Loitering
 | This article possibly contains original research. (November 2016) |
Loitering is the act of remaining in a particular public place for a protracted time without any apparent purpose. Under certain circumstances, it is illegal in various jurisdictions, as it is easier in the US to place a homeless person in a jail or prison rather than locating a place for them to occupy their time under Section 8 of the Housing Act of 1937.
Prohibition and history
Loitering has historically been treated as an inherent preceding offense to other forms of public crime and disorder, such as prostitution, begging, public drunkenness, dealing in stolen goods, scams, organised crime, robbery, harassment/mobbing, etc. Especially when criminal intent is suspected but not observed, loitering provides a lesser offense that can be used by police to confront and deter suspect individuals from lingering in a high-crime area. Local areas vary on the degree to which police are empowered to arrest or disperse loiterers; limitations on their power are sometimes made over concerns regarding racial profiling and unnecessary use of police force. The offense remains highly subjective: in many places, loitering is a crime in and of itself, while in others it is not, and serious criminal activity must be observed before police can confront any suspect.
United Kingdom
The Vagrancy Act 1824[1] was designed to prevent suspected persons and reputed thieves lingering about certain places. This was modified slightly by 34 & 35 Vict. c.112, the Prevention of Crimes Act 1871, and by 54 & 55 Vict. c.69, the Penal Servitude Act 1891. A Vagrancy Act 1898 was passed only to be repealed by the Sexual Offences Act 2003, and completely eliminated from the archive.
The Vagrancy Act 1824 permits in section 6 "any person whatsoever" to apprehend offenders and to bring them directly before a Justice of the Peace. The same section creates a duty on "any Constable or other Peace Officer" to apprehend and bring them before a justice of the peace, or be charged with "Neglect of Duty", punishable in section 11 by a fine of five Pounds or three months in gaol. The same Act provides disbursements from the general funds of Council for expenses of Prosecutors and Witnesses. Classes of persons this Act was designed to dissuade, on penalty of three months at hard labour, include:
- unlicensed salesmen;
- common prostitutes;
- beggars and alms gatherers, or those procuring children to do so;
- fortune tellers;
- palm readers;
- obscenity mongers;
- exhibitionists;
- fraudulent Charity gatherers;
- promoters and players of Games of Chance;
- persons with instruments of assault;
- persons with instruments of robbery and break-in;
- persons found in or upon real property;
- and others besides.
United States
Loitering for the purpose of soliciting prostitution is illegal in all U.S. states.
In several jurisdictions, persons required to register as a sex offender are prohibited from loitering within a defined distance of schools, parks or other places where children may congregate.[2]
In 1992, the city of Chicago adopted an anti-loitering law (Chicago Municipal Code 8-4-015 (1992)) aimed at restricting gang related activity, especially violent crime and drug trafficking.[3] The law, which defined loitering as "remain[ing] in any one place with no apparent purpose", gave police officers a right to disperse such persons and in case of disobedience, provided for a punishment by fine, imprisonment and/or community service. It was ruled unlawful by the Supreme Court of the United States (Chicago v. Morales, 527 U.S. 41 (1999)) as unacceptably vague and not giving citizens clear guidelines on what the acceptable conduct was. In 2000, the city adopted a revised version of the ordinance,[4] in an attempt to eliminate the unconstitutional elements. Loitering was then defined as "remaining in any one place under circumstances that would warrant a reasonable person to believe that the purpose or effect of that behavior is to enable a criminal street gang to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate others from entering those areas, or to conceal illegal activities."
In Portland, Oregon, a wide range of measures have been enacted to tackle loitering and related issues.[5]
Australia
Police officers in South Australia may ask a person to stop loitering in a public place (in other words, to leave the place) where they believe on reasonable grounds:[6]
- that an offence has been, or is about to be, committed by the person or by others in the vicinity (as more usually happens);
- that a breach of the peace has occurred, is occurring, or is about to occur, in the vicinity of the person or group;
- that there is, or is about to be, an obstruction to pedestrians or traffic caused by the presence of the person or of others in the vicinity;
- that the safety of a person in the vicinity is in danger.
Sweden
Loitering laws do not exist in Sweden anymore (Loitering law expired in 1981), but "The Public Order Act" regulates what you can and cannot do in public. The municipality decides what rules apply. For example, it is prohibited to be drinking alcohol in public places. Loitering can be prohibited under particular circumstances.[7]
See also
References
- ^ legislation.gov.uk: Text of the "Vagrancy Act 1824"
- ^ Wright, Ph.D Richard G. (2014). Sex offender laws : failed policies, new directions (Second edition. ed.). Springer Publishing Co Inc. pp. 50–65. ISBN 978-0-8261-9671-2.
- ^ "Gang Congregation Ordinance: Supreme Court Invalidation". Findarticles.com. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
- ^ "Illinois Youth Summit". CRFC. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
- ^ "loitering". web.archive.org. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
- ^ "Loitering". Lawhandbook.sa.gov.au. 2005-11-10. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
- ^ Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Ordningslag (1993:1617) Svensk författningssamling 1993:1993:1617 t.o.m. SFS 2014:590 – Riksdagen".