymond |editor3-last=Mistrík |editor3-first=Ivan |editor4-last=Paech |editor4-first=Barbara |title=Rationale management in software engineering |location=Berlin; New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag |pages=111–132 |isbn=978-3540309970 |oclc=68629169 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-30998-7_5 |chapter-url=http://libeprints.open.ac.uk/3032/1/HypermediaSupport.pdf |access-date=2016-02-24 }}</ref> These efforts culminated in the creation of the open source [[Compendium (software)]] tool which supports—among other things—a graphical IBIS notation.<ref name="15 years"/><ref>{{cite tech report |last1=Davies |first1=Stephen |last2=Velez-Morales |first2=Javier |last3=King |first3=Roger |date=August 2005 |title=Building the memex sixty years later: trends and directions in personal knowledge bases |number=CU-CS-997-05 |location=Boulder, Colorado |institution=Department of Computer Science, [[University of Colorado Boulder]] |url=http://scholar.colorado.edu/csci_techreports/931/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Montibeller |first1=Gilberto |last2=Shaw |first2=Duncan |last3=Westcombe |first3=Mark |date=May 2006 |title=Using decision support systems to facilitate the social process of knowledge management |journal=[[Knowledge Management Research & Practice]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=125–137 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500092|s2cid=62679835 }}</ref> Another IBIS tool that integrates with [[Microsoft SharePoint]] is called Glyma.<ref name="Knowledge Cartography"/>{{rp|290}} Similar tools which do not rely on a database for storage include DRed (Design Rationale editor)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=Ken |last2=Ahmed |first2=Saeema |last3=Bracewell |first3=Rob |date=2005 |chapter=Engineering knowledge management |editor1-last=Clarkson |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Eckert |editor2-first=Claudia|editor2-link=Claudia Eckert (engineer) |title=Design process improvement: a review of current practice |location=London |publisher=Springer-Verlag |pages=326–343 |isbn=978-1852337018 |oclc=55887578 |doi=10.1007/978-1-84628-061-0_14}}</ref> and designVUE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baroni |first1=Pietro |last2=Romano |first2=Marco |last3=Toni |first3=Francesca|author3-link= Francesca Toni |last4=Aurisicchio |first4=Marco |last5=Bertanza |first5=Giorgio |date=2013 |chapter=An argumentation-based approach for automatic evaluation of design debates |editor1-last=Leite |editor1-first=João Alexandre |editor2-last=Son |editor2-first=Tran Cao |editor3-last=Torroni |editor3-first=Paolo |editor4-last=Torre |editor4-first=Leon van der |editor5-last=Woltran |editor5-first=Stefan |title=Computational logic in multi-agent systems: 14th International Workshop, CLIMA XIV, Coruña, Spain, September 16–18, 2013: proceedings |series=Lecture notes in artificial intelligence |volume=8143 |location=Berlin; New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag |pages=340–356 |isbn=978-3642406232 |oclc=861569813 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-40624-9_21}}</ref>

Since the mid-2000s, there has been a renewed interest in IBIS-type systems, particularly in the context of [[sensemaking]] and collaborative problem solving in a variety of social and technical contexts.<ref name="Knowledge Cartography"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Conklin |first=E. Jeffrey |date=June 2008 |title=Growing a global issue base: an issue-based approach to policy deliberation |publisher=Paper presented to the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing & Conference on Online Deliberation (DIAC-2008/OD-2008), June 26–29, 2008, [[University of California, Berkeley]] |url=http://cognexus.org/Papers/Growing_a_Global_Issue_Base.pdf |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref><ref name="Culmsee & Awati 2011">{{cite book |last1=Culmsee |first1=Paul |last2=Awati |first2=Kailash |date=2013 |orig-year=2011 |chapter=Chapter 7: Visualising reasoning, and Chapter 8: Argumentation-based rationale |title=The heretic's guide to best practices: the reality of managing complex problems in organisations |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=iUniverse, Inc. |pages=153–211 |isbn=978-1462058549 |oclc=767703320 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb2uuT1zrAAC&pg=PA153 |chapter-url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McCrickard |first=Scott |year=2012 |title=Making claims: the claim as a knowledge design, capture, and sharing tool in HCI |series=Synthesis lectures on human-centered informatics |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=1–125 |location=San Rafael, CA |publisher=Morgan & Claypool |isbn=978-1608459056 |oclc=847741769 |doi=10.2200/S00423ED1V01Y201205HCI015 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingclaimsknow0000mccr |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Carroll |editor-first=John M. |editor-link=John M. Carroll (information scientist) |date=2013 |title=Creativity and rationale: enhancing human experience by design |series=Human–computer interaction series |volume=20 |location=London; New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-1447141105 |oclc=785082605 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-4111-2 |s2cid=20075176 |url=https://archive.org/details/creativityration0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> Of particular note is the facilitation method called dialogue mapping which uses the IBIS notation to map out a design (or any other) dialogue as it evolves.<ref name="Dialogue Mapping 2003"/><ref name="Dialogue Mapping 2006"/>

In 2021, researchers reported that IBIS notation is used in D-Agree, a discussion support platform with [[artificial intelligence]]–based facilitation.<ref name=HadfiHaqbeenSahabIto2021>{{cite journal |last1=Hadfi |first1=Rafik |last2=Haqbeen |first2=Jawad |last3=Sahab |first3=Sofia |last4=Ito |first4=Takayuki |date=August 2021 |title=Argumentative conversational agents for online discussions |journal=Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=450–464 |doi=10.1007/s11518-021-5497-1 |pmid=34054250 |pmc=8143987}}</ref> The discussion trees in D-Agree, inspired by IBIS, contain a combination of four types of elements: issues, ideas, pros, and cons.<ref name=HadfiHaqbeenSahabIto2021/><ref name=ItoHadfiSuzuki2022>{{cite journal |last1=Ito |first1=Takayuki |last2=Hadfi |first2=Rafik |last3=Suzuki |first3=Shota |date=June 2022 |title=An agent that facilitates crowd discussion: a crowd discussion support system based on an automated facilitation agent |journal=Group Decision and Negotiation |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=621–647 |doi=10.1007/s10726-021-09765-8 |doi-access=free|hdl=2433/277567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The software extracts a discussion's structure in real time based on IBIS, automatically classifying all the sentences.<ref name=HadfiHaqbeenSahabIto2021/><ref name=ItoHadfiSuzuki2022/>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{annotated link|Collaborative software}}
* {{annotated link|Computational sociology}}
* {{annotated link|Creative problem solving}}
* {{annotated link|Critical thinking}}
* {{annotated link|Deliberation}}
* {{annotated link|Dialogue}}
* {{section link|Inquiry|Inquiry in the pragmatic paradigm}}
* {{annotated link|Issue tree}}
* {{annotated link|Knowledge base}}
* {{annotated link|Personal knowledge base}}
* {{annotated link|Socratic questioning}}
* {{annotated link|Why–because analysis}}
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Argument mapping]]
[[Category:Information systems]]
[[Category:Justification (epistemology)]]
[[Category:Problem structuring methods]]