Liver regeneration
Liver is the only visceral organ that possesses remarkable capacity to regenerate.[1][2] Liver can regenerate after either surgical removal or after chemical injury.[3] It is known that as little as 25% of the original liver mass can regenerate back to its full size.[2][4] The process of regeneration in mammals is mainly compensatory growth because only the mass of the liver is replaced not the shape.[5] However, in lower species such as fish, both liver size and shape can be replaced.[6]
Liver regeneration involves replication of the liver cells, mainly hepatocytes, followed by other cells such as biliary epithelial cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells. Once cell proliferation is completed, the newly divided cells undergo restructuring, angiogenesis and reformation of extracellular matrix to complete the regeneration process.[2] Interestingly, in most cases, liver function is only partially affected during liver regeneration. Whereas certain specialized functions such as drug metabolism decrease, many other primary functions such as albumin and bile production are not substantially affected.[1]
Two main type of models are used to study liver regeneration including surgical removal also referred to as partial hepatectomy (PHX) and chemical-induced liver damage. Whereas the mechanisms and kinetics of liver regeneration in these two models are different, many of the same signaling pathways stimulate liver regeneration in both pathways.[7]
Liver regeneration is highly controlled process regulated by complex network on highly redundant signals. Several signaling pathways are known to stimulate regeneration in the liver including cytokines, growth factors, hormones, and nuclear receptors.[1]
The ability of liver to regenerate is central to liver homeostasis. Because liver is the major site of drug detoxification, it is exposed to many chemicals in the body which can induce cell death and injury. Liver can regenerate damaged tissue rapidly and thus prevents liver failure. Liver regeneration is also critical for patients of liver diseases where partial removal of liver due to fibrosis or tumor is a common therapy, which relies on ability of the remaining liver to regenerate back.[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b c Michalopoulos, George K. (2013). "Principles of Liver Regeneration and Growth Homeostasis". Comprehensive Physiology. Vol. 3. pp. 485–513. doi:10.1002/cphy.c120014. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. PMID 23720294.
- ^ a b c Michalopoulos, G. K.; Defrances, M. C. (1997). "Liver Regeneration". Science. 276 (5309): 60–6. doi:10.1126/science.276.5309.60. PMID 9082986.
- ^ Mehendale, Harihara (2005). "Tissue Repair: An Important Determinant of Final Outcome of Toxicant-Induced Injury". Toxicologic Pathology. 33 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1080/01926230590881808. PMID 15805055.
- ^ Fausto, Nelson; Campbell, Jean S.; Riehle, Kimberly J. (2006). "Liver regeneration". Hepatology. 43 (2 Suppl 1): S45–53. doi:10.1002/hep.20969. PMID 16447274.
- ^ Fausto, Nelson (2000). "Liver regeneration". Journal of Hepatology. 32 (1 Suppl): 19–31. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80412-2. PMID 10728791.
- ^ Chu, Jaime; Sadler, Kirsten C. (2009). "New school in liver development: Lessons from zebrafish". Hepatology. 50 (5): 1656–63. doi:10.1002/hep.23157. PMID 19693947.
- ^ Mehendale, H.M.; Apte, U. (2010). "Liver Regeneration and Tissue Repair". Comprehensive Toxicology. pp. 339–67. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-046884-6.01013-7. ISBN 978-0-08-046884-6.
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Further reading
- Taub, Rebecca (2004). "Liver regeneration: From myth to mechanism". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 5 (10): 836–47. doi:10.1038/nrm1489. PMID 15459664.
- Michalopoulos, G. K. (1990). "Liver regeneration: Molecular mechanisms of growth control". FASEB Journal. 4 (2): 176–87. PMID 2404819. Republished as: Michalopoulos, G. K. (1992). "Liver Regeneration: Molecular Mechanisms of Growth Control". Artificial Liver Support. pp. 72–93. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77359-4_6. ISBN 978-3-642-77361-7.
- Matsumoto, K; Nakamura, T (1992). "Hepatocyte growth factor: Molecular structure, roles in liver regeneration, and other biological functions". Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis. 3 (1–2): 27–54. PMID 1312869.
- Fausto, N; Laird, A. D.; Webber, E. M. (1995). "Liver regeneration. 2. Role of growth factors and cytokines in hepatic regeneration". FASEB journal. 9 (15): 1527–36. PMID 8529831.
- Jirtle, Randy L., ed. (1995). Liver Regeneration and Carcinogenesis: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-053554-8.