Lophocetus
| Lophocetus Temporal range: Late Miocene,
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Infraorder: | Cetacea |
| Family: | †Kentriodontidae |
| Genus: | †Lophocetus Cope, 1867 |
| Type species | |
| Delphinus calvertensis Harlan, 1842
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| Other species | |
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Lophocetus ("crested whale") is an extinct genus of dolphin belonging to the clade Delphinida that is known fromm late Miocene (Tortonian) marine deposits in California and Maryland. Although usually placed in Kentriodontidae, recent studies have found it only distantly related to Kentriodon.
Discovery and taxonomy
Lophocetus was the first fossil odontocete to be described from North America. The type species, L. calvertensis, was originally described as Delphinus calvertensis by the American naturalist Richard Harlan in 1842 on the basis of USNM 16314, a skull from the St. Marys Formation of Maryland.[1] Edward Drinker Cope subsequently recognized it as distinct from extant oceanic dolphins and considered it congeneric with the franciscana (as Pontoporia calvertensis), before renaming it as a distinct genus, Lophocetus.[2][3]
In 1955, Remington Kellogg described a new species of Lophocetus, L. pappus, on the basis of the skull USNM 15985 from the Langhian-age Plum Point Member of the Calvert Formation.[4] In 1978, however, Lawrence Barnes of the Los Angeles Museum of Natural History referred this species to the similarly Langhian-age genus Liolithax based on similarities in the earbone morphology, as Liolithax pappus. The new subfamily Lophocetinae was erected to accommodate Liolithax and Lophocetus, and Barnes also named Lophocetus repenningi on the basis of the skull USNM 23886 from the Tortonian-age Santa Margarita Formation of Santa Barbara, California.[5] The assignment of Lophocetus pappus to Liolithax by Barnes (1978) was followed by several authors, including Ichishima et al. (1995), Dawson (1996), and Uhen et al. (2008), although Whitmore and Kaltenbach (2008) did not. However, in a couple of abstracts published in 2000 and 2008, Barnes and colleagues recognized Lophocetus pappus as a new genus of lophocetine distinct from Liolithax after the discovery of a skull from Middle Miocene marine deposits in Baja California Sur showed that Liolithax was a kentriodontine rather than a lophocetine and different from L. pappus in its smaller tooth diameter, smaller size, and more elongated rostrum.[6][7]
The phylogenetic analysis of Brujadelphis recovered Lophocetus as polyphyletic, with L. calvertensis and L. repenningi forming a clade with taxa assigned to Pithanodelphininae and Tagicetus, and L. pappus falling as the sister taxon of Lipotidae.[8] If "Lophocetus" pappus is a relative of the baiji, it would fill a gap in the early evolutionary history of the baiji because the oldest unambiguous extinct relative of the baiji, Parapontoporia, hails from younger marine deposits. However, a strict consensus phylogenetic analysis of the pontoporiid Scaldiporia recovers "Lophocetus" pappus outside the clade formed by Inioidea+Lipotidae and Delphinoidea, while recovering Lophocetus as a relative of beaked whales and Squaloziphius.[9]
References
- ^ R. Harlan. 1842. Description of a new extinct species of dolphin from Maryland. Bulletin of the Proceedings of the National Institution for the Promotion of Science 2:195-196.
- ^ E. D. Cope. 1866. Third contribution to the history of the Balaenidae and Delphinidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1866:293-300.
- ^ E. D. Cope. 1867. An addition to the vertebrate fauna of the Miocene period, with a synopsis of the extinct Cetacea of the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 19(4):138-157.
- ^ R. Kellogg. 1955. Three Miocene porpoises from the Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 105(3354):101-154.
- ^ L. G. Barnes. 1978. A review of Lophocetus and Liolithax and their relationships to the delphinoid family Kentriodontidae (Cetacea: Odontoceti). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 28:1-35
- ^ Flores-Trujillo, J.G., Aranda-Manteca, F.J., & Barnes, L.G. 2000. Identificación del delfín fósil del Mioceno Medio, Liolithax kernensis Kellogg 1931. [The identity of the fossil Middle Miocene dolphin, Liolithax kernensis Kellogg 1931.] Programa y Resúmenes, XXV Reunión Internacional para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Marinos, Sociedad Mexicana de Mastozoología Marina, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México, 7-11 May, 2000, p. 4.
- ^ http://svpca.org/years/2008_dublin/abstracts.pdf
- ^ Olivier Lambert, Giovanni Bianucci, Mario Urbina, Jonathan H. Geisler; A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families. Zool J Linn Soc 2017; 179 (4): 919-946. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12479. https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/179/4/919/3076080/A-new-inioid-Cetacea-Odontoceti-Delphinida-from?guestAccessKey=3b956b95-d215-488a-8d90-1cff59554290#63703008
- ^ Post K, Louwye S, Lambert O. (2017) Scaldiporia vandokkumi, a new pontoporiid (Mammalia, Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Late Miocene to earliest Pliocene of the Westerschelde estuary (The Netherlands) PeerJ 5:e3991 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3991