View source for Kuphar

{{Short description|Basket-shaped boat}}
[[File:Kuphar.jpg|thumb|352px|upright|A kuphar in [[Baghdad]] in 1914]]
A '''''kuphar''''' (also transliterated ''kufa, kuffah, quffa, quffah'', etc.<ref name="OED" />) is a type of [[coracle]] or round boat traditionally used on the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers in ancient and modern [[Mesopotamia]]. Its circular shape means that it does not sail well against the current, as it tends to spin, but makes it safe, sturdy and easy to construct. A ''kuphar'' is propelled by [[paddling]], [[rowing]] or [[setting pole|poling]].{{r|Agius|Hornell}}

==Etymology==
The word "kuphar" is derived from the [[Arabic]] word {{transl|ar|quffa}} ({{lang|ar|قفة}}), meaning a [[basket]] woven from reeds and leaves. The boat visually resembles a basket and is used for a similar purpose: transporting fruits, vegetables, and other [[goods]].<ref name="E" /> The Arabic word in turn originated from the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] word {{transl|akk|quppu}}, meaning basket.{{r|Agius}}

==History==
Reliefs depicting kuphars have been found in [[Assyria]]n ruins dating to the reigns of Kings [[Ashurnasirpal II]] (883 to 859 BC), [[Sennacherib]] (705 to 681 BC), and [[Ashurbanipal]] (668 to 627 BC), who reigned during the 9th, 8th, and 7th centuries BC, respectively.{{r|Agius|page=130}} A translation of a tablet found by an amateur historian places the kuphar's origin even further in the past, in the [[Old Babylonian period]] (c.1830–1531 BC), although this translation is disputed.{{r|G}}
[[File:1918 Tigris at Baghdad Iraq by Sven Hedin.png|thumb|left|Kuphars moored in [[Baghdad]] in 1918]]

Kuphars were described by Greek historian [[Herodotus]], who visited [[Babylon]] around 450 BC:{{r|HH}}{{quote|But that which surprises me most in the land, after the city itself, I will now proceed to mention. The boats which come down the river to Babylon are circular, and made of [[hide (skin)|skin]]s. The frames, which are of [[willow]], are cut in the country of the [[Armenian Highlands|Armenian]]s above [[Assyria]], and on these, which serve for hulls, a covering of skins is stretched outside, and thus the boats are made, without either stem or stern, quite round like a shield. They are then entirely filled with straw, and their cargo is put on board, after which they are suffered to float down the stream. Their chief freight is wine, stored in casks made of the wood of the [[palm-tree]]. They are managed by two men who stand upright in them, each plying an oar, one pulling and the other pushing. The boats are of various sizes, some larger, some smaller; the biggest reach as high as five thousand [[talent (measurement)|talent]]s' burthen. Each vessel has a live [[donkey|ass]] on board; those of larger size have more than one. When they reach Babylon, the cargo is landed and offered for sale; after which the men break up their boats, sell the straw and the frames, and loading their asses with the skins, set off on their way back to Armenia. The current is too strong to allow a boat to return upstream, for which reason they make their boats of skins rather than wood. On their return to Armenia they build fresh boats for the next voyage.|[[Herodotus]]}}

Five thousand Greek talents would be 143 [[ton]]s (130 [[tonne]]s). This is likely an exaggeration, although carvings of large kuphars carrying cut stones have been found in Assyrian ruins. These large kuphars were propelled by four rowers and relied partially on inflated hide sacks attached port and starboard to stay afloat.<ref name="Badge" /> More reliable and recent analyses have determined that the largest ancient kuphar measured 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter and could transport up to 16 tons.{{r|DeGraeve|page=86}}

There were two major forms of construction used — hides stretched over a framework, as described by Herodotus, and woven bundles of [[Reed (plant)|reeds]] or [[basketry]], waterproofed with [[bitumen]]. Boats of this sort were still used in modern times, being described by British ethnographer [[James Hornell]] in ''The Coracles of the Tigris and Euphrates'' (1938).{{r|BW}}

===Biblical significance===
{{see also|Noah's Ark#Comparative mythology: the Babylonian origins of Noah's ark}}
A Babylonian [[cuneiform]] tablet on display at the [[British Museum]] suggests that Noah's Ark may have been a large kuphar.<ref name="BBC" /> This tablet was translated by professor [[Irving Finkel]] and found to contain an ancient [[flood narrative]] that may have inspired the story of [[Noah's Ark]].<ref name="DT" /> Following his translation, professor Finkel organized the construction of a large vessel of this kind, though he claimed that his 35 tonne ship was a scaled-down version of the full-sized ark.<ref name="Nova" /> Finkel launched his "ark" in [[Kerala, India]], in 2014, but had difficulty controlling leaks. He attributed the permeability of his double-decker vessel to the low quality of bitumen available in the area.{{r|Nova|TI}}

The tablet describes the [[flood myth]] of [[Atrahasis]], a Babylonian hero who built an ark to shelter life from a flood of a divine origin that is thought to have started as a river flood.{{r|Nova}} This ark was, according to the legend described on the tablet, a large kuphar, with either one or two decks, and a total deck area of 14,400 [[cubit]]s<sup>2</sup> (3600 m<sup>2</sup>). Noah's Ark is traditionally described as having a similar deck plan and a nearly identical deck area of 15,000 cubits<sup>2</sup> (a difference of 4%). This has led Finkel to conclude that "the iconic story of the Flood, Noah, and the Ark as we know it today certainly originated in the landscape of ancient Mesopotamia, modern Iraq."{{r|Finkel|Nova}}

Some evidence has been found of [[Neo-Assyria]]n legends depicting infants being cast adrift in kuphars on the river, similar to how baby [[Moses]] was [[Finding of Moses|cast adrift]] in a basket in the [[Book of Exodus]].{{r|Potts}} This has led some scholars to conclude that the basket that Moses was set adrift in on the Nile may have in fact been a kuphar.{{r|BBC|Nova|Potts}}

==Modern use==
[[File:Guffa on the Tigris, Baghdad, 1932.jpg|thumb|Kuphar in [[Baghdad]] in 1932]]
Kuphars remained in widespread use as [[water taxi]]s, [[lighter (barge)|lighter]]s, [[fishing boat]]s, and [[ferries]] in early 20th century [[Iraq]], especially around [[Baghdad]]. These vessels are typically 4.5–10 feet (1.4–3 meters) wide at the opening and have [[draft (ship)|draft]]s of 2.5–4 feet (0.8–1.2 meters) and [[freeboard]]s of 6–8 inches (15–20&nbsp;cm) fully loaded. They typically transport four to five people although they can carry up to 20. Larger kuphars can transport four to five tons, equivalent to three horses, several people, and other assorted cargo.{{r|Agius|page=132}} The largest one measured in the 20th century had an opening 16.4 feet (5.0 m) in diameter, although due to the [[tumblehome]] nature of the kuphar's hull, its [[length overall|diameter overall]] was {{convert|18|ft|m}}.{{r|Badge}}

Kuphar use declined following the development of the [[automobile]] and the widespread construction of roads and bridges across modern Iraq. However, they could still be seen around Iraq until the 1970s.{{r|Agius|page=130}}

Modern kuphars are made of woven bundles of reeds waterproofed with bitumen, as in ancient times.{{r|Hornell}} James Hornell described them thus:{{r|Hornell|page=153}}
{{quote|... the craft likened in form to the [[Tibet]]an food-bowl—perfectly circular in plan, nearly flat bottomed, and with convexly curved sides that tumble-home to join the stout cylindrical [[gunwale]] bounding the mouth, which is several inches less in diameter than the width at mid height. In construction a quffa is just a huge lidless basket, strengthened within by innumerable ribs radiating from around the centre of the floor. The type of basketry employed is of that widely distributed kind termed coiled basketry.|[[James Hornell]]}}

[[Tennyson]] referenced the boats in his 1827 poem ''Persia'',{{quote|On fair [[Diarbeck]]'s land of spice,<br>[[Adiabene]]'s plains of rice,<br>Where down th' Euphrates, swift and strong,<br>The shield-like kuphars bound along;|[[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]]}}

==Similar vessels==
The kuphar's similarity to other circular boats has been noted by many authors.{{r|DeGraeve|Hornell_1}} This is not a coincidence: Hornell, Marie-Christine De Graeve, and other ethnographers and [[anthropologist]]s believe that the kuphar is the common ancestor of the coracles that are widely used across Eurasia, particularly in the [[British Isles]] and [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]].{{r|Agius}}{{r|DeGraeve|page=85-9}} However, the similar Irish [[currach]] was independently developed by the ancient [[Celts]].{{r|Hornell_1}}

==See also==
* [[Fishing coracle]]
* [[Kayak]]
* [[Umiak]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Agius>{{citation| publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=9789004158634 |author=[[Dionisius A. Agius]] |title=Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean |year=2008 |pages=129–132}}</ref>
<ref name=Badge>{{citation |edition=UK |publisher=[[Gwasg Carrech Gwalch]] |isbn=9781845272555 |author=[[Peter Badge]] |title=The Coracles of the World |date=17 June 2009}}</ref>
<ref name=BBC>{{citation |title=Coracles: The surprising history of Britain's strangest boat |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/23Fbd5ybr2CFG9BWYYZ7MZh/coracles-the-surprising-history-of-britain-s-strangest-boat |publisher=[[BBC One]] |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=BW>{{citation |pages=64–66 |title=Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times |author=Sean McGrail |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=9780199271863}}</ref>
<ref name=DeGraeve>{{citation |publisher=Departement Oriëntalistiek |isbn=9789070192075 |last=De Graeve |first=Marie-Christine |title=The Ships of the Ancient Near East (c. 2000-500 B.C.) |year=1981}}</ref>
<ref name=DT>{{citation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/11093350/Whats-the-truth-of-Noahs-Ark.html |title=What's the truth of Noah's Ark? |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |author=Sameer Rahim |date=14 September 2014 |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=E>{{citation |title=معنى قفة |encyclopedia=لسان العرب |publisher=الميرية |location=Bulaq |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/c/cf/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A820.pdf |last=منظور الأنصاري |first=ابن |year=1873}}</ref>
<ref name=Finkel>{{citation |author=[[Irving Finkel]] |title=The Ark Before Noah: Decoding the Story of the Flood |year=2014 |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |chapter=Conclusions: Stories and Shapes |isbn=9781444757071}}</ref>
<ref name=G>{{citation |issn=0261-3077 |author=[[Maev Kennedy]] |title=Relic reveals Noah's ark was circular |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=1 January 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/01/noahs-ark-was-circular}}</ref>
<ref name=HH>{{citation |title=The History of Herodotus |author=[[Herodotus]] |translator=[[George Rawlinson]] |volume=1 |publisher=[[Appleton and Company]] |year=1885}}</ref>
<ref name=Hornell>{{citation |doi=10.1080/00253359.1938.10657280 |issn=0025-3359 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=153–159 |author=[[James Hornell]] |title=The Coracles of the Tigris and Euphrates |journal=[[The Mariner's Mirror]] |year=1938}}</ref>
<ref name=Hornell_1>{{citation |doi=10.1038/143224c0 |issn=1476-4687 |volume=143 |issue=224 |page=224 |author=[[James Hornell]] |title=British Coracles and Irish Curraghs: with a Note on the Quffah of Iraq |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=11 February 1939 |doi-access=free|bibcode=1939Natur.143R.224. }}</ref>
<ref name=Nova>{{citation |title=Secrets of Noah's Ark - Transcript |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/secrets-of-noahs-ark |work=Nova |publisher=PBS |date=7 October 2015 |access-date=}}</ref>
<ref name=OED>{{citation |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/104571 |title=kuphar, n. |work=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref>
<ref name=Potts>{{citation |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=9781405189880 |last=Potts |first=Daniel T. |title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East |year=2012}}</ref>
<ref name=TI>{{citation |last1=Basu |first1=Shrabani |title=The ark that Finkel built |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140914/jsp/7days/18833688.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918034536/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140914/jsp/7days/18833688.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 18, 2014 |work=The Telegraph India |date=14 September 2014}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{commonscat-inline}}

[[Category:Types of fishing vessels]]
[[Category:Culture of Iraq]]
[[Category:Riverboats]]
[[Category:Rowing boats]]