View source for Moravian dialects

{{Short description|Group of dialects of Czech}}
{{Infobox language
|name        = Moravian
|nativename  = moravská nářečí
|states      = [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]]
|region      = [[Moravia]] and [[Czech Silesia]]
|speakers    = 108,469
|ref=<ref name="census">{{Cite web |url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30629&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJUwUA4lOtR1sBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void= |title=Obyvatelstvo podle věku, mateřského jazyka a pohlaví |website=Czech Statistical Office |access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref>
|date        = 2011 census
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2        = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
|fam3        = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
|fam4        = [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]
|fam5        = [[Czech–Slovak languages|Czech–Slovak]]
|fam6        = [[Czech language|Czech]]
|map         = Moravian dialects.png
|mapcaption  = Map of Moravia and Czech Silesia (borders between the two regions not shown) indicating the major dialect groups:{{imagefact|date=November 2022}}
{{colorsample|#00FC2A}} [[Central Moravian dialects]]<br />
{{colorsample|#FF1654}} [[Eastern Moravian dialects]]<br />
{{colorsample|#FFE73D}} [[Lach dialects]]<br />
{{colorsample|#FF8F11}} [[Bohemian-Moravian dialects]]<br />
{{colorsample|#FF9DFA}} [[Cieszyn Silesian]] speaking area<br />
{{colorsample|#595BFC}} Mixed dialects (areas originally inhabited by [[Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)|Germans]], resettled after their [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia|expulsion in 1945]])
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=czec1259
|glottorefname=Czecho-Moravian 
}}

'''Moravian dialects''' ({{langx|cs|moravská nářečí, moravština}}) are the [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of [[Czech language|Czech]] spoken in [[Moravia]], a historical region in the east of the [[Czech Republic]]. There are more forms of the Czech language used in Moravia than in the rest of the Czech Republic. The main four groups of dialects are the Bohemian-Moravian group, the Central Moravian group, the Eastern Moravian group and the Lach (Silesian) group (which is also spoken in [[Czech Silesia]]).<ref name="forms">{{Cite web |url=http://www.osu.cz/fpd/kcd/dokumenty/cestinapositi/igstema1.htm |title=Forms of the Czech language (in Czech) |website=University of Ostrava |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010410/http://www.osu.cz/fpd/kcd/dokumenty/cestinapositi/igstema1.htm |archive-date=2017-02-02}}</ref> While the forms are generally viewed as regional variants of Czech, some [[Moravians (ethnic group)|Moravians]] (108,469 in the 2011 census) claim them to be one separate '''Moravian language'''.<ref name="census" />

Moravian dialects are considerably more varied than the dialects of Bohemia,<ref name="rejzek">{{cite book|last = Rejzek|first=Jiří|title=Zrození češtiny|place=Prague|publisher=Univerzita Karlova, Filozofická fakulta|year=2021|isbn=978-80-7422-799-8|language=cs|pages=102, 130}}</ref> and span a dialect continuum linking Bohemian and West Slovak dialects.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kortmann, Bernd |author2=van der Auwera, Johan |title=The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide|year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3110220261|pages=516|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vi_VCm51kpkC&pg=PA516|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> A popular misconception holds that eastern Moravian dialects are closer to Slovak than Czech, but this is incorrect; in fact, the opposite is true, and certain dialects in far western Slovakia exhibit features more akin to standard Czech than to standard Slovak.<ref name="rejzek" />

Until the 19th century, the language used in Slavic-speaking areas of Moravia was referred to as “Moravian” or as “Czech”. When regular censuses started in [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1880, the choice of main-communication languages<ref group="note">{{langx|de|Umgangssprache}}</ref> in the forms prescribed in [[Cisleithania]] did not include Czech language but included the single item ''Bohemian–Moravian–Slovak''<ref group="note">{{langx|de|Böhmisch-Mährisch-Slowakisch}}</ref> (the others being ''German'', ''Polish'', ''Rusyn'', ''Slovene'', ''Serbo-Croatian'', ''Italian'', ''Romanian'' and ''Hungarian'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bruntal.net/2005061604-slonzaci-a-volkslista |title = Šlonzaci a Volkslista |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529133114/http://www.bruntal.net/2005061604-slonzaci-a-volkslista |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Respondents who chose Bohemian–Moravian–Slovak as their main communicating language were counted in the Austrian censuses as [[Czechs]].

On the occasion of [[2011 Census of the Czech Republic]], several Moravian organizations (political party [[Moravané]] and [[Moravian National Community]] amongst others) led a campaign to promote the Moravian ethnicity and language. The [[Czech Statistical Office]] assured the Moravané party that filling in “Moravian” as language would not be treated as ticking off “Czech”, because forms were processed by a computer and superseding Czech for Moravian was technically virtually impossible.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://moravane.eu/ujisteni-csu-o-scitani-moravskeho-jazyka/ |title=Ujištění ČSÚ o sčítání moravského jazyka. |date=19 January 2011 |website=Moravané |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422021230/http://www.moravane.eu/ujisteni-csu-o-scitani-moravskeho-jazyka/ |archive-date=2012-04-22 |access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>

According to the results of the census, there was a total number of 108,469 native speakers of Moravian in 2011. Of them, 62,908 consider Moravian to be their only native language, and 45,561 are native speakers of both Moravian and Czech.<ref name="census" />

== Dialects ==
While the former regional dialects of [[Bohemia]] have merged into one interdialect, [[Common Czech]] (with some small exceptions in borderlands), the territory of Moravia is still linguistically diversified. This may be due to absence of a single Moravian cultural and political centre (analogous to Prague in Bohemia) for most of the history,<ref>BLÁHA, Ondřej. Moravský jazykový separatismus: zdroje, cíle, slovanský kontext. In Studia Moravica. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultas Philosophica – Moravica. Olomouc : UP v Olomouci, 2005. ISSN 1801-7061. Svazek III.</ref> as well as the fact that both of its major cities—[[Brno]] and [[Olomouc]]—used to be predominantly inhabited by a German-speaking population. The most common classification distinguishes three major groups of Moravian dialects: Central Moravian (Hanakian), Eastern Moravian (Moravian-Slovak) and Silesian (Lach).<ref name="wilson">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=James|title=Moravians in Prague: A Sociolinguistic Study of Dialect Contact in the Czech Republic|date=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|pages=49–50}}</ref> Some typical phonological differences between the Moravian dialects are shown below on the sentence ''‘Put the flour from the mill in the cart’'':<ref>{{cite book|last=Koudela|first=Břetislav|title=Vývoj českého jazyka a dialektologie|year=1964|publisher=Československé státní pedagogické nakladatelství|pages=173}}</ref>

{|border="0"
|-
| Central Moravian: || ''D'''é''''' ''m'''ó'''ku'' ''ze'' ''m'''lé'''na'' ''na'' ''voz'''é'''k.''
|-
| Eastern Moravian: || ''D'''aj''' m'''ú'''ku ze m'''łý'''na na voz'''í'''k.''
|-
| Lach: || ''D'''aj''' m'''u'''ku ze m'''ly'''na na voz'''i'''k.''
|-
| 
|
|-
| (Standard Czech: || ''D'''ej''''' ''m'''ou'''ku'' ''ze'' ''ml'''ý'''na'' ''na'' ''voz'''í'''k.)''
|}

===Central Moravian===
[[File:V Prostijově na renko.jpg|thumb|An inscription on the façade of [[Prostějov]] castle showing a poem written in Hanakian dialect]]
Central Moravian dialects, or [[Haná|Hanakian]] dialects (''Hanak dialects'', ''Haná dialects'', {{langx|cs|hanácké nářečí, hanáčtina}}), are spoken in the central part of Moravia around [[Znojmo]], [[Třebíč]], [[Brno]], [[Olomouc]], [[Přerov]], [[Zábřeh]] and [[Šumperk]]. While the Central Moravian group traditionally contained many dialects native to specific microregions, today's spoken language across Central Moravia is moving towards a unified "Common Hanakian dialect" ({{langx|cs|obecná hanáčtina}}).<ref name=skulina>{{cite web|last=Skulina|first=Josef|title=O šíření obecné hanáčtiny|url=http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=5184#_ftn8|work=Naše řeč|access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref> Features of this group include

* A prevalence of the vowels ''e'' and ''é'' in place of ''i''/''y'' (''ryba'' > ''reba'', ''život'' > ''ževot''), ''í''/''ý'' (''mlýn'' > ''mlén''), and ''ej'' (''nedělej'' > ''nedělé'').<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Map of Czech Dialects|url=http://www.osu.cz/fpd/kcd/dokumenty/cestinapositi/kuldanova/mapka_01.htm|work=2003|publisher=Katedry českého jazyka a literatury s didaktikou|access-date=3 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201000809/http://www.osu.cz/fpd/kcd/dokumenty/cestinapositi/kuldanova/mapka_01.htm|archive-date=1 December 2012}}</ref>
* ''O'' and ''ó'' in place of ''u'' and ''ou'', respectively (''ruka'' > ''roka'', ''mouka'' > ''móka''). By extension, the third person plural ending of verbs which would be ''-í'' in standard Czech, and ''-ej(í)'' or ''-ou'' in Common Czech, is ''-ijó'', or sometimes just ''-ó'' in Central Moravian (''prosí/prosej(í)'' > ''prosijó'', ''hrají/hrajou'' > ''hrajijó/hrajó''). The instrumental ending ''-í'' is also replaced by ''-ó'' (''s naší kočkou'' > ''s našó kočkó'').<ref name="map"/>
* The ending ''-a'' instead of ''-e'' for feminine nouns and possessive adjectives is retained, as in Slovak (e.g. ''naša slepica'' for Standard Czech ''naše slepice'').<ref name="map"/>
* The verb “to be” has the 1st person singular present tense form ''su'' rather than ''jsem''.<ref name="map"/>
* In contrast to Common Czech, the ''-l'' on past tense verbs is always retained (''nesl'' and never ''nes'').<ref name="map"/>

The dialects spoken in and around [[Brno]] have seen a lot of lexical influence from [[Hantec slang]], a jargon incorporating many German and Yiddish loanwords into the local Central Moravian dialect. Although by the 21st century the slang had greatly declined in use, some vocabulary from Hantec is still used commonly in everyday speech, for example ''šalina'' instead of ''tramvaj'' for “tram”, from German ''elektri'''sche Linie'''''.

The Hanakian dialect has a literary presence. Writers who have written in Hanakian dialect include [[Alois Mrštík|Alois]] and [[Vilém Mrštík]], [[Ondřej Přikryl]] and [[Jakub Obrovský]]. Written Hanakian dialect often distinguishes between "wide" or "open" ''ê'' and ''ô'' (as in ''rêba'', ''rôka''), and "closed" ''e'' and ''o'', to reflect dialects which pronounce these two sounds differently.<ref name="skulina"/>

==== Smrť kmotřička (example text) ====
{{blockquote|''Bêl jednó jeden člověk tôze chôdobné na sfětě. Narodil se mô chlapeček, ale nigdo (nihdo) nechtěl mô jiť za kmotra, že bêl tôze chôdobné. Otec si povidá: „Milé Bože, tak sô chôdobné, že mně nihdo nechce poslóžeť v té věce; veznô (vemô) si chlapca, pudô, a keho potkám, teho naptám za kmotra, a nepotkám-lê žádnyho, kostelnik mně přece snaď poslóži.“ Šil a potkal smrť, ale nevěděl, co to je za osobô; bêla pěkná ženská, jako iná ženská. Ptal jô za kmotřêčkô. Ona se nevêmlóvala a hneď ho přêvitala kmôcháčkem, vzala chlapca na rôkê a nesla ho do kostela. Chasnička pokřtilê jak se patři.'' ([[s:cs:Smrť kmotřička|full text]])}}

Czech translation:
{{blockquote|Byl jednou na světě jeden velmi chudý člověk. Narodil se mu chlapeček, ale nikdo mu nechtěl jít za kmotra, protože byl velmi chudý. Otec si povídá: „Milý Bože, jsem tak chudý, že mi v té věci nikdo nechce posloužit; vezmu si chlapce, půjdu, a koho potkám, toho si najmu jako kmotra, a nepotkám-li nikoho, snad mi přece poslouží kostelník.“ Šel a potkal smrt, ale nevěděl, co je to za osobu; byla to pěkná žena, jako jiná žena. Požádal ji, aby šla za kmotru. Ona se nevymlouvala a hned ho oslovila „kmotříčku“, vzala chlapce na ruce a nesla ho do kostela. Chasníčka pokřtili, jak se patří.}}

===Eastern Moravian===
{{See also|Moravian Wallachian dialect}}
[[File:Uherske-hradiste-station-mural.JPG|thumb|300px|right|A mural at [[Uherské Hradiště]] railway station with two lines of poetry written in an Eastern Moravian dialect]]
[[File:Obyvatelstvo moravské.jpg|thumb|right|A page from a popular encyclopedia describing the ethnic composition of Moravia in 1878, along with the Moravian dialects. This writing identifies the Wallachian dialect as a transitional dialect between Czech and Slovak, while the inhabitants of Moravian Slovakia are described as Slovaks.]]
Eastern Moravian dialects are transitional dialects between Czech and Slovak.<ref name=UCLA>{{cite web|title=Czech|url=http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=39|work=UCLA Language Materials Project|access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> They are spoken in the strip of land extending from [[Břeclav]] to [[Hodonín]], [[Kyjov (Hodonín District)|Kyjov]], [[Uherské Hradiště]], [[Zlín]] and [[Vsetín]]. The Eastern group contains two dialects of specific interest, the [[Moravian Wallachia]]n dialect ({{langx|cs|valašské nářečí, valašština}}) and the [[Moravian Slovakia|Moravian-Slovak]] dialect ({{langx|cs|slovácké nářečí, moravská slovenština}}).<ref name="forms" /> Features of Eastern Moravian dialects include:

* The distinction between soft ''l'' and hard ''ł'' (pronounced [w]) is usually retained (''hlava'', ''dělat'' = ''hłava'', ''děłat''). By extension, the final ''-l'' in past tense verbs is often rendered ''-u''.<ref name="map"/>
* ''aj'' sometimes retained instead of ''ej'' (''vejce'' = ''vajco'', ''dej'' = ''daj'').<ref name="map"/>
* In contrast to Common Czech, ''-ý-'' always prevails over ''-ej-'' (''dobrý'', ''strýc'' and never ''dobrej'', ''strejc'').<ref name="map"/>
* Infinitives end in ''-ť'' rather than ''-t'', as in Slovak (''být'' = ''býť'')
* The Moravian-Slovak dialect shares several other features with Slovak, including the use of the long [[ĺ]] and [[ŕ]] (''hloubka'' = ''hĺbka'', ''hrnout'' = ''ohŕňat'').<ref name="map"/>
* Wallachian dialects preserve the [[transgressive (linguistics)|present transgressive]], which is usually considered archaic in standard Czech aside from in a few arbitrary phrases.<ref name="map"/>

===Lachian dialects===
{{main|Lach dialects}}

[[Lach dialects|Lachian dialects]] (''Lach dialects'', {{langx|cs|lašské nářečí, laština}}), spoken in north-eastern Moravia and the adjacent regions of Silesia around [[Opava]], [[Ostrava]], [[Frýdek-Místek]] and [[Frenštát pod Radhoštěm]], are transitional dialects sharing more features of [[Polish language|Polish]].<ref name="hannan lysohorsky">{{cite journal |last= Hannan |first= Kevin |author-link= Kevin Hannan |date=Winter 1996 |title= The Lachian Literary Language of Óndra Łysohorsky |journal= [[Slavic and East European Journal|The Slavic and East European Journal]] |volume= 40 |issue= 4 |pages= 726–743 |doi= 10.2307/310109|jstor= 310109 }}</ref> Defining phonological features include loss of distinction between long and short vowels, a feature colloquially known as “krátký zobák” (“short beak”) in Czech,<ref name="map"/> stress shifted to the penultimate syllable of the word, as in [[Polish phonology|Polish]], rather than the first syllable,<ref name="hannan lysohorsky" /> alveolar consonants ''d'', ''t'' and ''n'' often shifted to their palatal counterparts, and a distinction between “hard” ([[post-alveolar]] or [[retroflex]]) ''š'', ''ž'', ''č'' and “soft” ([[alveolo-palatal]]) ''ś'', ''ź'', ''ć'', as in Polish.<ref name="map"/> Silesian dialects also contain many [[German language|German]] loanwords unfamiliar to other Czech dialects. The Lachian dialects are closely related to the [[Cieszyn Silesian dialect]], spoken in the area around [[Karviná]], [[Český Těšín]] and [[Třinec]] as well as on the Polish side of the border.

===Bohemian-Moravian dialects===
Bohemian-Moravian dialects, or South-eastern Bohemian dialects, spoken in the [[Bohemian-Moravian Highlands]] in western Moravia around [[Dačice]], [[Jihlava]] and [[Žďár nad Sázavou]] are a transitional group between dialects of Bohemia and Moravia, sharing some features in common with [[Common Czech]] and others more in common with Central Moravian.<ref name="wilson" /><ref name="map"/>

== Linguistic features ==

===Phonology===

Moravian dialects preserve numerous archaic phonological features that are no longer used in contemporary Czech, but can still be found in many other Slavic languages. The following tables list selected cognates, pointing out the archaisms and showing their equivalents in the other languages:

==== Absence of the Czech á > e vowel shift ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Czech       !! Moravian   !! Slovak       !! Polish       !! Upper Sorbian !! Lower Sorbian !! Russian  !! Ukrainian !! Slovenian  !! Prekmurje dialect  !! Serbo-Croatian !! English
|-
|naš'''e'''  || naš'''a''' || naš'''a'''   || nasz'''a'''  || naš'''a'''  || naš'''a''' || наш'''а''' (naš'''a''')  || наш'''а''' (naš'''a''') || naš'''a'''   || naš'''a'''   || naš'''a'''  || ''our'' (fem.)
|-
|ovc'''e'''  || ovc'''a''' || ovc'''a'''   || owc'''a'''   || wowc'''a''' || wójc'''a''' || овц'''а''' (ovc'''a''')  || вівц'''я''' (vivc'''ja''') || ovc'''a'''   || ovc'''a'''  || ovc'''a'''  || ''sheep''
|-
|zmij'''e''' || zmij'''a'''|| zmij'''a'''  || żmij'''a'''  || zmij'''a''' || zmij'''a''' || зме'''я''' (zme'''ja''')  || змі'''я''' (zmi'''ja''') || — || — || zmij'''a''' || ''viper; snake''
|-
|moř'''e'''  || moř'''a''' || mor'''a'''   || morz'''a'''  || morj'''a''' || mórj'''a''' || мор'''я''' (mor'''ja''')  || мор''''я''' (mor"'''ja''') || morj'''a'''  || mourj'''a''' || mor'''a'''  || ''sea'' (gen.)
|-
|kon'''ě'''  || koň'''a''' || koň'''a'''   || koni'''a'''  || konj'''a''' || konj'''a''' || кон'''я''' (kon'''ja''')  || кон'''я''' (kon'''ja''') || konj'''a''' || konj'''a''' || konj'''a''' || ''horse'' (gen.)
|-
|pol'''e'''  || pol'''a''' || poľ'''a'''   || pol'''a'''   || pol'''a'''  || pól'''a''' || пол'''я''' (pol'''ja''')  || пол'''я''' (pol'''ja''') || polj'''a'''  || pol'''á''' || polj'''a''' || ''field'' (gen.)
|}

==== Absence of the Czech ú > i vowel shift ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Czech       !! Moravian   !! Slovak       !! Polish       !! Upper Sorbian !! Lower Sorbian !! Russian !! Ukrainian !! Slovenian  !! Prekmurje dialect  !! Serbo-Croatian !! English
|-
|duš'''i'''  || duš'''u''' || duš'''u'''   || (duszę)  || duš'''u'''  || duš'''u''' || душ'''у''' (duš'''u''') || душ'''у''' (duš'''u''') || duš'''o'''  ||  düš'''o''' || duš'''u'''  || ''soul'' (acc.)
|-
|ulic'''i''' || ulic'''u'''|| ulic'''u'''  || (ulicę)  ||             || || улиц'''у''' (ulic'''u''') || вулиц'''ю''' (vulyc'''ju''') || ulic'''o''' || vulic'''o''' || ulic'''u''' || ''street''' (acc.)
|-
|chc'''i'''  || chc'''u''' || (chcem)  || (chcę)   || chc'''u'''  || c'''u''' || хоч'''у''' (choč'''u''') || хоч'''у''' (choč'''u''') || (hočem) || (ščém) || (ho)ć'''u'''|| ''I want''
|-
|moř'''i'''  || moř'''u''' || mor'''u'''   || morz'''u'''  || morj'''u''' || mórj'''u''' || мор'''ю''' (mor'''ju''') || мор'''ю''' (mor'''ju''') || morj'''u'''  || mourj'''i''' || mor'''u'''  || ''sea'' (dat.)
|-
|pol'''i'''  || pol'''u''' || poľ'''u'''  || pol'''u'''   || pol'''u'''  || pól'''u''' || пол'''ю''' (pol'''ju''')  || пол'''ю''' (pol'''ju''') || polj'''u'''  || pol'''i''' || polj'''u''' || ''field'' (dat.)
|-
|j'''i'''    || j'''u'''   || j'''u'''     || (ją)     || j'''u'''    || j'''u''' || е'''ё''' (je'''jo''') || ї'''ї''' (ji'''ji''') || j'''o''' || j'''o''' || nj'''u'''/j'''u'''/j'''e'''   || ''her'' (acc.)
|}

==== Retaining the -šč- group ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Czech       !! Moravian   !! Slovak       !! Polish       !! Upper Sorbian !! Russian  !! Ukrainian  !!Slovenian  !! Prekmurje dialect  !! Kajkavian !! Serbo-Croatian !! English
|-
|je'''št'''ě || (j)e'''šč'''e || e'''št'''e   || je'''szcz'''e (ješče)|| hi'''šć'''e   || е'''щ'''ё (je'''śś'''o) || '''щ'''e ('''šč'''e) || '''š'''e   || e'''šč'''e || jo'''šče,''' i'''šč'''e ||   jo'''š'''    || ''still, yet''
|}

==== Retaining palatal consonants ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Czech       !! Moravian   !! Slovak       !! Polish       !! Upper Sorbian !! Russian  !! Ukrainian  !! Slovenian  !! Prekmurje dialect  !! Serbo-Croatian !! English
|-
|sna'''d'''  || sna'''ď''' || sná'''ď'''   || sna'''dź'''/sna'''ć'''<ref group="n">obsolete</ref> || sna'''dź''' || || || || || || ''hopefully''
|-
|rados'''t'''||rados'''ť'''|| rados'''ť''' || radoś'''ć''' || rados'''ć'''  ||радос'''ть''' (rados'''t'''') ||радіс'''ть''' (radis'''t'''') || rados'''t''' || rados'''t''' || rados'''t''' || ''joy''
|-
|de'''n'''   || de'''ň'''  || de'''ň'''    || dzie'''ń'''  || dźe'''ń'''    || де'''нь''' (d'e'''n'''')  ||де'''нь''' (de'''n'''')|| da'''n'''   || dén  || da'''n'''   || ''day''
|-
| colspan="11" | <references group="n" />
|}

===Grammar===

While Moravian grammar tends to be similar to [[Czech grammar]], there are some defining features. For instance, Moravian dialects apply a uniform pattern to the 3rd person plural ending of class IV ''-it'' verbs, and class III ''-et'' verbs, which in standard Czech traditionally varied in an unintuitive fashion:<ref>{{cite book|last=Bermel|first=Neil|title=Linguistic Authority, Language Ideology, and Metaphor: The Czech Orthography Wars|year=2007|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3110188264|pages=60–61}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Standard Czech (infinitive) !! Haná dialect !! Moravian-Slovak dialect !! meaning
|-
| pros'''í''' (inf. prosit) || prosijó || prosijú || they beg
|-
| trp'''í''' (inf. trpět) || trpijó, trpějó || trpijú, trpějú || they suffer 
|-
| sáz'''í''', sáz'''ejí''' (inf. sázet) || sázijó, sázejó || sázijú, sázejú || they sow 
|}

Moravian dialects also occasionally use [[preposition]]s in a different fashion to Standard and Common Czech, usually mirroring usage in Slovak (e.g. ''něco '''k''' jídlu'' > ''něco '''na''' jídlo'' for "something to eat", {{langx|sk|niečo na jedlo}}) or Polish (e.g. ''pojď '''ke''' mně'' > ''choď '''do''' mě'', for "come to me", {{langx|pl|chodź do mnie}}).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ertl|first=Václav|title=K smrti, k jídlu, k pláči, k dostání a pod.|url=http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=2227|work=Naše řeč|access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref>

== Standardisation ==
Since the end of the 20th century, the private association Moravian Language Institute (''Ústav jazyka moravského''), founded by waiter and amateur linguist Jan Kozohorský, has made attempts to [[literary standard|standardise]] a literary Moravian language. The movement has been criticised by linguistics professors at [[Masaryk University in Brno]] as controversial and with strong political undertones.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://brnensky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/moravane-tvori-spisovnou-moravstinu20081112.html|title=Moravané tvoří spisovnou moravštinu|date=12 November 2008|newspaper=Brněnský Deník|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

== Notes ==
;Content notes
<references group="note" />
;Citations
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
* BLÁHA, Ondřej. Moravský jazykový separatismus: zdroje, cíle, slovanský kontext. In Studia Moravica. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultas Philosophica – Moravica. Olomouc : UP v Olomouci, 2005. ISSN 1801-7061. Svazek III.
* [[František Bartoš (folklorist)|Bartoš, František]]. Moravian Dialectology, Brno 1895.
* {{cite journal
  | last1 = Stich  | first1 = Alexandr
  | title = O spisovné moravštině a jiných "malých" jazycích
  | journal = Naše řeč
  | volume = 83
  | issue = 5
  | pages = 260–264
  | publisher = Ústav pro jazyk český Akademie věd ČR
  |date=November 2000
  | url = http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=7595
  | issn = 0027-8203}}
* Šustek, Zbyšek: Otázka kodifikace spisovného moravského jazyka (The question of codifying a written Moravian language). University of Tartu, 1998. Available [http://www.britskelisty.cz/9809/19980914d.html online] (Czech)
* Šrámek, R.: Zur heutigen Situation des Tschechischen. In: Ohnheiser, I. / Kienpointner, M. / Kalb, H.: Sprachen in Europa. Sprachsituation und Sprachpolitik in europäischen Ländern. Innsbruck 1999.
* Vintr, Josef: Das Tschechische. Hauptzüge seiner Sprachstruktur in Gegenwart und Geschichte. München: Sagner 2001.

==External links==
* [http://www.morcevnik.cz Multidialectal Czech-Moravian online dictionary]

{{Languages of the Czech Republic}}
{{Slavic languages}}
{{Silesia topics}}

[[Category:Languages of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Moravia]]
[[Category:Czech dialects]]