Middle Awash
The Middle Awash is an archaeological site along the Awash River in Ethiopia's Afar Depression. A number of fossils of the earliest hominins, particularly of the Australopithecines, as well as some of the oldest known Olduwan stone artifacts, have been found at the site—all of late Miocene, the Pliocene, and the very early Pleistocene times, that is, about 5.6 million years ago (mya) to 2.5 mya. [1][2] [3] It is broadly thought that the divergence of the lines of the earliest humans (hominins) and of chimpanzees (hominids) was completed near the beginning of that time range, or sometime between seven and five mya. However, the larger community of scientists provide several estimates for periods of divergence that imply a greater range for this event, see CHLCA: human-chimpanzee split.[4]
A recent find of Australopithecus anamensis is dated to about 4.2 million years ago, which separates it only 200 thousand years from an earlier fossil of the more primitive Ardipithecus ramidus (at 4.4 million years ago). Australopithecus garhi fossils are dated as recent as the very early Pleistocene, or 2.5 mya; fossils of Homo erectus in the Daka member at the site (at 1 mya) and Homo sapiens idaltu (at 160 ka ago) are found in the middle and late Pleistocene. And patches of fire-baked clay, disputed as evidences of the controlled use of fire, are also found in that later period.[5]
Sediments at the site were originally deposited in lakes or rivers, and carbonates found there contain low carbon isotope ratios. This information suggests that the environment of the Middle Awash was wet during the late Miocene, and that this currently arid region was occupied then by woodland or grassy woodland habitats. Fossil remains of other vertebrates found with the hominins, including the cane rat, further suggest such an environment.[4] The region was the site of periodic volcanism, which probably created distinct ecological regions inhabited by different species of vertebrate animals.[6]
Important hominin fossils found in the Middle Awash include:[6][7]
- Ardipithecus kadabba
- Ardipithecus ramidus
- Australopithecus afarensis
- Australopithecus garhi
- Australopithecus anamensis
- Homo erectus
- Homo sapiens idaltu found at Herto Bouri.
Notes
- ^ "Middle Awash". About.com. Retrieved 2006-04-12.
- ^ Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000) [2000-04-30]. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. New York, NY: Kluwer Acad./Plenum Publ. ISBN 0-306-46158-7.
- ^ De Heinzelin, J; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (1999). "Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids". Science. 284 (5414): 625–9. doi:10.1126/science.284.5414.625. PMID 10213682.
- ^ a b "Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Retrieved 2006-04-12.
- ^ Bogucki (1999) [1999-09-01]. Origins of Human Society. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-57718-112-3.
- ^ a b "Bimodal volcanism and rift basin development in the Middle Awash region, Ethiopia". Retrieved 2006-04-12.
- ^ Borenstein, Seth. "New Fossil Links Up Human Evolution". The Associated Press. Retrieved 2006-04-13. [dead link]
References
- "Middle Awash - Kalaloo Mbr.: Zanclian - Pleistocene, Ethiopia". The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 2006-04-16.
See also
- List of fossil sites (with link directory)
- List of hominina (hominid) fossils (with images)