Joseph Onasakenrat

Joseph Onasakenrat

Joseph Onasakenrat, also known as Sosé Onasakenrat (September 4, 1845 – February 8, 1881) was a Mohawk chief of Kanesatake, one of the Seven Nations of Canada in the eiighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Onasakenrat (meaning Swan or White Feather) was born to a Mohawk family near Oka, Quebec. He was baptized Catholic and named Joseph, and was fluent in Mohawk and French. In 1860, he entered the Petit Séminaire de Montréal where he studied for the priesthood for about four years. He returned to Oka and joined the local Sulpician seminary as secretary.

On July 25, 1868, Onasakenrat was elected chief of the Mohawk community. Almost immediately, he travelled to Ottawa to meet with the Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Onasakenrat petitioned the government to return land to the Mohawks which was, at the time, held by the Sulpicians. The Mohawk had learned that the Sulpicians had changed the terms of an earlier land grant deed and, rather than holding the land in trust for the Mohawk, had taken control of it. They were already selling it off to settlers.

Onasakenrat accused the seminary of exploiting the natives and of intentionally keeping them impoverished. The seminary threatened to excommunicate anyone involved in the petition, prompting Onasakenrat, along with most of the Mohawk community, to leave the Catholic Church that winter and convert to Methodism.

On February 18, 1869 the chief confronted the Sulpicians again, challenging their authority over the land by cutting down a large elm tree without permission. One week later, backed by an armed band of forty men, Onasakenrat demanded that the Sulpicians leave Oka within eight days. The priests refused to leave, and instead obtained a warrant for his arrest. Montréal police arrived and arrested the group, although they were released a few days later.

In 1877, Onasakenrat was charged after the Catholic Church in Oka was destroyed by fire in the early morning of June 14. At the time, the Mohawk were engaged in a dispute with white Canadian settlers over logging rights on their reserve. A group of Protestant Mohawks were accused of starting the fire. The group was tried quickly, and found not guilty by a jury.

A devoutly religious man, Onasakenrat became an ordained Methodist minister in 1880, and worked to translate religious works into the Mohawk language. He translated the Gospels (1880) and several hymns. At the time of his sudden death in 1881, he was working on a translation of the remainder of the Bible, having completed up to the Epistle to the Hebrews.

An oral account tells that the night before he died, he had attended a ball in Montreal hosted by the Sulpician order. When he returned home the next day, Sosé had complained to his wife about feeling ill and died later that morning. A priest was said to come that morning with a horse and sleigh, and took the chief's remains back to Montreal with him. Many Kanehsatà:kehro'non believe that the Sulpicians had poisoned and murdered Onasakenrat because of the political and religious influence he had over his people.

Bibliography

• Bélange, Claude (2004), "Joseph Onasakenrat - Indians of Canada and Quebec", The Quebec History Encyclopedia, Faculty.marianopolis.edu, retrieved May 2013 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Smith, Donald B. (1982). "Onasakenrat Joseph". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XI (1881–1890) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• http://www.kanesatake.com/heritage/identity/
• Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Ouasakeurat" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.