Milk of Magnesia: Difference between revisions
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'''Milk of Magnesia''' is an aqueous suspension of [[magnesium hydroxide]], [[magnesium|Mg]]([[oxygen|O]][[hydrogen|H]])<sub>2</sub> in water. Milk of Magnesia is a [[salt|saline]] [[osmosis|osmotic]] (hydrating) [[laxative]]. The name derives from the suspension's milky white appearance and the magnesium in its composition. |
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==History== |
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The term ''"Milk of Magnesia"'' was first used as a white-colored, aqueous, mildly [[Base (chemistry)|alkaline]] [[Suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] of [[magnesium hydroxide]] formulated at about 8[[Percentage solution|%w/v]] by [[Charles Henry Phillips]] in [[1880]] and sold under the brand name ''Phillips' Milk of Magnesia'' for medicinal usage. Although the name may at some point have been owned by [[GlaxoSmithKline]], USPTO registrations show "Milk of Magnesia" to be registered to [[Bayer]]<sup>[http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=70024049]</sup>, and "Phillips' Milk of Magnesia" is registered to [[Sterling Drug]]<sup>[http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=71016576]</sup>. In the [[UK]], the non-brand (generic) name of "Milk of Magnesia" and "Phillips' Milk of Magnesia" is "Cream of Magnesia" (Magnesium Hydroxide Mixture, BP). |
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==Pharmaceutical uses== |
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Milk-of-magnesia products are sold [[over the counter drug|over-the-counter]]. They come in chewable-tablet, capsule, and liquid forms, and are also available in different flavors. Physicians recommend taking milk of magnesia with a full glass of juice or water to help with absorption. There are potential reactions with [[antibiotic]]s, and a physician should be consulted before ingestion if an individual is pregnant or nursing. Milk of magnesia is primarily used to alleviate [[constipation]], but can also be used to relieve [[indigestion]] and [[heartburn]]. When taken internally by [[mouth]] as a [[laxative]], the [[osmosis|osmotic]] force of the magnesia [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] acts to draw fluids from the body and to retain those already within the [[lumen (anatomy)|lumen]] of the [[intestine]], serving to distend the bowel, thus stimulating nerves within the [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]] wall, inducing [[peristalsis]] and resulting in evacuation of [[Colon (anatomy)|colonic]] contents. In years past it was advertised with the following slogan: "Take MOM in the PM, for BM (bowel movement) in the AM." It is also used as an [[antacid]], though more modern formulations combine the [[motility|antimotility]] effects of equal concentrations of [[aluminum hydroxide]] to avoid unwanted [[laxative]] effects. |
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According to MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, milk of magnesia is useful against [[canker sore]]s (aphthous ulcer) when used topically.<sup>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000998.htm]</sup> |
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Milk of Magnesia is also used as a folk remedy, topically applied and massaged in (a few minutes before washing/shampooing), to relieve symptoms of seborrhea and dandruff. The mechanism for its effectiveness in this application, like the causes of seborrhea itself, are at present unknown. |
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The liquid form has also garnered a reputation as a mattifier/primer for oily skin. Individuals apply a thin layer to the face after cleansing to absorb oil and give the face a matte, smooth look. This trick was mentioned on the [[Tyra Banks Show]], as well as by skincare guru Paula Begoun. |
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==Biological metabolism== |
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When the patient takes the milk of magnesia (orally), the [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] enters the [[stomach]]. Depending on how much was taken, one of two possible outcomes will occur. |
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As an [[antacid]], milk of magnesia is dosed at approximately 500mg to 1.5g in adults and works by simple [[neutralization]], where the [[hydroxide]] [[ion]]s from the Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> combine with [[acid|acidic]] H<sup>+</sup> [[ion]]s produced in the form of hydrochloric acid by [[parietal cell]]s in the [[stomach]]. |
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As a laxative, milk of magnesia is dosed at 2-5g, and works in a number of ways. First, Mg<sup>2+</sup> is poorly absorbed from the intestinal tract, so it draws water from the surrounding tissue by [[osmosis]]. Not only does this increase in water content soften the feces, it also increases the volume of feces in the intestine (intraluminal volume) which naturally stimulates intestinal motility. Furthermore, Mg<sup>2+</sup> ions somehow cause the release of [[cholecystokinin|CCK]], which causes intraluminal accumulation of water, electrolytes and intestinal motility. Although it has been stated in some sources, the hydroxide ions themselves do not play a significant role in the laxative effects of milk of magnesia, as basic solutions (i.e. solutions of hydroxide ions) are not strongly laxative, and non-basic Mg<sup>2+</sup> solutions, like MgSO<sub>4</sub>, are equally strong laxatives [[Mole (unit)|mole]] for mole (Tedesco & Di Piro, 1985; Curry, 1983). |
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Care should be taken with the use of milk of magnesia for either of these purposes, as it can easily cause [[diarrhea]].<sup>[http://www.gicare.com/pated/milk_of_magnesia.htm]</sup> |
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As already stated only a small amount of the magnesium from milk of magnesia is usually absorbed from a person's intestine (unless the person is deficient in magnesium). However, magnesium is mainly excreted by the kidneys so longterm, daily consumption of milk of magnesia by someone suffering from renal failure could lead in theory to [[hypermagnesemia]]. |
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As with any other medication, some people may have [[adverse drug reaction|adverse reactions]] to milk of magnesia. These can include weakness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. High doses increase the likelihood of these reactions. Patients with severe [[renal failure|chronic kidney disease]] are advised to avoid overconsumption of milk of magnesia. Because the kidney functions to excrete magnesium, taking too much would wear out the kidney and lead to toxic levels of magnesium in the blood. Healthy individuals should not use this type of medication continuously for longer than one week, or an excessively harsh laxative effect may result. |
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==References== |
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*940 498 0909: Laxative products. In: Handbook of non-prescription drugs. 1983, 6th ed., pp. 69-92, American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington DC. |
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*Tedesco FJ, DiPiro JT. Laxative use in constipation. American College of Gastroenterology's Committee on FDA-Related Matters. Am J Gastroenterol. 1985 80(4):303-9. |
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*http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-milk-of-magnesia.htm |
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[[Category:Laxatives]] |
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[[Category:Magnesium]] |
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[[Category:1880 introductions]] |
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[[it:Idrossido di magnesio]] |
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[[nl:Magnesiumhydroxide]] |
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Revision as of 18:55, 11 November 2008
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