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-The '''MMR vaccine''' is a mixture of three live [[attenuated virus]]es, administered via injection for [[immunization]] against [[measles]], [[mumps]] and [[rubella]] (also called German measles).  It is generally administered to children around the age of one year, with a second dose before starting school (i.e. age 4/5). The second dose is not a [[Booster dose|booster]]; it is a dose to produce immunity in the small number of persons (2-5%) who fail to develop measles immunity after the first dose.<ref name=CDC-MMR-FAQ/> In the United States, the vaccine was licensed in 1963 and the second dose was introduced in the mid 1990s.
-It is widely used around the world; since introduction of its earliest versions in the 1970s, over 500 million doses have been used in over 60 countries.  As with all [[vaccination]]s, long-term effects and [[efficacy]] are subject to continuing study.  The vaccine is sold by [[Merck & Co.|Merck]] as M-M-R II, [[GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals]] as Priorix, [[Serum Institute of India]] as Tresivac, and [[sanofi pasteur]] as Trimovax.
-==Effectiveness==
-[[Image:Measles incidence-cdc.gif|right|thumb|Measles fell sharply after immunization was introduced.]] Before the widespread use of a vaccine against [[measles]], its incidence was so high that infection with measles was felt to be "as inevitable as death and taxes."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Babbott FL Jr, Gordon JE |title=Modern measles |journal=Am J Med Sci |volume=228 |issue=3 |pages=334–61 |year=1954 |pmid=13197385}}</ref> Today, the [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of measles has fallen to less than 1% of people under the age of 30 in countries with routine childhood vaccination.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
-The benefit of vaccination against measles in preventing illness, disability, and death has been well-documented. The first 20 years of licensed measles vaccination in the U.S. prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of [[mental retardation]], and 5,200 deaths.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bloch AB, Orenstein WA, Stetler HC ''et al.'' |title=Health impact of measles vaccination in the United States |journal=Pediatrics |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=524–32 |year=1985 |pmid=3931045}}</ref> During 1999–2004, a strategy led by the [[World Health Organization]] and [[UNICEF]] led to improvements in measles vaccination coverage that averted an estimated 1.4 million measles deaths worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |year=2006 |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=247–9 |title= Progress in reducing global measles deaths, 1999–2004 |author= Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |pmid=16528234 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5509a8.htm}}</ref>
-Measles is [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] worldwide. Although it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000, high rates of vaccination and good communication with persons who refuse vaccination is needed to prevent outbreaks and sustain the elimination of measles in the U.S.<ref name=Parker/> Of the 66 cases of measles reported in the U.S. in 2005, slightly over half were attributable to one unvaccinated individual who acquired measles during a visit to [[Romania]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal= MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |year=2006 |volume=55 |issue=50 |pages=1348–51 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5550a2.htm |title= Measles—United States, 2005 |author= Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |pmid=17183226}}</ref> This individual returned to a community with many unvaccinated children. The resulting outbreak infected 34 people, mostly children and virtually all unvaccinated; 9% were hospitalized, and the cost of containing the outbreak was estimated at $167,685. A major epidemic was averted due to high rates of vaccination in the surrounding communities.<ref name=Parker>{{cite journal |author=Parker AA, Staggs W, Dayan GH ''et al.'' |title=Implications of a 2005 measles outbreak in Indiana for sustained elimination of measles in the United States |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=355 |issue=5 |pages=447–55 |year=2006 |pmid=16885548 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa060775}}</ref>
-[[Mumps]] is another [[virus|viral]] [[disease]] of childhood that was once very common.  If mumps is acquired by a male who is past [[puberty]], a possible complication is bilateral [[orchitis]] which can in some cases lead to [[infertility|sterility]].<ref>
-{{cite book
-|title=Male infertility: a guide for the clinician
-|first=Anne M.
-|last=Jequier
-|isbn=0632051299
-|location=Malden, MA
-|publisher=Blackwell Publishing
-|year=2000
-|page = 118
-|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ULWh1Wc1nKMC
-}}
-</ref>
-[[Image:Rubella-us-1966-93-cdc.gif|thumb|left|Rubella fell sharply when immunization was introduced.]]  [[Rubella]], otherwise known as German measles, was also very common before the advent of widespread vaccination. The major risk of rubella is if a [[pregnancy|pregnant]] woman is infected, her baby may contract [[congenital rubella syndrome|congenital rubella]] from her, which can cause significant [[congenital]] defects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.immunizationinfo.org/vaccineInfo/vaccine_detail.cfv?id=24 |accessdate=2007-09-02 |date=2006-09-25 |title= Rubella vaccine information |publisher= National Network for Immunization Information}}</ref>
-All three diseases are highly contagious.
-The combined MMR vaccine was introduced to induce immunity less painfully than three separate injections at the same time, and sooner and more efficiently than three injections given on different dates.
-In 2005, the [[Cochrane Library]] published a review of 31 scientific studies. One of its main results: "We could not identify studies assessing the effectiveness of MMR that fulfilled our inclusion criteria even though the impact of mass immunisation on the elimination of the diseases has been largely demonstrated." Its authors concluded, "Existing evidence on the safety and effectiveness of MMR vaccine supports current policies of mass immunisation aimed at global measles eradication in order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with mumps and rubella."<ref name=Cochrane>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub2|pmid=16235361|title=Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children|author=Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Price D|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|year=2005|volume=19|issue=4|laysummary=http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab004407.html|laydate=2005-10-19|laysource=Abstract and plain language summary}}</ref>
-==Development, formulation and administration==
-The component viral strains of MMR vaccine were developed by propagation in animal and human cells.  The live viruses require animal or human cells as a host for production of more virus.
-For example, in the case of mumps and measles viruses, the virus strains were grown in embryonated hens' eggs and chick embryo cell cultures.  This produced strains of virus which were adapted for the hens egg and less well-suited for human cells.  These strains are therefore called ''[[Vaccination#Types of vaccinations|attenuated]] strains''.  They are sometimes referred to as ''neuroattenuated'' because these strains are less [[virulence|virulent]] to human neurons than the wild strains.
-The Rubella component, Meruvax, is propagated using a human cell line (WI-38, named for the [[Wistar Institute]]) derived in 1961 from embryonic lung tissue.<ref>
-{{cite web |url=http://www.viromed.com/services/product/wi38.htm|title=Selected profiles of cell cultures: WI-38 |accessdate=2007-09-03 |year=2004 |author=ViroMed Laboratories}}
-</ref> This cell line was originally prepared from tissues of aborted fetuses, raising [[Vaccination and religion|religious objections]].<ref>{{cite web |author= Pontifical Academy for Life |title= Moral reflections on vaccines prepared from cells derived from aborted human foetuses ||year=2005 |journal= Medicina e Morale |publisher=Center for Bioethics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart |url=http://www.academiavita.org/template.jsp?sez=Documenti&pag=testo/vacc/vacc&lang=english |accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref>
-{|border="1" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
-!Disease Immunized
-!Component Vaccine
-!Virus Strain
-!Propagation Medium
-![[Growth Medium]]
-|-
-|[[Measles]]
-|Attenuvax
-|Enders' attenuated Edmonston strain<ref>{{cite web
-| url =http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/a/attenuvax/attenuvax_pi.pdf
-| title =Attenuvax Product Sheet
-| accessdate =
-| accessmonthday =July 7
-| accessyear =2006
-| year = 2002
-| month =September
-| format =PDF
-| publisher =Merck & Co
-| pages =1
-}}</ref>
-|rowspan="2"|chick embryo cell culture
-!rowspan="2"|Medium 199
-|-
-|[[Mumps]]
-|[[Mumpsvax]]<ref name="Merck_Mumpsvax_1999_pdf">{{cite web
-|url=http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/m/mumpsvax/mumpsvax_pi.pdf
-|title=MUMPSVAX (Mumps Virus Vaccine Live) Jeryl Lynn Strain
-|year=1990, 1999
-|author=[[Merck & Co.|Merck Co.]]
-|publisher=Merck Co.
-}}</ref>
-|[[Jeryl Lynn]] (B level) strain<ref name="Jeryl_Lynn_1967_pdf">{{cite journal |author=Young ML, Dickstein B, Weibel RE, Stokes J Jr, Buynak EB, Hilleman MR |title=Experiences with Jeryl Lynn strain live attenuated mumps virus vaccine in a pediatric outpatient clinic |journal=Pediatrics |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=798–803 |year=1967 |pmid=6075651}}</ref>
-|-
-|[[Rubella]]
-|Meruvax II
-|Wistar RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella virus
-|WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts
-|MEM (solution containing buffered salts, fetal bovine serum, human serum albumin and neomycin, etc.)
-|}
-MMR II is supplied freeze-dried ([[lyophilization|lyophilized]]) and contains live viruses.  Before injection it is reconstituted with the solvent provided.
-The MMR vaccine is administered by a [[subcutaneous injection]].The second dose may be given as early as one month after the first dose.<ref name=Vesikari/> The second dose is not a [[Booster dose|booster]]; it is a dose to produce immunity in the small number of persons (2-5%) who fail to develop measles immunity after the first dose. In the U.S. it is done before entry to [[kindergarten]] because that is a convenient time.<ref name=CDC-MMR-FAQ>{{cite web |url=http://cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/combo-vaccines/mmr/faqs-mmr-hcp.htm |title= MMR vaccine questions and answers |date=2004 |accessdate=2008-05-28 |publisher= Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>
-==Safety==
-[[Adverse drug reaction|Adverse reactions]], rarely serious, may occur from each component of the MMR vaccine. 10% of children develop fever, [[malaise]] and a rash 5–21 days after the first vaccination; 5% develop temporary [[arthralgia|joint pain]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=BMJ |year=2001 |volume=323 |issue=7303 |pages=32 |title= 10-minute consultation: MMR immunisation |author= Harnden A, Shakespeare J |pmid=11440943 |doi=10.1136/bmj.323.7303.32 |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/323/7303/32}}</ref> Older women appear to be more at risk to joint pain, acute [[arthritis]], and even (rarely) chronic arthritis.<ref name=Schattner>{{cite journal |journal=Vaccine |year=2005  |volume=23 |issue=30 |pages=3876–86 |title= Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines |author= Schattner A |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.03.005 |pmid=15917108}}</ref> [[Anaphylaxis]] is an extremely rare but serious allergic reaction to the vaccine.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=BMJ |year=2001 |volume=323 |issue=7317 |pages=869 |title= MMR immunisation. True anaphylaxis to MMR vaccine is extremely rare |author= Carapetis JR, Curtis N, Royle J|pmid=11683165 |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11683165}}</ref> The vaccine product brief lists many other adverse reactions.<ref name=Merck_MMR2_1999_pdf>{{cite web |url=http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/m/mmr_ii/mmr_ii_pi.pdf |accessdate=2007-09-03 |format=PDF |title="M-M-R II (measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live)" |year=2007 |publisher=Merck}}</ref>
-The number of reports on neurologic disorders is very small, other than evidence for an association between a form of the MMR vaccine containing the Urabe mumps strain and rare adverse events of [[aseptic meningitis]], a transient mild form of viral meningitis.<ref name=Schattner/><ref>{{cite book |title= Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality |year=1994 |isbn=0309074967 |chapter=Measles and mumps vaccines |chapterurl=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2138&page=131 |publisher= National Academy Press |author= Institute of Medicine}}</ref> The UK [[National Health Service]] stopped using the Urabe mumps strain in the early 1990s due to cases of transient mild viral meningitis, and switched to a form using the [[Jeryl Lynn]] mumps strain instead.<ref name=Colville>{{cite journal |journal= Eur J Pediatr |year=1994 |volume=153 |issue=6 |pages=467–8 |title=Withdrawal of a mumps vaccine |author= Colville A, Pugh S, Miller E, Schmitt HJ, Just M, Neiss A |pmid=8088305 |doi=10.1007/BF01983415}}</ref> The Urabe strain remains in use in a number of countries; MMR with the Urabe strain is much cheaper to manufacture than with the [[Jeryl Lynn]] strain,<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Int J Epidemiol |year=2002 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=983–4 |title= Commentary: Ongoing debate over the safety of the different mumps vaccine strains impacts mumps disease control |author= Fullerton KE, Reef SE |url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/31/5/983 |pmid=12435772 |doi=10.1093/ije/31.5.983}}</ref> and a strain with higher [[efficacy]] along with a somewhat higher rate of mild side effects may still have the advantage of reduced incidence of overall adverse events.<ref name=Colville/>
-The Cochrane Library review found several problems in the quality of MMR vaccine safety studies. Its authors concluded by recommending the adoption of standardized definitions of adverse events. The review's abstract concludes, "The design and reporting of safety outcomes in MMR vaccine studies, both pre- and post-marketing, are largely inadequate. The evidence of adverse events following immunisation with MMR cannot be separated from its role in preventing the target diseases."<ref name=Cochrane/>
-====Claims about autism====
-{{main|MMR vaccine controversy}}
-In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the MMR vaccine was the subject of controversy after publication of a 1998 paper by [[Andrew Wakefield]] ''et al.'' reporting a study of twelve children who had [[autism spectrum disorder]]s and bowel symptoms, in many cases with onset observed soon after administration of MMR vaccine.<ref>{{cite journal |author= [[Andrew Wakefield|Wakefield A]], Murch S, Anthony A ''et al.'' |title= Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children |journal=Lancet |volume=351 |issue=9103 |pages=637–41 |year=1998 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 |pmid=9500320 |url=http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-paper.htm |accessdate=2007-09-05}}</ref> During a 1998 press conference, Wakefield suggested that giving children the vaccines in three separate doses would be safer than a single injection. This suggestion was not supported by the paper, and several subsequent peer-reviewed studies have failed to show any association between the vaccine and autism.<ref name=NHS>{{cite web |title= MMR: myths and truths |url=http://www.mmrthefacts.nhs.uk/basics/truths.php |accessdate=2007-09-03 |year=2004 |author=National Health Service}}</ref> Administering the vaccines in three separate doses does not reduce the chance of adverse effects, and it increases the opportunity for infection by the two diseases not immunized against first.<ref name=NHS/><ref>MMR vs three separate vaccines:
-*{{cite journal |journal= Pediatrics |date=2001 |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=e84 |title= Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autistic spectrum disorder: report from the New Challenges in Childhood Immunizations Conference convened in Oak Brook, Illinois, June 12–13, 2000 |author= Halsey NA, Hyman SL, Conference Writing Panel |pmid=11331734 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/107/5/e84 |doi=10.1542/peds.107.5.e84}}
-*{{cite journal |journal= Pediatrics |date=2002 |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=172 |title= MMR—Separate administration-has it been done? |author= Leitch R, Halsey N, Hyman SL |pmid=11773568 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/109/1/172 |doi=10.1542/peds.109.1.172}}
-*{{cite journal |journal= J Infect |date=2002 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |title= MMR vaccine: review of benefits and risks |author= Miller E |doi=10.1053/jinf.2001.0930 |pmid=11972410}}
-*{{Cite web
- |url=http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/page289.asp
- |title=MMR - scientific research
- |accessyear=2007
- |accessdaymonth=29 March}}</ref>  Health experts have criticized media reporting of the MMR-autism controversy for triggering a decline in vaccination rates.<ref>{{Cite web
- |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5118166.stm
- |title=BBC News, Doctors issue plea over MMR jab
- |accessyear=2006
- |accessdaymonth=26 June}}</ref>
-In 2004, after an investigation by [[The Sunday Times]],<ref name=Deer-so-far>{{cite web |url=http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-summary.htm |title= The MMR-autism crisis - our story so far |accessdate=2008-12-06 |author= Deer B |date=2008-11-02}}</ref> the interpretation section of the study, which identified a general association in time between the vaccine and autism, was formally retracted by ten of Wakefield's twelve coauthors.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Murch SH, Anthony A, Casson DH ''et al.'' |title= Retraction of an interpretation |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9411 |pages=750 |year=2004 |pmid=15016483 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15715-2}}</ref> The [[Centers for Disease Control]],<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/od/science/iso/concerns/mmr_autism.htm Autism and Vaccines Theory], from the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]]. Accessed [[June 13]] [[2007]].</ref> the [[Institute of Medicine]] of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]],<ref>[http://www.iom.edu/CMS/3793/4705/20155.aspx Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism]. From the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. Report dated [[May 17]] [[2004]]; accessed [[June 13]] [[2007]].</ref> the UK [[National Health Service]]<ref>[http://www.mmrthefacts.nhs.uk/ MMR Fact Sheet], from the [[United Kingdom]] [[National Health Service]]. Accessed [[June 13]] [[2007]].</ref> and the Cochrane Library review<ref name=Cochrane/> have all concluded that there is no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism.
-In 2007 Wakefield became the subject of a [[General Medical Council]] disciplinary hearing over allegations that his research had received funding related to litigation against MMR-vaccine manufacturers, and had concealed this fact from the editors of ''[[The Lancet]]''.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6289166.stm]BBC news article</ref>  It was later revealed that Wakefield received £435,643 [about $780,000] plus expenses for consulting work related to the lawsuit. This funding came from the UK legal aid fund, a fund intended to provide legal services to the poor.<ref name=Deer-so-far/>
-==MMRV vaccine==
-{{main|MMRV vaccine}}
-The [[MMRV vaccine]], a combined MMR and [[varicella]] vaccine, has been proposed as a replacement for the MMR vaccine to simplify administration of the vaccines.<ref name=Vesikari>{{cite journal |journal= Pediatr Infect Dis J |year=2007 |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=632–8 |title= Increasing coverage and efficiency of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and introducing universal varicella vaccination in Europe: a role for the combined vaccine |author= Vesikari T, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Rentier B, Gershon A |doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3180616c8f |pmid=17596807}}</ref>
-==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
-{{Vaccines}}
-[[Category:Pediatrics]]
-[[Category:Vaccines]]
-[[de:MMR-Impfstoff]]
-[[es:Vacuna triplevírica SPR]]
-[[id:Vaksin MMR]]
-[[he:חיסון MMR]]
-[[nl:BMR]]
-[[ja:新三種混合ワクチン]]
-[[pl:MMR]]
-[[pt:Tríplice viral]]
-[[fi:MPR-rokote]]
-[[zh:麻腮风三联疫苗]]