Mars of Todi
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The so-called Mars of Todi is a near life-sized bronze warrior, dating from the late 5th or early 4th century BC, produced in Etruria for the Umbrian market. It was found at Todi (ancient Tuder), on the slope of Mount Santo.[1]
The bronze warrior was an expensive votive offering made at a religious sanctuary,[2] possibly to Laran, the Etruscan god of war.[3] It had been buried in antiquity, perhaps ritually,[4] and left undisturbed until its discovery in 1835.[5] It is an example of the highest-quality "prestige" works from Etruria found in Umbria during this period,[6] and probably came from a workshop in Orvieto (Etruscan Velzna, Roman Volsinii).[7] Velzna was known for its bronze sculptures, more than 2,000 of which were looted by the Romans in 265 BC.[8]
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The work is a "typical military figure" with "conspicuously Etruscan" facial features.[10] It is an Etruscan realization of Greek formal Classicism, and makes use of the contrapposto posture.[11] The figure probably held a patera (libation bowl) in his extended right hand, and a spear in the left.[12] His helmet is missing,[13] but his intricate body armor, depicted with "pedantic accuracy,"[14] is one of the best examples showing what plate armor from the period looked like.[15]
The dedication is inscribed on the skirt of the breastplate.[16] It is written in Umbrian in Etruscan characters[17] and marks the beginning of the epigraphic tradition in this part of Umbria.[18] The man dedicating it, however, has a name that is Celtic in origin, an indication of Tuder's "cosmopolitian" character in the Archaic period.[19] The inscription reads Ahal Trutitis dunum dede, "Ahal Trutitis gave [this as a] gift".[20]
The sculpture is currently held by the Museo Etrusco Gregoriano of the Vatican.[21]
References
- ^ Fred S. Kleiner, introduction to A History of Roman Art (Wadsworth, 2007, 2010 "enhanced edition"), p. xl.
- ^ Guy Bradley, Ancient Umbria: State, Culture, and Identity in Central Italy from the Iron Age to the Augustan Era (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 92.
- ^ Jean-René Jannot, Religion in Ancient Etruria, translated by Jane K. Whitehead (University of Wisconsin Press, 2005), p. 165.
- ^ Jannot, Religion in Ancient Etruria, p. 136.
- ^ Bradley, Ancient Umbria, p. 72.
- ^ Bradley, Ancient Umbria, pp. 68, 71–72, 200.
- ^ Jannot, Religion in Ancient Etruria, p. 165; Kleiner, A History of Roman Art, p. xl.
- ^ Kleiner, A History of Roman Art, p. xl.
- ^ Brendel, Etruscan Art, 317.
- ^ Donald Strong and J.M.C. Toynbee, Roman Art (Yale University Press, 1976, 1988), pp. 32–33.
- ^ Kleiner, A History of Roman Art, p. xl; Otto Brendel, Etruscan Art (Yale University Press, 1995, originally published 1978), pp. 316–317
- ^ Erika Simon, "Gods in Harmony: The Etruscan Pantheon," in The Religion of the Etruscans (University of Texas Press, 2006), p. 55; Kleiner, A History of Roman Art, p. xl.
- ^ Kleiner, A History of Roman Art, p. xl.
- ^ Brendel, Etruscan Art, p. 317.
- ^ Graham Webster, The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D. (University of Oklahoma Press, 1979, 1998 3rd ed.), p. 2.
- ^ Amanda Claridge, Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 393.
- ^ Jannot, Religion in Ancient Etruria, p. 136.
- ^ Bradley, Ancient Umbria, p. 73, note 127; Claridge, Rome, p. 393.
- ^ Bradley, Ancient Umbria, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Claridge, Rome, p. 393; Guiliano Bonfante and Larissa Bonfante, The Etruscan Language: An Introduction (Manchester University Press, 1983, 2002 rev.ed.), p. 26.
- ^ http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/x-Select/20select/20select_17.html