John C. Frémont: Difference between revisions
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==Publications== |
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{{Infobox Governor |
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{{ref indent}} |
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|name = John Charles Frémont |
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: {{cite book |
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|image name = JCFrémont.jpg |
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|title=The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the years 1843-'44 |
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|order = |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=W8ICAAAAMAAJ |
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|office = 3rd [[Military Governor of California]] |
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|year=1845 |
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|term_start = 1847 |
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|publisher=[[Joseph Gales|Gales]] and [[William Winston Seaton|Seaton]] |
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|term_end = 1847 |
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|location=[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] |
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|predecessor = [[Robert F. Stockton]] |
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|quote= |
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|successor = [[Stephen W. Kearny]] |
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|ref=EERM |
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|order2 = [[United States Senator]] from [[California]] |
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}} |
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|term_start2 = [[September 9]], [[1850]] |
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: {{cite book |
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|term_end2 = [[March 3]], [[1851]] |
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|title=The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Oregon and California, to Which is Added A Description of the Physical Geography of California. With Recent Notices of the Gold Region from the Latest and Most Authentic Sources |
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|predecessor2 = |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rwY1AAAAIAAJ |
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|successor2 = [[John B. Weller]] |
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|year=1853 |
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|order3 = 5th [[Governor of Arizona|Territorial Governor of Arizona]] |
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|publisher=Derby Orton & Mulligan |
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|term_start3 = 1878 |
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|location=[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] |
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|term_end3 = 1881 |
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|ref=EERM1853 |
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|predecessor3 = [[John Philo Hoyt]] |
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}} |
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|successor3 = [[Frederick Augustus Tritle]] |
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: {{cite book |
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|party_election4 = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
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|title=The Life of Col. John Charles Fremont and His Narrative of Explorations and Adventures in Kansas, Nebraska, Oregon and California |
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|date of birth = {{birth date|1813|1|21|mf=y}} |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eQMFAAAAYAAJ |
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|place of birth = [[Savannah, Georgia]], [[United States|U.S.]] |
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|year=1856 |
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|date of death = {{death date and age|1890|7|13|1813|1|21}} |
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|publisher=Miller, Orton & Mulligan |
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|place of death = [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States|U.S.]] |
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|location=[[New York City|New York]] and [[Auburn, New York|Auburn]] |
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|spouse = [[Jessie Benton Frémont]] |
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|ref=LifeJCF |
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|alma_mater = [[College of Charleston]] |
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|profession = [[Politician]] |
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|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
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|religion = [[Anglicanism|Episcopalian]] |
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|branch=[[United States Army]] |
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|serviceyears=1838–1848<br>1861-1862 |
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|rank=[[Major General]] |
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}} |
}} |
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{{ref indent-end}} |
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'''John Charles Frémont''' (January 21, 1813{{ndash}} July 13, 1890), was an [[United States|American]] military [[Commissioned officer|officer]], [[List of explorers|explorer]], the first candidate of the [[History of United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] for the office of [[President of the United States]], and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery. During the 1840s, that era's [[penny press]] accorded Frémont the sobriquet ''The Pathfinder'', which remains in use, sometimes as "The Great Pathfinder".<ref>Adams, Dennis. [http://www.co.beaufort.sc.us/bftlib/jcfremont.htm "The Man for Whom Fort Fremont was Named"]. Beaufort County (SC) Library. ''URL retrieved on [[February 1]], [[2007]].''</ref><ref>[http://www.sierranevadavirtualmuseum.com/docs/specialex/biographies/fremontj.htm John Charles Fremont]. Sierra Nevada Virtual Museum. Biographies. ''URL retrieved on February 19, 2007''.</ref> |
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==Biography== |
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Frémont was born in [[Savannah, Georgia]]. His ancestry is disputed. According to a 1902 genealogy of the Frémont family, he was the son of Anne Beverley Whiting, a prominent Virginia society woman, who, after his birth married Louis-René Frémont, a penniless French refugee, in Norfolk on May 14, 1807.<ref>Roy, Pierre-Georges. ''La famille Frémont'', Lévis, 1902. p. 84.</ref> Louis-René Frémont was the son of Jean-Louis Frémont, a [[Québec City]] merchant, who was the immigrant son of Charles-Louis Frémont from [[Saint Germain en Laye]] near [[Paris]]. However, H. W. Brands, in his biography of [[Andrew Jackson]], states that Frémont was the son of Anne and Charles Fremon, and that Frémont added the accented "e" and the "t" to his name later in life.<ref>{{cite book | last = Brands | first = H. W. | title = Andrew Jackson, His Life and Times | publisher = Doubleday | location = Garden City | year = 2005 | isbn = 0385507380 | page = 188–190}}</ref> Andre Rolle, however, in ''John Charles Frémont: Character as Destiny'', states that Louis-René Frémont changed his name to Charles Fremon or Frémon upon emigrating to Virginia, where he met and eloped with Anne.<ref>{{cite book | last = Rolle | first = Andrew | title = John Charles Frémont: Character as Destiny | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press | location = Norman | year = 1991 | isbn = 0585359547 | page = 2–5 }}</ref> Many confirm he was in fact [[Illegitimacy|illegitimate]], a social handicap he overcame by marrying [[Jessie Benton Frémont|Jessie Benton]] in 1841, the favorite daughter of the very influential senator from [[Missouri]], [[Thomas Hart Benton (senator)|Thomas Hart Benton]] (1782–1858). |
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Benton, Democratic Party leader for over 30 years in the Senate, championed the expansionist movement, a political cause that became known as "[[Manifest Destiny]]." The expansionists believed that the North American continent, from one end to the other, north and south, east and west, should belong to the citizens of the [[United States]], and that getting those lands was the country’s destiny. This movement became a crusade for politicians like Benton and his new son-in-law. Benton pushed appropriations through Congress for surveys of the [[Oregon Trail]] (1842), the [[Oregon Territory]] (1844), the [[Great Basin]], and Sierra Mountains to [[California]] (1845). Through his power and influence, Benton got Frémont the leadership of these expeditions. |
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Frémont's great-grandfather, Henry Whiting, was a half-brother of Catherine Whiting who married John Washington, uncle of [[George Washington]].<ref>Robert H. Wynn, [http://www.robertwynn.com/Fremont.htm "John Charles Fremont, Explorer!"], 'Bob and Brenda Exploring' Newsletter, March 2006, Issue No. 16. ''URL retrieved on January 7, 2007''.</ref><ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mgw:@field(DOCID+@lit(wd0211)) "The Diaries of George Washington"], Vol. 2, 1976. The [[George Washington]] Papers, The [[Library of Congress]]. ''URL retrieved on [[January 7]], [[2007]]''.</ref><ref>[http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=DESC&db=hom42&id=I14156 Genealogical convolution], RootsWeb. ''URL retrieved on January 7, 2007''.</ref> |
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===Expeditions=== |
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[[Image:03212v.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Col. Frémont]] |
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After attending the [[College of Charleston]] from 1829 to 1831,<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/885/000049738/ Notable Names Database - John C. Fremont</ref> Frémont was appointed a teacher of Mathematics aboard the [[sloop]] [[USS Natchez (1827)|USS ''Natchez'']]. In July 1838 he was appointed a Second Lieutenant in the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers#history|Corps of Topographical Engineers]] and assisted and led multiple [[surveying]] expeditions through the western territory of the United States and beyond. In 1838 and 1839 he assisted [[Joseph Nicollet]] in exploring the lands between the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and [[Missouri River]]s, and in 1841, with training from Nicollet, he mapped portions of the [[Des Moines River]]. |
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Frémont first met [[frontier|American frontiersman]] [[Kit Carson]] on a Missouri River [[steamboat]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]] during the summer of 1842. Frémont was preparing to lead his first expedition and was looking for a guide to take him to [[South Pass]]. Carson offered his services, as he had spent much time in the area. The five-month journey, made with 25 men, was a success, and Frémont's report was published by the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]. The Frémont report "touched off a wave of wagon caravans filled with hopeful emigrants" heading west. |
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From 1842 to 1846, Frémont and his guide Carson led expedition parties on the [[Oregon Trail]] and into the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]]. During his expeditions in the Sierra Nevada, it is generally acknowledged that Frémont became the first [[European American]] to view [[Lake Tahoe]]. He is also credited with determining the [[Great Basin]] as [[endorheic]], that is, having no outlet to the sea. He also mapped volcanoes such as [[Mount St. Helens]]. |
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===Third expedition=== |
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On June 1, 1845 John Frémont and 55 men left St. Louis, with Carson as guide, on the third expedition. The stated goal was to "map the source of the [[Arkansas River]]," on the east side of the Rocky Mountains. But upon reaching the Arkansas, Frémont suddenly made a hasty trail straight to California, without explanation. Arriving in the [[Sacramento Valley]] in early winter 1846, he promptly sought to stir up patriotic enthusiasm among the American settlers there. He promised that if war with [[Mexico]] started, his military force would "be there to protect them." Frémont nearly provoked a battle with General [[José Castro]] near [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], camped at the summit of what is now named [[Fremont Peak (California)|Fremont Peak]], which would have likely resulted in the annihilation of Frémont's group, due to the superior numbers of the Mexican troops. Frémont then fled Mexican-controlled California, and went north to [[Oregon]], making camp at [[Upper Klamath Lake|Klamath Lake]]. |
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Following a May 9, 1846, [[Modoc]] Indian attack on his expedition party, Frémont chose to attack a [[Klamath]] Indian fishing village named Dokdokwas, at the junction of the [[Williamson River (Oregon)|Williamson River]] and Klamath Lake, which took place May 10, 1846. The action completely destroyed the village, and involved the massacre of women and children. After the burning of the village, Carson was nearly killed by a Klamath warrior later that day: his gun misfired, and the warrior drew to fire a poison arrow; but Frémont, seeing Carson's predicament, trampled the warrior with his horse. Carson stated he felt that he owed Frémont his life. |
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On June 28, 1846, Frémont's men intercepted three Mexican men crossing the [[San Francisco Bay]] near [[San Quentin, California|San Quentin]]. There are conflicting reports of what happened; but the result was that Jose R. Berreyesa and his nephews, Ramon and Fransciso De Haro, the 19-year-old twin sons of [[Francisco de Haro]], the first [[Alcalde]] of [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] were killed.<ref> Harlow, Neal; "California Conquered: the Annexation of a Mexican Province 1846-1850"; p110, p 371; University of California Press; 1982; ISBN 0-520-06605-7 </ref> (see [[#Notes|Notes]]) |
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===Mexican-American War=== |
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In 1846, Frémont was appointed [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] of the [[California Battalion]] – also called ''U.S. Mounted Rifles'' and other names – which he had helped form with his survey crew and volunteers from the [[Bear Flag Republic]]. In late 1846 Frémont, acting under orders from Commodore [[Robert F. Stockton]], led a military expedition of 300 men to capture [[History of Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara, California]], during the [[Mexican-American War]]. Frémont led his unit over the [[Santa Ynez Mountains]] at [[San Marcos Pass]], in a rainstorm on the night of December 24, 1846. In spite of losing many of his horses, mules, and cannon, which slid down the muddy slopes during the rainy night, his men regrouped in the foothills the next morning, and captured the [[Santa Barbara Presidio|Presidio]] without bloodshed, thereby capturing the town. A few days later he led his men southeast towards Los Angeles, accepting the surrender of the leader [[Andres Pico]] and signing the [[Treaty of Cahuenga]] on January 13, 1847 which terminated the war in upper California.<ref>Tompkins, Walker A. ''Santa Barbara, Past and Present''. Tecolote Books, Santa Barbara, CA, 1975, pp. 33-35.</ref> |
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On January 16, 1847, Commodore Stockton appointed Frémont military governor of California following the [[Treaty of Cahuenga]], which ended the [[Mexican-American War]] in California. However, U.S. Army Brigadier General [[Stephen Watts Kearny]], who outranked Frémont (and who arguably had the same rank as Stockton, one star) and said he had orders from the President and Secretary of War to serve as governor, asked Frémont give up the governorship, which he stubbornly refused to do for a time. Kearny gave Frémont several opportunities to retract his position. When they arrived at [[Fort Leavenworth]] in August 1847, Kearny arrested Frémont and brought him to [[Washington, D.C.]] for [[court martial]], where he was convicted of [[mutiny]]. President [[James K. Polk]] approved of the decision of the court, but quickly commuted his sentence of [[dishonorable discharge]] in light of his service in the war. Frémont, however, considered his conviction an injustice and a dishonor, and wrote to Polk in February 1848 that he would resign from the army unless the President overturned his conviction. One month later, having received no reply from Polk, Frémont resigned his commission and settled in California.<ref>Borneman, Walter R. ''Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America''. Random House Books, New York, NY, 2008, pp. 284-85.</ref> |
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===Fourth expedition=== |
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In 1848, Frémont and his father-in-law developed a plan that, they hoped, would not only advance their vision of the nation's "Manifest Destiny" but also restore Frémont's honor after his court martial. Senator Benton had developed a keen interest in the potential of railroads and had sought support from the Senate for his vision of a railroad connecting St. Louis to San Francisco along the 38th parallel, the latitude which both cities approximately share. Failing to secure federal funding, Frémont secured private funding and, in October 1848, embarked up the [[Missouri River|Missouri]], [[Kansas River|Kansas]], and [[Arkansas River]]s with 35 men. |
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On reaching [[Bent's Fort]] most of the trappers strongly advised him against continuing. There was already a foot of snow on the ground at Bent's Fort, and it was shaping up to be an especially snowy winter in the mountains. Part of Frémont's purpose, however, was to demonstrate that a 38th parallel railroad would be practical year-round. At Bent's Fort he secured "Uncle Dick" Wootton as guide, and at what is now [[Pueblo, Colorado]], he gained the eccentric [[William S. Williams|"Old Bill" Williams]], and moved on. |
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Had Frémont continued up the Arkansas, he might have succeeded, but on November 25, at what is now [[Florence, Colorado]], he turned sharply south. By the time they crossed the Sangre De Cristo range via Mocha Pass, they had already experienced days of bitter cold, blinding snow, and difficult travel. Some of the party, including guide Wootton, had already turned back, concluding further travel would be impossible. Even though the passes through the Sangre de Cristo had proven to be too steep for a railroad, Frémont pressed on. From this point they still might have succeeded had they gone up the Rio Grande to its source or gone by a more northerly route, but the route they took brought them to the very top of Mesa Mountain.<ref>Both Patricia Richmond in her book ''Trail to Disaster'' and David Roberts in his book ''A Newer World'' (New York: [[Simon & Schuster]], 2000) detail the exact route.</ref> It was not until December 22 that Frémont acknowledged they would need at least to regroup and be resupplied, and the group began to make its way to [[Taos]], [[New Mexico]]. By the time the last surviving member of the expedition made it to Taos on February 12, 1849, ten of the party were dead. But for the efforts of Alexis Godey another 15 would have been lost.<ref>Roberts, David, ''A Newer World'', page 241</ref> After recuperating in Taos, Frémont and only a few of the men left for California via an established southern trade route. |
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===U.S. Senator and presidential candidate=== |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:FREMONT2.JPG|left|thumb||200px|1856 Republican parade banner]] --> |
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[[Image:1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg|thumb|250px|This caricature tries to link Frémont to other "strange" movements like [[temperance movement|temperance]], [[feminism|feminists]], [[Socialism in the United States|socialism]], [[free love]], [[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Catholicism]] and [[abolitionism]].]] |
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Frémont was one of the first two [[United States Senate|Senator]]s from California, serving from 1850 to 1851. |
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Frémont was also the first presidential candidate of the new [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in 1856<ref>http://www.loc.gov/rr/main/republican_conventions.pdf</ref>. He placed second to [[James Buchanan]] in a [[United States presidential election, 1856|three-way election]], but was unable to carry the state of California. |
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===Civil War=== |
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Frémont later served as a major general in the [[American Civil War]], including a controversial term as commander of the Army's [[Department of the West]] from May to November 1861. Frémont replaced [[William S. Harney]], who had negotiated the [[Harney-Price Truce]], which permitted [[Missouri]] to remain neutral in the conflict as long as it did not send men or supplies to either side. |
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Frémont ordered his General [[Nathaniel Lyon]] to formally bring Missouri into the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] cause. Lyon had been named the temporary commander of the Department of the West, before Frémont ultimately replaced Lyon. Lyon, in a series of battles, evicted Governor [[Claiborne Jackson]] and installed a pro-Union government. After Lyon was killed in the [[Battle of Wilson's Creek]] in August, Frémont imposed [[martial law]] in the state, confiscating secessionists' private property, and emancipating slaves. |
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President [[Abraham Lincoln]], fearing the order would tip Missouri (and other slave states in Union control) to the southern cause, asked Frémont to revise the order. Frémont refused to do so, and sent his wife to plead the case. Lincoln responded by publicly revoking the proclamation and relieving Frémont of command on November 2, 1861, simultaneous to a War Department report detailing Frémont's iniquities as a major general. In March 1862, he was placed in command of the Mountain Department of [[Virginia]], [[Tennessee]], and [[Kentucky]]. |
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Early in June 1862, Frémont pursued the Confederate General [[Stonewall Jackson]] for eight days, finally engaging him at [[Battle of Cross Keys]] on June 8, but Jackson slipped away after the battle, saving his army. |
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When the [[Army of Virginia]] was created June 26, to include Gen. Frémont's corps, with [[John Pope]] in command, Frémont declined to serve on the ground that he was senior to Pope, and for personal reasons. He then went to New York where he remained throughout the war, expecting a command, but none was given to him.<ref>[http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/ung_f.html U.S. Civil War Generals - Union Generals -(Frémont)]</ref><ref>[http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/Bios/Fremont.htm John Charles Fremont<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> |
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===Radical Republican presidential candidacy=== |
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In 1860 the Republicans nominated [[Abraham Lincoln]] for president, who won the presidency and then ran for reelection in 1864. The [[Radical Republican (USA)|Radical Republicans]], a group of hard-line [[Abolitionism|abolitionists]], were upset with Lincoln's positions on the issues of slavery and post-war reconciliation with the southern states, and on May 31, 1864 they nominated Frémont for president. This frisson in the Republican Party divided the party into two factions: the anti-Lincoln Radical Republicans, who nominated Frémont, and the pro-Lincoln Republicans. Frémont abandoned his political campaign in September, 1864, after he brokered a political deal in which Lincoln removed [[Montgomery Blair|U.S. Postmaster General Montgomery Blair]] from office. |
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===Later life=== |
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[[Image:John C. Frémont - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|right|200px|John C. Frémont]] |
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The state of [[Missouri]] took possession of the [[Pacific Railroad]] in February 1866, when the company defaulted in its interest payment, and in June 1866, the state, at private sale, sold the road to Frémont. Frémont reorganized the assets of the Pacific Railroad as the [[Southwest Pacific Railroad]] in August 1866. However, in less than a year (June 1867), the railroad was repossessed by the state of Missouri after Frémont was unable to pay the second installment on his purchase.<ref>{{cite web |year=1960 |url=http://thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org/lochist/frisco/history/100years.cfm |title=100 Years of Service |accessdate=2006-04-20}}</ref> |
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From 1878 to 1881, Frémont was governor of the [[Arizona Territory]]. Destitute, the family depended on the publication earnings of wife, Jessie. Frémont died in 1890 a forgotten man, of [[peritonitis]] in a hotel in [[New York City]], and was buried in Rockland Cemetery, [[Sparkill, New York|Sparkill]], [[New York]].<ref>{{cite web |
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|last= |
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|title=John Charles Fremont |
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|work= |
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|publisher=Find A Grave |
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|date=January 1, 2001]] |
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|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=2615 |
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|format= |
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|doi= |
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|accessdate=2007-05-29 }}</ref> |
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==Legacy== |
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Frémont collected a number of plants on his expeditions, including the first recorded discovery of the [[Single-leaf Pinyon]] by a European American. The standard [[Binomial nomenclature#Authorship in scientific names|botanical author abbreviation]] '''Frém.''' is applied to plants he described. The California Flannelbush, ''Fremontodendron californicum'', is named for him. |
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Many places are named for Frémont. Four [[U.S. states]] named counties in his honor: [[Fremont County, Colorado|Colorado]], [[Fremont County, Idaho|Idaho]], [[Fremont County, Iowa|Iowa]], and [[Fremont County, Wyoming|Wyoming]]. Several states also named cities after him, such as [[Fremont, California|California]], [[Fremont, Michigan|Michigan]], [[Fremont, Nebraska|Nebraska]], [[Fremont, New Hampshire|New Hampshire]], and [[Fremont, Ohio|Ohio]]. Likewise, [[Fremont Peak (Wyoming)|Fremont Peak]] in the [[Wind River Mountains]] and [[Fremont Peak (California)|Fremont Peak]] in [[Monterey County]], California are also named for the explorer. The [[Fremont River (Utah)|Fremont River]], a tributary of the [[Colorado River]] in southern [[Utah]], was named after Frémont, and in turn, the prehistoric [[Fremont culture]] was named after the river—the first [[archaeology|archaeological]] sites of this [[Archaeological culture|culture]] were discovered near its course. |
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The "largest and most expensive 'trophy'" in college football is a replica of a cannon "that accompanied Captain John C. Frémont on his expedition through Oregon, Nevada and California in 1843-44." The annual rivalry game between the [[University of Nevada]] and [[UNLV]] is over the [[Fremont Cannon]][http://farm1.static.flickr.com/26/47910472_e2b264ee9a.jpg?v=0].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collegefootballhistory.com/nv_wolfpack/history.htm |title=Nevada Wolf Pack History |accessdate=2007-09-19 |publisher=College Football History }}</ref> |
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A [[barbershop music|barbershop]] chorus in Fremont, Nebraska is named ''The Fremont Pathfinders'' in homage to the explorer,<ref>[http://www.pathfinderchorus.org/Aboutus.html The History of the Fremont Pathfinders]. Barbershop Chorus. ''URL retrieved on February 19, 2007''.</ref> as is the Fremont Pathfinders Artillery Battery,<ref>[http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~pathfinders/history.htm History of the Pathfinders]. Fremont Pathfinders Artillery Battery. ''URL retrieved on February 19, 2007''.</ref> an [[American Civil War reenactment]] group from the same community. |
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[[Fremont Street]] in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] is named in his honor, as are streets in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], [[Kiel, Wisconsin]], [[Manhattan, Kansas]], [[Portland, Oregon]], [[Tucson, Arizona]]; the [[California]] cities of [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], [[Seaside, California|Seaside]], [[Stockton, California|Stockton]], [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]], and [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], and the [[Grant City, Staten Island|Grant City]] section of Staten Island, New York. Portland also has several other locations named after Frémont, such as [[Fremont Bridge (Portland, Oregon)|Fremont Bridge]]. Other places named for him include [[John C. Fremont Senior High School]] in Los Angeles and [[Oakland, California]], the John C. Fremont Branch Library located on Melrose Avenue in [[Los Angeles]], and the John C. Fremont Branch Library in [[Tucson, Arizona]]. John C. Fremont Elementary School in Glendale, California, and a John C. Fremont Junior High School in [[Mesa, Arizona]], [[Pomona, California]], and one in [[Oxnard, California]] bear his name. [[Fremont High School (Sunnyvale, California)|Fremont High School]] in [[Sunnyvale, California]] is named for the explorer and its annual yearbook is called ''The Pathfinder''. In addition, the Fremont Hospital in Yuba City, CA. and the John C. Fremont Hospital, in [[Mariposa, California]]—where Frémont and his wife lived and prospered during the [[California Gold Rush|Gold Rush]]—is named for him. |
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The 1983 historical novel ''Dream West'', written by western writer David Nevin, covers the life, loves and times of Frémont. |
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The U.S. Army's (now inactive) [[8th Infantry Division (United States)|8th Infantry Division]] (Mechanized) is called the Pathfinder Division, after John Frémont. The gold arrow on the 8th ID crest is called the "Arrow of General Frémont." |
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{{botanist|Frém.|Fremont, John}} |
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==See also== |
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{{portal|United States Army|United States Department of the Army Seal.svg}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==Notes== |
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There are several varying accounts of the death of three Californians on June 28, 1846. One version is: |
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<blockquote> |
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Frémont ordered Carson to execute the three men in revenge for the deaths of two Americans. Carson supposedly questioned the orders. At first he asked Frémont if he should take the men prisoner. Frémont's plan was otherwise: "I have no use for prisoners, do your duty." When Carson hesitated Frémont yelled, "Mr. Carson, your duty," to which Carson then complied by executing Jose R. Berreyesa and his nephews, Ramon and Fransciso De Haro, the 19-year-old twin sons of [[Francisco de Haro]], the first [[Alcalde]] of [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], near present-day [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]]. |
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</blockquote> |
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This is understood to be the statement of [[Jasper O'Farrell]], given 10 years after the incident to a newspaper reporter for the ''Los Angeles Star'' when Fremont was running for President. <ref> O'Farrell statement to "Los Angeles Star", September 27, 1856 </ref> |
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In an article on the genealogical history of San Francisco, O'Farrell's account is included along with one by José S. Berreyesa.<ref>[http://www.sfgenealogy.com/sf/history/hbbegd.htm "San Francisco History: The Beginnings of San Francisco, Appendix D"]. San Francisco Genealogy. ''URL retrieved on January 24, 2007.''</ref> |
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Writing about the executions a half-century later, the historian Robert A. Thompsen noted, "Californians cannot speak of it down to this day without intense feeling."<ref>Thompsen Robert A. (1905) History of California, Vol. 5. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 174–75.</ref> |
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Harlow says at this late date it is impossible to know whether O'Farrell was telling the truth or even if he made the reported statement. Politics back then was pretty ugly. <ref> Harlow; op. cit; p. 371</ref> |
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<references/> |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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*[http://books.google.com/books?id=W8ICAAAAMAAJ&dq=inauthor:John+inauthor:Charles+inauthor:Fr%C3%A9mont&lr=&num=50&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Report of the Exploring Expedition of the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842.] By John Charles Frémont, John Torrey, James Hall. Published 1845. |
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*[http://books.google.com/books?id=rwY1AAAAIAAJ&dq=inauthor:John+inauthor:Charles+inauthor:Fr%C3%A9mont&lr=&num=50&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Oregon and California.] By John Charles Frémont. Published 1853. |
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*[http://books.google.com/books?id=eQMFAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor:John+inauthor:Charles+inauthor:Fr%C3%A9mont&lr=&num=50&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 The Life of Col. John Charles Fremont.] By John Charles Frémont, Samuel Mosheim Smucker. Published 1856. |
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*Harvey, Miles, ''The Island of Lost Maps: A True Story of Cartographic Crime'', [[Random House]], 2000, ISBN 0375501517, ISBN 0767908260. |
*Harvey, Miles, ''The Island of Lost Maps: A True Story of Cartographic Crime'', [[Random House]], 2000, ISBN 0375501517, ISBN 0767908260. |
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*[[William Brandon (author)|Brandon, William]], ''The Men and the Mountain'' (1955) ISBN 0-8371-5873-7. An account of Frémont's failed fourth expedition. |
*[[William Brandon (author)|Brandon, William]], ''The Men and the Mountain'' (1955) ISBN 0-8371-5873-7. An account of Frémont's failed fourth expedition. |
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*Roberts, David (2001), ''A newer world: Kit Carson, John C. Fremont and the claiming of the American west'', New York: Touchstone ISBN 0-684-83482-0 |
*Roberts, David (2001), ''A newer world: Kit Carson, John C. Fremont and the claiming of the American west'', New York: Touchstone ISBN 0-684-83482-0 |
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*Tompkins, Walker A. ''Santa Barbara, Past and Present''. Tecolote Books, Santa Barbara, CA, 1975. |
*Tompkins, Walker A. ''Santa Barbara, Past and Present''. Tecolote Books, Santa Barbara, CA, 1975. |
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==External links== |
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{{commonscat}} |
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*[http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=31&subjectID=3 Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: John C. Frémont] |
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{{CongBio|F000374}} |
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*[http://www.generalsandbrevets.com/ngf/fremont.htm The Generals of the American Civil War - Pictures of John Charles Frémont] |
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*[http://www.archive.org/details/memoirsofmylifei00frrich ''Memoirs of my life : including in the narrative five journeys of western explorations during the years 1842, 1843-4, 1845-6-7, 1848-9, 1853-4'' by John c. Fremont] |
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*[http://www.archive.org/details/addressofwelcome00gibsrich ''Address of welcome to General John C. Fremont, governor of Arizona territory, upon the occasion of his reception by his associates of the Association Pioneers of the Territorial Days of California, at their headquarters, Sturtevant House, New York, on ... August 1, 1878''] |
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*{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n50-25411}} |
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*{{gutenberg author |id=Brevet_Col._J.C._Fremont}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Senators from California|Senator from California (Class 1)]]|years=1850{{ndash}} 1851|alongside=[[William M. Gwin]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|Republican Party presidential candidate]]|years=[[United States presidential election, 1856|1856]]}} |
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{{Persondata |
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|NAME= Fremont, John C. |
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[[he:ג'ון פרמונט]] |
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Revision as of 02:54, 30 April 2009
Publications
- The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the years 1843-'44. Washington: Gales and Seaton. 1845.
- The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Oregon and California, to Which is Added A Description of the Physical Geography of California. With Recent Notices of the Gold Region from the Latest and Most Authentic Sources. Buffalo: Derby Orton & Mulligan. 1853.
- The Life of Col. John Charles Fremont and His Narrative of Explorations and Adventures in Kansas, Nebraska, Oregon and California. New York and Auburn: Miller, Orton & Mulligan. 1856.
Further reading
- Harvey, Miles, The Island of Lost Maps: A True Story of Cartographic Crime, Random House, 2000, ISBN 0375501517, ISBN 0767908260.
- Brandon, William, The Men and the Mountain (1955) ISBN 0-8371-5873-7. An account of Frémont's failed fourth expedition.
- David H. Miller and Mark J. Stegmaier, James F. Milligan: His Journal of Fremont's Fifth Expedition, 1853-1854; His Adventurous Life on Land and Sea, Arthur H. Clark Co., 1988. 300 pp.
- NY Times, Harper's Weekly political cartoon, "That's What's the Trouble with John C."; Fremont's 1864 challenge to Lincoln's re-nomination. [1]
- Chaffin, Tom, "Pathfinder: John Charles Frémont and the Course of American Empire," New York: Hill and Wang, 2002 ISBN 0809075571 ISBN 978-0809075577
- Nevins, Allan, Fremont: Pathmarker of the West, Volume 1: Fremont the Explorer; Volume 2: Fremont in the Civil War (1939, rev ed. 1955)
- Roberts, David (2001), A newer world: Kit Carson, John C. Fremont and the claiming of the American west, New York: Touchstone ISBN 0-684-83482-0
- Tompkins, Walker A. Santa Barbara, Past and Present. Tecolote Books, Santa Barbara, CA, 1975.