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{{Infobox ancient site
 |name = Djeddars
 |native_name =ⴰⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⵔⴰⵎⴻⵏ
جدارن إِغْرَامَن 
 |alternate_name =Djeddars of Frenda  |built =4th-7th centuries CE 
 |epochs =late antiquity 
 |cultures =Berber 
 |dependency_of = 
 |occupants =unknown 
 |event =
 |excavations = 
 |archaeologists =[[#Louis_Siret|Louis Siret]] 
 |public_access =open to the public 
 |website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
|image=}}
'''Jedars''' ([[French language|French]] spelling: '''Djeddars''') are thirteen [[Berbers|Berber]] [[mausoleum]]s located south of [[Tiaret]] city in [[Algeria]]. The name is derived from the {{langx|ar|جدار }} ''jidār'' (wall), which is used locally to refer to ancient [[monument|monumental]] ruins. The pre-Islamic tombs date from [[late antiquity]] (4th-7th? centuries CE).<ref>Unless otherwise indicated, information has been taken from Kadra's (1983) publication, which is the most detailed archaeological work on the subject. See also LaPorte (2005), who supplies some information that is omitted from Kadra's work as published.</ref>

==Description==
=== Construction ===
{{refimprove section|date=September 2023}}
The tombs are situated on the tops of two hills in the mountainous [[Frenda]] area, around 30&nbsp;km south of Tiaret. There are three [[sepulchre]]s on Jabal Lakhdar ({{coord|35.113098|1.212475}}), and ten on Jabal Arawi ({{coord|35.063391|1.183733}}, also known as ''Ternaten'') 6&nbsp;km south of the first group. The graves' size and commanding situation indicate that they were built for royalty. They have been systematically plundered for many centuries, and hence are in a state of ruin.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

The monuments were erected straight onto the substratum or with very shallow excavation. Some stone was quarried from local limestone and sandstone, some were recycled from nearby settlements and [[necropolis|necropoli]] of earlier times.{{cn|date=September 2023}} The materials vary widely: dressed stone blocks 1-1.5 m. long, partially dressed blocks up to 2.4 m. long, natural rock slabs with minimal dressing, old tombstones, and old building fragments. Most of the construction is [[dry stone]]; [[lime mortar]] is used sparingly.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

The thirteen Jedars share many characteristics. There are also many similarities with much smaller [[Berbers|Berber]] tombs called ''bazinas'', which are common in the pre-[[Sahara]] zone. This shows that they represent indigenous [[Berber architecture]] in spite of their use of [[Roman architecture|Roman]] architectural techniques and Mediterranean [[Christianity|Christian]] iconography.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

The characteristics are:<ref>LaPorte (2005) p. 337 tabulates the known measurements.</ref>
* A square body, the largest being 46 m. on a side, and the smallest 11.55 m., with a height of up to 4 m. In some cases, the body is solid stonework, in the largest examples it contains funerary chambers.
* A pyramidal top, which in all cases is very much ruined, but which must have been originally up to 13 m. high, constructed in many small steps (rise and tread about equal at around 0.2-0.25 m.). The top is mostly solid masonry, but in those jedars that contain funerary chambers, removable steps on one side conceal a passage leading down into the chambers, the ceilings of which may protrude up into the top.
* Most, perhaps all, were surrounded by a courtyard, square except for an extension in the middle of the side facing east. In the larger ones this extension contains a small building modeled after the main monument. This building is believed to have been used for obtaining divinatory dreams by sleeping in the vicinity of the tomb.
* Most if not all were further surrounded by a complex of low walls.

It is believed{{whom?|date=September 2023}} that the solid jedars that do not contain [[chamber tombs|funerary chambers]] may cover a single tomb excavated into the bedrock.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

=== Epigraphy and iconography ===
[[File:Djeddar Monuments funéraires à Frenda wilaya de Tiaret 9.jpg|thumb|right]]
The jedars of Jabal Lakhdar seem to have displayed a dedicatory inscription on one side of the top. This inscription was in Latin,<ref>Early researchers, including the influential archaeologist [[:fr:Stéphane Gsell|Stéphane Gsell]] (1901), claimed they were bilingual Latin and Greek, which is occasionally repeated even today (e.g. Alan Rushworth, 2004, "From Arzuges to Rustamids: State Formation and Regional Identity in the Pre-Saharan Zone" in A.H. Merrills (ed.) ''Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa''; Guy Halsall, 2007, ''Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West 376-568''). Kadra (1983, e.g. p. 257 & 261; see also LaPorte, 2005, p. 365) has shown that almost all the so-called Greek is based on erroneously identified late forms of Latin letters, while the remainder is merely the combination of Greek alpha and omega used as a Christian symbol rather than as text.</ref> but not deeply engraved and hence in every case is now almost illegible; the inscribed blocks are also very damaged. Enough remains only to confirm that these were tombs, but not whose they were.<ref>e.g. isolated words like ''egregius'' (eminent), ''duci'' (duke), ''filius'' (son) and ''matri'' (mother) can be made out</ref> However, these jedars display an enormous range of stonecutters' marks, from isolated letters to partial names. Most of these are also Latin, some have been postulated to be [[Tifinagh]].<ref>Kadra (1983) p. 243.</ref> There are a few unobtrusive Christian symbols, and a couple of roughly carved panels (apparently hunting scenes) similar to many ancient Lybico-Berber rock carvings.

The largest jedar at Ternaten is the only one in that group sufficiently intact to display epigraphy and iconography. It contained large well-executed polychrome murals (now almost completely weathered away) of religious scenes typical of Mediterranean Christian iconography of the 5th century or later,<ref>See LaPorte, 2005, fig. 18 for one of the remaining fragments.</ref> indicating that the ruling class had by then become Christian. This jedar also contains many Latin inscriptions on recycled tombstones and other building material, dating from the time of [[Septimius Severus]] (202-203 CE) up to 494 CE. The source of this recycled material is not known with certainty, but there are several large ruins of cities and necropoli in the surrounding districts.<ref>Cadenat (1957). Judging by Roman milestones found in the district, there was a large city nearby, the name of which was abbreviated ''Cen'', perhaps for ''Cenis'' (LaPorte, 2005, p. 324).</ref>

=== Age ===
The three jedars of Jabal Lakhdar are believed to be the oldest. Within this group, the relative chronology is now believed known, from study of the stonemasons' marks. The largest, with funerary chambers, known as Jedar A, is the oldest; very soon after, solid Jedar B was constructed by many of the same workmen. The last jedar, C, is believed to have been incomplete when it was very hurriedly finished<ref>perhaps the top was never finished.</ref> and its occupant interred, perhaps a generation later. Taking into account the unobtrusive nature of the Christian symbols, it is believed the occupants of these tombs were not themselves Christian but ruled over Christian subjects. Remains of a wooden coffin from Jedar B returned a C14 date of 410 ± 50 CE.<ref>[[Gabriel Camps|Camps]] stated that this should be adjusted to 490 CE, a claim not repeated in his 1995 article.</ref> Calibrating the date on the OxCal system gives a range of 410 - 615 AD at 95.4% probability. A recent re-reading of the dedication from Jedar A has proposed a 4th-century date.<ref>[[Claude Lepelley|Lepelley]] & [[Pierre Salama|Salama]] (2006). LaPorte (2005) thinks this is too early.</ref>

The only jedar in the Ternaten group for which dating has been attempted is the largest, Jedar F. Because the latest recycled tombstone bears a date of 494, it may belong to the 6th or 7th century.<ref>How much time would have to elapse before a Christian ruler would rob Christian graves to build his own? has been asked in justification for these dates (Cadenat, 1957), but this does not take into account the often violent sectarianism of those times, viz. [[Arianism]] and [[Monophysitism]].</ref> Unlike the Jabal Lakhdar monuments, its funerary chambers seem to have been built to hold more than one occupant, so it has been proposed that it is dynastic, with the smaller jedars surrounding it those of lesser nobility or rank.

== History of research==
The earliest known reference to the jedars is in 947, when the [[Fatimid caliph]] [[Ismail al-Mansur]] was conducting military operations in the Tiaret area. According to a campaign diary that was copied by several later historians such as [[Idris Imad al-Din]] and [[Ibn Khaldun]], the caliph was shown the jedars at Jabal Lakhdar and encountered an inscription "in the Roman language" (presumably in [[Greek language|Greek]], but also possibly in [[Latin]]). Inquiring as to its meaning, he was told that it read "I am the ''[[strategos]]'' [[Solomon (magister militum)|Solomon]]. This city is called [[Mauretania Caesariensis|Mauretania]]. The inhabitants of this city have rebelled against the Emperor [[Justinian I|Justinian]] and his mother [[Theodora (6th century)|Theodora]]. Therefore he sent me against them, and I have built this building, so as to commemorate the victory which God has granted me".<ref>{{cite journal | last = Halm | first = Heinz | authorlink = Heinz Halm | title = Eine Inschrift des "Magister Militum" Solomon in arabischer Überlieferung: Zur Restitution der "Mauretania Caesariensis" unter Justinian | journal = Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | year = 1987 | pages =  250–256 | jstor = 4436011 | language = German}}</ref> Although [[Ibn Khaldun]] lived in the area for a number of years, he made no other reference to the jedars.

Beginning in 1842, French military expeditions in the area noted the monuments, resulting in the first archaeological descriptions. Jedar A was opened in a very rough manner <ref>Kadra (1983) p. 27.</ref> in 1875 by antiquarians who failed to publish their research. In 1882, Professor La Blanchère from Algiers University published a detailed study on the jedars (mostly based on the previous excavations) and attempted to place them in historical context. His identification of them as belonging to the Berber king Massonas mentioned by the 6th-century historian [[Procopius]] is not supported today.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In the early 1940s, an anthropology student, Dr. Roffo, obtained permission to excavate. In pursuance of this, he used explosives to open Jedar B, from which he obtained a skeleton which was in a wooden coffin in a tomb excavated beneath the building; the same happened with one of the smaller jedars at Ternaten. The whereabouts of these skeletons is unknown (they may lie unrecognised in an Algerian museum) and Dr. Roffo, it is said, burnt most of his notes in a fit of pique after an argument with the Director of Antiquities (who had probably got wind of his methods of 'excavation').<ref>LaPorte (2005) p. 328. LaPorte notes that Kadra was able to locate some of Roffo's notes in Algerian archives, which she published in 1985.</ref>

During the years 1968-70, an Algerian studying under [[Gabriel Camps]] at the University of Aix-Marseilles, Fatima Kadria Kadra, made the first archaeological study of the jedars to use systematic modern techniques. A book based on her thesis was published by Algiers University in 1983 and remains the definitive reference.<ref>Works by Camps and by LaPorte are largely based on her material.</ref>

==Historical interpretation==
The construction of the jedars is linked to the rise of a new elite that emerged during the disintegration of the [[Roman Empire]] in the 5th century. The names of the interred individuals and their association remain unknown, but they very likely belonged to a dynasty that used the mausolea not just as a resting place, but also an expression of power.<ref>Julia Nikolaus (2024): "Changing Funerary Landscapes in Late Antiquity: Mausolea in North Africa" in "Burial and Memorial in Late Antiquity. Volume 1: Thematic Perspectives." Brill. pp. 193–195</ref> It has been proposed that they were errected by [[Zenati languages|Zenati]]-speaking migrants who, originating from the Sahara, overran the [[Borders of the Roman Empire#The southern borders|Limes Africanus]] and pushed into the Roman Maghreb in the early 5th century.<ref>Elizabeth Fentress (2019) "The Archaeological and Genetic Correlates of Amazigh
Linguistics" in "Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond." Cambridge University. pp. 512-515</ref> These newcomers seem to have established one or several [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom|Romano-Berber kingdoms]]. Powerful Mauretanian individuals mentioned in written sources who are possibly to be attributed to these kingdoms and the jedars are [[Masuna]] (known from an inscription dated to 508 titling himself ''rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum'', "king of the Mauri and Romans"), [[Mastigas]] (fl. 535–539) and [[Garmul]] (fl. 569–579).<ref>G. Camps (1995): [https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2177#tocfrom1n6 "Djedar"] "Encyclopédie Berbère". Assessed on 31.10.2024</ref><ref>Y. Moderan (2010): [https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/508 Masuna] "Encyclopédie Berbère". Assessed on 02.11.2024</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Madghacen]]
*[[Tin Hinan Tomb]]
* [[List of cultural assets of Algeria]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* [[Stéphane Gsell]], 1901. ''[http://docdro.id/nqZIkcr Les Monuments Antiques de l'Algérie]'', vol. 2. Service des Monuments Antiques de l'Algérie, Paris.
* P. Cadenat, 1957. "Vestiges paléo-chrétiens dans la région de Tiaret." ''Libyca'' vol. 5 p.&nbsp;77-103.
* Fatima Kadria Kadra, 1983. ''Les Djedars. Monuments funéraires Berbères de la région de Frenda.''. Office des Publications Universitaires, Algiers.
* [[Gabriel Camps]], 1995. "[http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2177 Djedar]". ''[[Encyclopédie berbère]]'', vol. 16, p.&nbsp;2049-2422.
* [[Claude Lepelley]] & [[Pierre Salama]], 2006. "L’inscription inédite de la porte du Djedar A (Maurétanie Césarienne)". ''Bulletin de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France'', 2001 (2006), p.&nbsp;240-251.
* Jean-Pierre LaPorte, 2005. "Les Djedars, monuments funéraires Berbères de la région de Tiaret et Frenda." In ''Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique'', University of Rouen ({{ISBN|2-87775-391-3}}).

==External links==
{{commons category|Jedars}}

[[Category:Berber architecture]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Algeria]]
[[Category:Berber history]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Algeria]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tiaret Province]]
[[Category:1842 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 1st millennium]]
[[Category:1st-millennium establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:History of Tiaret Province]]