John Kay (spinning frame)
John Kay was a clockmaker from Warrington, Lancashire, England[1] known for the scandal associated with the invention of the spinning frame in 1767: an important stage in the development of textile manufacturing in the Industrial Revolution (he constructed the first known frame, and is one of the claimants to having been its inventor). He is sometimes confused with the unrelated John Kay who invented the flying shuttle thirty years earlier.[2][3]
John Kay and Thomas Highs
In 1763, Kay was a married clockmaker in Leigh. His neighbour, Thomas Highs, was an inventor, and the two collaborated in textile-machinery experiments. Exactly what technologies, and contributions the two men worked on then became the subject of several controversial court-cases,[4] but among other things, Kay and Highs probably investigated textile-spinning by means of rollers.[5]
(By 1763, weaving had been greatly automated, but spinning was still done by hand wheel. Research into using mechanical rollers to replace hand spinning had started in the first half of the century; Lewis Paul had the first model in 1738, but further development was needed to make it profitable.)[6]
Though they made many trial machines, these three years of research were limited by their lack of capital, and they were unable to perfect any designs.[7]
John Kay and Richard Arkwright
In 1767, Richard Arkwright (wig-dealer and entrepreneur)[8] engaged Kay's clockmaking skills in the construction of brass wheels (ostensibly for a "perpetual motion machine").[9][10] Six months later, after Kay had moved back to Warrington, Arkwright persuaded him to make a roller-based spinning-machine.[11] Kay built a model machine for Arkwright in 1767 which became the fore-runner of the useful technology.
(Following the patent trials of the 1780s, it was variously claimed that: Arkwright had envisaged the design before meeting Kay,[12][13] that Kay had stolen High's ideas,[4] or that Kay conceived the machine as well as building it.)[14][15]
After Kay's prototype convinced Arkwright of its feasibility, they moved to a secluded room in Preston, where Kay improved the technology through 1768, claiming to be developing a longitude machine.[16] The secrecy and humming noises emanating from their experimental parlour led to accusations of witchcraft.[17] Though Arkwright was not rich, he took Kay to Preston as a "servant",[18] with Kay giving his bond to serve Arkwright for twenty-one years and to keep their methods secret.[19]
They relocated to Nottingham, and in 1769 constructed the first working mill to use the new machine. Arkwright patented the machine in 1769, without mentioning Kay, his "workman".[12][17] Through another Nottingham inventor, James Hargreaves, Kay learned of this patent, and told Hargreaves that it was he, Kay, who was its true inventor. Arkwright accused Kay of leaking its design to Hargreaves,[20] and the two fell out; Kay accused Arkwright of stealing his work tools, and Arkwright filed a counter-charge. In the end, Kay fled Arkwright's Nottingham house (where he lived at the time) - permanently dissolving their relationship.[21]
Later developments
The original spinning mill they constructed in Nottingham in 1769 was powered by horses, an expense making the operation unprofitable.[22] But, the concept was proven, allowing Arkright to gather investors, and construct a more elaborate water-powered mill. That mill (build in Cromford 1771) powered its "spinning frame" economically from the Derwent - making it the "water frame". It revolutionized the industry and made Arkwright and partners - but not Kay - wealthy men.[7]
In 1781, Arkwright went to court to protect his patent rights (against infringers). Four years later (in a long-running court battle) Highs, Kay and Kay's wife (Sarah) all testified that Arkwright had stolen High's invention of the rollers "by the medium of Mr Kay". Because of his own testimony, and because he had fled his bond with Arkwright under a felony charge, the character and veracity of John Kay were questioned in the trial. But the judge did not require that the jury be convinced of the intellectual property theft; he instructed them to set Arkwright's patent aside (even if they thought he was its inventor) if they believed that it was insufficiently novel, or that he had failed to adequately describe it in his patent.[23] The jury immediately found against Arkwright (a popular verdict) but no rights were ever transferred to Highs or Kay.
References
- ^ Musson, A. E.; Robinson, E. (1960). "The Origins of Engineering in Lancashire". The Journal of Economic History. 20 (2). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association: 209–233.
{{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ For example, MadeHow's Arkwright biography confused the two, thereby giving a date of death for the spinning-frame-maker slightly before it was built: "How Products Are Made". Retrieved 2010-06-03.
- ^
Espinasse, F. (1874). "John Kay and James Hargreaves". Lancashire worthies. Vol. 2. Edinburgh and London: Ballantyne (Nabu Press 2010 reproduction). p. 338. ISBN 978-1146872577. OCLC 10973235.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Espinasse (1874) p.378
- ^
Fitton, R. S. (1989). The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune. Manchester University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0719026461.
It must have been about 1764 or 1765 - the time Highs was later to claim he had first become acquainted with Arkwright - that, again assisted by Kay, he began work on a machine for spinning cotton by rollers.
But drawing of the Highs design from this time "reveal vital differences which show that despite his great mechanical abilities he was unable to develop the finer points of roller spinning". In any case, these drawings (and all documentation of the 1764 research) are of uncertain authenticity because they were presented long after the fact, by Highs and his advocates. - ^ Espinasse (1874) p. 294
- ^ a b
"Sir Richard Arkwright: Was he a cheat?". Cotton Town website.
{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^
John Kay's essay on the two John Kays of the industrial revolution: Kay, J. (2003-01-02). "Weaving the fine fabric of success". Financial Times. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
technological progress is equally dependent on skills of invention and the management of invention.
- ^
Aikin, J.; Johnston, W. (1799). General Biography. Vol. 1. London: Robinson. p. 391. OCLC 220051472.
John Kay became acquainted with him and dissuaded him from it [perpetual motion contrivances]
- ^
Ure, Dr Andrew (1861). "The Factory System". The cotton manufacture of Great Britain investigated and illustrated. Bohn's scientific library. Vol. II. H.G. Bohn. p. 249. OCLC 1979449.
Arkwright, aware of the importance of the spinning apparatus, which he was then concocting, may have disguised the purpose of his wheels under the name of a perpetual motion.
- ^
Fitton, R. S. (1989). "Arkwright in Lancashire". The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune. Manchester University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0719026461.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Espinasse (1874) p.408 & p.391, Dr Ure: "This straightfoward expedition in constructing a complex machine affords unquestionably a conclusive proof that Arkwright must have thoroughly matured his plan of a drawing-roller frame before he ever called upon Kay, and that he employed this workman partly on account of his reputation as a clever clockmaker, but chiefly from his living at a distance from Bolton where Arkwright resided, and where he would not wish any hints of his projects to transpire."
- ^ "Arkwright, Richard (1732-1792)". cartage.org.
According to most accounts, Arkwright had the idea for a spinning frame, a powered machine which would spin cotton using a system of rollers. Lacking the technical expertise to put the idea into execution, he called on Kay's skills to build the first working models.
- ^
"Sketch of the life of Arkwright". Glasgow mechanics' magazine, and annals of philosophy. 2: 4. 1825.
the merit of the first suggestion of the principle, it is said, is attributable to Kay... But it must be observed, in the first place, that the machine which Kay constructed for Mr. Hayes [Highs] did not succeed; and it is well-known that many others besides Hayes were at this time engaged in making experiments to change the mode of spinning.
- ^ Espinasse (1874) p.396-397
- ^ Fitton (1989) p.15
- ^ a b . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. : "with the co-operation of a friend of Arkwright, Mr. John Smalley, described as a 'liquor merchant and painter,' the machine was constructed and set up in the parlour of the house belonging to the Free Grammar School."
- ^ Espinasse (1874) p.395, quoting the transcript of the 1785-06-25 patent trial
- ^
Hills, R. L. (1998). "Kay (of Warrington), John". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology (1 ed.). Routledge. p. 394. ISBN 978-0415193993.
he entered into an agreement with Arkwright to serve him for twenty-one years and was bound not to disclose any details of the machines.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Espinasse (1874) p.395-396
- ^ Espinasse (1874) p.392-395
- ^ Espinasse (1874) p.392 "Little is known of the mill at Nottingham except that it was turned by horses."
- ^
Fitton, R. S. (1989). "Rex v. Arkwright". The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune. Manchester University Press. pp. 130–137. ISBN 978-0719026461.
Mr Justice Buller: it may have the effect of inducing people who apply for patents in future times, to be more explicit in their specifications, and consequently, the public will derive a great benefit from it...If those [Arkright's specifications] are of no use but to be thrown in merely to puzzle, I have no difficulty to say upon that ground alone, the patent is void