Lindeberg's condition

In probability theory, Lindeberg's condition is a sufficient condition (and under certain conditions also a necessary condition) for the central limit theorem (CLT) to hold for a sequence of independent random variables.[1][2][3] Unlike the classical CLT, which requires that the random variables in question have finite mean and variance and be both independent and identically distributed, Lindeberg's CLT only requires that they have finite mean and variance, satisfy Lindeberg's condition, and be independent. It is named after the Finnish mathematician Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg.[4]

Statement

Let ${\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},\mathbb {P} )}$ be a probability space, and ${\displaystyle X_{k}:\Omega \to \mathbb {R} ,\,\,k\in \mathbb {N} }$, be independent random variables defined on that space. Assume the expected values ${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} \,[X_{k}]=\mu _{k}}$ and variances ${\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} \,[X_{k}]=\sigma _{k}^{2}}$ exist and are finite. Also let ${\displaystyle s_{n}^{2}:=\sum _{k=1}^{n}\sigma _{k}^{2}.}$

If this sequence of independent random variables ${\displaystyle X_{k}}$ satisfies Lindeberg's condition:

${\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {1}{s_{n}^{2}}}\sum _{k=1}^{n}\mathbb {E} \left[(X_{k}-\mu _{k})^{2}\cdot \mathbf {1} _{\{|X_{k}-\mu _{k}|>\varepsilon s_{n}\}}\right]=0}$

for all ${\displaystyle \varepsilon >0}$, where 1{…} is the indicator function, then the central limit theorem holds, i.e. the random variables

${\displaystyle Z_{n}:={\frac {\sum _{k=1}^{n}(X_{k}-\mu _{k})}{s_{n}}}}$

converge in distribution to a standard normal random variable as ${\displaystyle n\to \infty .}$

Lindeberg's condition is sufficient, but not in general necessary (i.e. the inverse implication does not hold in general). However, if the sequence of independent random variables in question satisfies

${\displaystyle \max _{k=1,\ldots ,n}{\frac {\sigma _{k}^{2}}{s_{n}^{2}}}\to 0,\quad {\text{ as }}n\to \infty ,}$

then Lindeberg's condition is both sufficient and necessary, i.e. it holds if and only if the result of central limit theorem holds.

Interpretation

Because the Lindeberg condition implies ${\displaystyle \max _{k=1,\ldots ,n}{\frac {\sigma _{k}^{2}}{s_{n}^{2}}}\to 0}$ as ${\displaystyle n\to \infty }$, it guarantees that the contribution of any individual random variable ${\displaystyle X_{k}}$ (${\displaystyle 1\leq k\leq n}$) to the variance ${\displaystyle s_{n}^{2}}$ is arbitrarily small, for sufficiently large values of ${\displaystyle n}$.