View source for Longyan dialect

{{Short description|Dialect of Hokkien}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Longyan
| nativename       = 龙岩话 / 龍巖話 <br /> ''Lóngyánhuà'' / ''Liong<sup>11</sup>l{{IPA|ã}}<sup>11</sup>{{IPA|guɛ}}<sup>334</sup>''
| states           = [[China]]
| region           = [[Fujian|Fujian Province]]
| speakers         = much less than the 840,000 residents of [[Xinluo District]]
| ref              = <ref name=Minnan>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919021444/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KIRINPUTRA/reclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan/main/Reclassifying_ISO_639-3_%5Bnan%5D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-19 |url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KIRINPUTRA/reclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan/main/Reclassifying_ISO_639-3_%5Bnan%5D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf |title=Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions}}</ref>
| date             = 2021
| familycolor      = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2             = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
| fam3             = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| fam4             = [[Min Chinese|Min]]
| fam5             = [[Min Chinese#Coastal Min|Coastal Min]]
| fam6             = [[Southern Min]]
| fam7             = [[Hokkien]]
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Sino-Tibetan language|Proto-Sino-Tibetan]]
| ancestor2        = [[Old Chinese]]{{efn|name=minClassification|Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.<ref>{{citation |last=Mei |first=Tsu-lin |author1-link=Mei Tsu-lin |title=Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=30 |year=1970 |pages=86–110 |doi=10.2307/2718766 |jstor=2718766}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin G. |author-link=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |title=Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology |year=1984 |page=3 |location=Vancouver |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8}}</ref><ref name="glottoMin">{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Min |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}
| ancestor3        = [[Proto-Min]]
| iso3             = none
| glotto           = zhan1240
| glottoname       = Zhangping-Longyan
| lingua           = 79-AAA-jei /-jej
| map              = Hokkien Map.svg
| mapcaption       = Distribution of Min Nan dialects. Longyan Min is in yellow.
}}

The '''Longyan dialect''' ({{zh|s=龙岩话|t=龍巖話|p=Lóngyánhuà}}), also known as '''Longyan Minnan''' ({{zh|s=龙岩闽南语|t=龍巖閩南語|p=Lóngyán Mǐnnányǔ}}) or '''''Liong<sup>11</sup>l{{IPA|ã}}<sup>11</sup>{{IPA|guɛ}}<sup>334</sup>''''', is a dialect of [[Hokkien]] spoken in the urban city area of Eastern Longyan in the province of [[Fujian]], China, while [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] is spoken in rural villages of Western Longyan. The Longyan Min people had settled in the region from southern [[Fujian|Fujian Province]] as early as the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907). Due to its close proximity to rural Hakka villages, Longyan Min has some influence from Hakka albeit to a limited extent. The Longyan dialect has a limited degree of  intelligibility with other [[Southern Min]] dialects. Today, Longyan Minnan is predominantly spoken in Longyan's urban district [[Xinluo District]] while Zhangzhou Minnan is spoken in [[Zhangping|Zhangping City]] excluding Chishui and Shuangyang towns where Longyan Minnan is spoken. Hakka on the other hand is spoken in the non-urban rest of the rural areas of Longyan prefecture: [[Changting County]], [[Liancheng County]], [[Shanghang County]], [[Wuping County]], and [[Yongding District, Longyan|Yongding District]].<ref>{{cite book
  | first1 = Stephen Adolphe | last1 = Wurm | first2 = Rong | last2 = Li
  | first3 = Theo | last3 = Baumann | first4 = Mei W. | last4 = Lee
  | title = [[Language Atlas of China]]
  | publisher=Longman | year=1987 | isbn=978-962-359-085-3
  }}</ref>

Branner suggests that the Xinluo and Zhangping dialects should be grouped with the [[Datian dialect]] as a coastal Min group separate from both Southern Min and Eastern Min.<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Branner | first = David Prager
  | chapter = The Classification of Longyan | pages = 36–83
  | chapter-url = https://brannerchinese.com/publications/Branner_Longyan_Classification.pdf
  | title = Issues in Chinese Dialect Description and Classification
  | editor-first = Richard VanNess | editor-last = Simmons
  | series = Journal of Chinese Linguistics monograph series | volume = 15 | year = 1999
  }} p. 78.</ref>
However, he argues that the dialect of [[Wan'an, Xinluo District|Wan'an township]], in the northern part of Xinluo district, is a coastal Min variety separate from all of these.<ref>{{cite book
 |last        = Branner
 |first       = David Prager
 |title       = Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology — the Classification of Miin and Hakka
 |series      = Trends in Linguistics series
 |volume      = 123
 |publisher   = Mouton de Gruyter
 |location    = Berlin
 |year        = 2000
 |isbn        = 978-3-11-015831-1
 |url         = https://brannerchinese.com/publications/Branner_Classification_book_1_TextOnly.pdf
 }}</ref>

==Phonology==
The Longyan dialect has 14 initials, 65 rimes, and 8 tones.

===Initials===
{{IPA link|p}}, {{IPA link|pʰ}}, {{IPA link|m}}, {{IPA link|b}}, {{IPA link|pʰ}}, {{IPA link|t}}, {{IPA link|tʰ}}, {{IPA link|n}}, {{IPA link|l}}, {{IPA link|ts}}, {{IPA link|tsʰ}}, {{IPA link|s}}, {{IPA link|k}}, {{IPA link|kʰ}}, {{IPA link|ŋ}}, {{IPA link|h}}.

===Rimes===
{{IPA link|l}}, {{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|u}}, {{IPA|iu}}, {{IPA|ui}}

{{IPA link|a}}, {{IPA|ia}}, {{IPA|ua}}, {{IPA|iua}}, {{IPA link|o}}, {{IPA|io}}, {{IPA|ei}}, {{IPA|ie}}

{{IPA|ue}}, {{IPA link|ɛ}}, {{IPA|iɛ}}, {{IPA|uɛ}}, {{IPA|ai}}, {{IPA|uai}}, {{IPA|au}}, {{IPA|iau}}

{{IPA link|m}}, {{IPA|im}}, {{IPA|am}}, {{IPA|iam}}, {{IPA|iep}}, {{IPA|ap}}, {{IPA|iap}}

{{IPA|in}}, {{IPA|un}}, {{IPA|an}}, {{IPA|ian}}, {{IPA|uan}}

{{IPA|it}}, {{IPA|at}}, {{IPA|iat}}, {{IPA|uat}}, {{IPA|uot}}, {{IPA link|ŋ}}

{{IPA|aŋ}}, {{IPA|iaŋ}}, {{IPA|uaŋ}}, {{IPA|oŋ}}, {{IPA|ioŋ}}, {{IPA|ak}}, {{IPA|iak}}, {{IPA|uak}}, {{IPA|ok}}, {{IPA|iok}}

{{IPA|ĩ}}, {{IPA|ũ}}, {{IPA|ũi}}, {{IPA|ã}}, {{IPA|iã}}, {{IPA|uã}}, {{IPA|iuã}}, {{IPA|iãt}}, {{IPA|õ}}, {{IPA|iõ}}, {{IPA|ɛ̃}}, {{IPA|iɛ̃}}, {{IPA|uɛ̃}}, {{IPA|ãi}}, {{IPA|ãu}}, {{IPA|iãu}}.

===Tones===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!No.
|1
|2
|3
|4
|5
|6
|7
|8
|-
!Tones
|'''dark level'''<br>陰平
|'''light level'''<br>陽平
|'''dark rising'''<br>陰上
|'''light rising'''<br>陽上
|'''dark departing'''<br>陰去
|'''light departing'''<br>陽去
|'''dark entering'''<br>陰入
|'''light entering'''<br>陽入
|-
!Tone contour
|{{IPA|˧˧˦}} (334)
|{{IPA|˩}} (11)
|{{IPA|˨˩}} (21)
|{{IPA|˥˨}} (52)
|{{IPA|˨˩˧}} (213)
|{{IPA|˥}} (55)
|{{IPA|˥}} (<u>5</u>)
|{{IPA|˧˨}} (<u>32</u>)
|-
!Example Hanzi
|邊
|寒
|碗
|近
|漢
|尺
|曲
|白
|-
|}

===Tone sandhi===
The Longyan dialect has extremely extensive tone [[sandhi]] rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

{|class=wikitable
|-
|
| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|'''dark level, 334'''
| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|'''light level, 11'''
| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|'''dark rising, 21'''
| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|'''light rising, 52'''
| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|'''dark departing, 213'''
| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|'''light departing, 55'''
| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|'''dark entering, <u>5</u>'''
| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|'''light entering, <u>32</u>'''
|-
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|'''dark level, 334'''
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | ''remain unchanged''
|-
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|'''light level, 11'''
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | ''remain unchanged''
|-
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|'''dark rising, 21'''
| {{center|''remain unchanged''}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | dark departing, 213
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | ''remain unchanged''
|-
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|'''light rising, 52'''
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | light level, 11
|-
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|'''dark departing, 213'''
| {{center|dark rising, 21}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ''remain unchanged''
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | dark rising, 21
|-
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|'''light departing, 55'''
| {{center|dark level, 334}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ''remain unchanged''
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | dark level, 334
|-
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|'''dark entering, <u>5</u>'''
| {{center|dark level, 334}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ''remain unchanged''
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | dark level, 334
|-
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|'''light entering, <u>32</u>'''
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | dark rising, 21
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|author=Compilation Commission of Chorography of Longyan City 龙岩市地方志编纂委员会|title=Longyan Shi zhi ''龙岩市志 ["Chorography of Longyan City"]''|url=http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/ShowText.asp?ToBook=3186&index=1623&8|volume=36|publisher=Zhongguo kexue jishu chubanshe 中国科学技术出版社 ["China Science and Technology Press"]|location=Beijing|year=1993|isbn=978-7-5046-1575-6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402013917/http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/ShowText.asp?ToBook=3186&index=1623&8|archive-date=2016-04-02}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Chinese language}}
{{Min Chinese}}

[[Category:Fujian]]
[[Category:Southern Min]]
[[Category:Hokkien-language dialects]]