View source for Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)

{{Use British English|date = September 2019}}
{{Short description|Representative in the House of Commons}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Member
| body = Parliament
| native_name = 
| flag =
| flagsize = 150px
| flagborder = 
| flagcaption = [[Flag of United Kingdom]]
| insignia = File:House of Commons of the United Kingdom logo 2018.svg
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption =  [[Emblem]] of the House of Commons
| image = File:Palace of Westminster - wide panorama shot from Albert Embankment, March 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption = The [[Palace of Westminster]] is home to the [[House of Commons]], where Members of Parliament meet. 
| imagesize = 280px
| alt = [[Palace of Westminster]], the meeting place of the members.
| incumbent = [[List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election|59th Parliament]]
| incumbentsince = 9 July 2024
| type =
| status = Active
| department =  [[Parliament of United Kingdom]]
| style =  {{indented plainlist|
* [[The Honourable]]<br />(used only as a courtesy by other Members of Parliament during debates in the House of Commons)
* [[The Right Honourable]]<br />(used if a member of the Privy Council)
* [[Excellency|His / Her Excellency]]<br />(diplomatic)
}}
| member_of = [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]
| reports_to = [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker]]
| residence = 
| seat = [[Parliament of United Kingdom]]
| nominator = 
| appointer = [[Elections in the United Kingdom#Electoral registration|Electorate of the United Kingdom]]
| appointer_qualified = 
| termlength = 5 years; renewable
| termlength_qualified = 
| constituting_instrument = [[Magna Carta]] and [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|subsequent treaties and Acts of Parliament]]
| precursor = 
| formation ={{start date and age|1802|08|28|df=y|p=y}}
| first = [[List of MPs elected in the 1802 United Kingdom general election|1st Parliament]]
| last =  
| abolished = 
| succession =
| abbreviation = MP
| unofficial_names = 
| deputy = 
| salary = {{GBPConvert|91346}} per year, excluding personal expenses claimed for accommodation, utilities, food and drink, and transport costs and private office budget.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Scheme of MPs' Staffing and Business Costs {{!}} IPSA |url=https://www.theipsa.org.uk/publications/the-scheme |website=Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority|publisher=IPSA |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref>
| website = [https://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/ www.parliament.uk]
}}

{{Politics of the United Kingdom|legislature}}
In the [[United Kingdom]], a '''member of Parliament''' ('''MP''') is an individual elected to serve in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What MPs do |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/members/mps/ |access-date=21 April 2017 |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref>

==Electoral system==
All 650 members of the UK House of Commons are elected using the [[first-past-the-post voting]] system in single member [[United Kingdom Parliament constituencies|constituencies]] across the whole of the United Kingdom, where each constituency has its own single representative.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/voting-systems/|title=Voting Systems in the UK|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/constituencies/|title=Parliamentary Constituencies|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

==Elections==
All MP positions become simultaneously vacant for [[election]]s held on a five-year cycle, or when a [[snap election]] is called. Since the [[Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022]], Parliament is automatically dissolved once five years have elapsed from its first meeting after an election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2021 |title=Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill |url=https://bills.parliament.uk/Publications/41467/Documents/206/21008.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Parliament of the United Kingdom}}</ref>

If a [[Vacancy (economics)|vacancy]] arises at another time, due to death or [[Resignation from the British House of Commons|resignation]], then a constituency vacancy may be filled by a by-election. Under the [[Representation of the People Act 1981]] any MP sentenced to over a year in jail automatically vacates their seat. For certain types of lesser acts of wrongdoing, the [[Recall of MPs Act 2015]] mandates that a [[Recall election|recall petition]] be opened; if signed by more than 10% of registered voters within the constituency, the seat is vacated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://services.parliament.uk/bills/2014-15/recallofmps.html|title=Recall of MPs Act 2015|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

== Eligibility ==
In the past, only male adult property owners could stand for Parliament. In 1918, [[Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom|women acquired the right to stand for Parliament]], and to vote.

To be eligible to stand as an MP, a person must be at least 18 years old and be a [[Citizen of the United Kingdom|citizen of the UK]], a [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] nation, or [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. A person is not required to be registered to vote, nor are there any restrictions regarding where a candidate is a resident.<ref name="el">{{Cite web|url=https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-01/Part%201%20Can%20you%20stand%20for%20election%20LGEW.pdf|title=Local elections in England and Wales, Guidance for candidates and agents, Part 1 of 6 – Can you stand for election?|date=January 2020|website=Electoral Commission |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210619081712/https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-01/Part%201%20Can%20you%20stand%20for%20election%20LGEW.pdf |archive-date= 19 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name="el_NI" >{{Cite web|url=https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/sites/default/files/2019-09/UKPGE-Part%201-Can%20you%20stand%20for%20election-Northern-Ireland_1.pdf|title=UK Parliamentary general election – Northern Ireland, Guidance for candidates and agents, Part 1 of 6 – Can you stand for election?|website=Electoral Commission |orig-date=April 2017 |date=September 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123145338/https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/sites/default/files/2019-09/UKPGE-Part%201-Can%20you%20stand%20for%20election-Northern-Ireland_1.pdf |archive-date= 23 January 2024 }}</ref>

The [[House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975]] outlaws the holders of various positions from being MPs. These include [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|civil servants]], regular [[Police in the UK|police officers]] (but not [[special constable]]s), regular members of the [[Armed forces of the United Kingdom|armed forces]] (but not reservists), and some [[Judiciary of the United Kingdom|judges]]. Members of the [[House of Lords]] were not permitted to hold Commons seats until the passing of the [[House of Lords Reform Act 2014]], which allows retired or resigned members of the House of Lords to stand or re-stand as MPs. Members of legislatures outside of the Commonwealth are excluded,<ref name="el"/> with the exemption of the [[Oireachtas|Irish legislature]].<ref name="el_NI"/> Additionally, members of the [[Senedd]] (Welsh Parliament) or the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] are also ineligible for the Commons according to the [[Wales Act 2014|Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2014|Northern Ireland (Miscellaneous Provisions)]] Acts respectively, passed in 2014 (but members of the [[Scottish Parliament]] are eligible).

People who are [[Bankruptcy in the United Kingdom|bankrupt]] cannot stand to be MPs.<ref name="el"/> The Representation of the People Act 1981 excludes persons who are currently serving a prison sentence of a year or more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/notes/snpc-03221.pdf|title=Disqualification for membership of the House of Commons|date=13 October 2004 |first1=Oonagh |last1=Gay |publisher=UK Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321002524/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/notes/snpc-03221.pdf|archive-date=21 March 2006}}</ref> People in respect of whom a bankruptcy restrictions order has effect are disqualified from (existing) membership of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] (details differ slightly in different countries).<ref>{{Cite act |title=Enterprise Act 2002 |publisher=legislation.gov.uk |date=2002 |index=c. 40 Part 10 Section 266 |url= https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/40/section/266 }}</ref>

Members are not permitted to resign their seats. In practice, however, they always can. Should a member wish to [[Resignation from the British House of Commons|resign from the Commons]], they may request appointment to one of two ceremonial Crown offices: that of [[Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds]], or that of [[Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead]]. These offices are [[Sinecure|sinecures]] (that is, they involve no actual duties); they exist solely to permit the "resignation" of members of the House of Commons. The [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] is responsible for making the appointment, and, by convention, never refuses to do so when asked by a member who desires to leave the House of Commons.

==Title==
Members of Parliament are entitled to use the post-nominal initials MP. MPs are referred to as "honourable" as a courtesy only during debates in the House of Commons (e.g., "the honourable member for ..."), or if they are the children of [[Peerages in the United Kingdom|peer]]s below the rank of marquess ("the honourable [first name] [surname]"). Those who are members of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] use the form [[The Right Honourable|''The Right Honourable'' (''The Rt Hon.'')]] Name MP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/politics/|title=How to Address an MP |website=Debrett's |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815110325/https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/politics/ |archive-date= 15 August 2021 }}</ref>

==Responsibilities==
{{quote
|text=The first duty of a member of Parliament is to do what they think in their faithful and disinterested judgement is right and necessary for the honour and safety of Great Britain. The second duty is to their constituents, of whom they are the representative but not the delegate. [[Trustee model of representation|Burke's famous declaration on this subject]] is well known. It is only in the third place that their duty to party organisation or programme takes rank. All these three loyalties should be observed, but there is no doubt of the order in which they stand under any healthy manifestation of democracy.
|author=[[Winston Churchill]]
|source=''Duties of a Member of Parliament'' ({{Circa|1954–1955}})<ref name="hop">{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmmodern/337/33706.htm|title=House of Commons – Modernisation of the House of Commons – First Report - 2 The role of the Member |date=20 June 2007 |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230901093445/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmmodern/337/33706.htm |archive-date= 1 September 2023 }}</ref>}}

Theoretically, contemporary MPs are considered to have two duties, or three if they belong to a political party. Their primary responsibility is to act in the national interest. They must also act in the interests of their constituents, where this does not override their primary responsibility. Finally, if they belong to a political party, they may act in the interests of that party, subordinate to the other two responsibilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/politics/brexit-deal-theresa-may-parliament-constitution-commons-vote-mps-a8797151.html |first1= Jonathan |last1=Cooper |first2=Felicity |last2=Williams |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/politics/brexit-deal-theresa-may-parliament-constitution-commons-vote-mps-a8797151.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Fixing Brexit: How parliament's checks and balances can solve our political crisis|date=1 March 2019|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gauja |first=Anika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL0FDAAAQBAJ&q=%22representative+but+not+the+delegate%22&pg=PT45 |title=Political Parties and Elections: Legislating for Representative Democracy |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317078722 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTff_YwkKSYC&q=%22representative+but+not+the+delegate%22&pg=PA8 |title=Revitalising the Chamber: The Role of the Back Bench Member, First Report of Session 2006–07, Report, Together with Formal Minutes, Oral and Written Evidence |last=House of Commons Select Committee on Modernisation of the House of Commons |date=20 June 2007 |publisher=The Stationery Office |isbn=9780215034670 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dimock |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89AYDQAAQBAJ&q=%22representative+but+not+the+delegate%22&pg=PT1001 |title=Classic Readings and Cases in the Philosophy of Law |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315509631 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2017/02/03/churchill-would-have-defended-enemies-democracy/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2017/02/03/churchill-would-have-defended-enemies-democracy/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Why Churchill would have defended our 'enemies of democracy'|first=Michael|last=Deacon|date=3 February 2017|work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom]]
* [[List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election]]
* [[List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election]]
* [[Member of the Scottish Parliament]]
* [[Member of the Senedd]]
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (Northern Ireland)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category inline}}

{{UnitedKingdomMPs}}

[[Category:Members of Parliament]]
[[Category:House of Commons of the United Kingdom| ]]