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{{Infobox Russian federal city
|EnglishName=Moscow
|RussianName=Москва
|Skyline=Moscow collage.jpg
|SkylineLegend='''Top:''' [[Moscow International Business Centre]] at night,<BR> '''Middle left''': [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], '''Middle centre''': [[Bolshoi Theatre]],<BR> '''Middle right''': [[Moscow State University]], '''Bottom:''' [[Moscow Kremlin]].
|LatDeg=55
|LatMin=45
|LatSec=06
|LonDeg=37
|LonMin=37
|LonSec=04
|LocatorMap=BlankMap-Europe-v5a (msk).png
|LocatorMapLegend=Location of Moscow in [[Europe]] and [[Russia]]
|Flag=Flag of Moscow.svg
|CoatOfArms=Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg
|CityDay
|FederalDistrict=[[Central Federal District|Central]]
|EconomicRegion=[[Central economic region|Central]]
|CodeNumber=77
|Area_km2=1081
|Population=10382754
|PopulationRank=1st
|LeaderType=Mayor
|LeaderName=[[Yury Luzhkov]]
|Legislature=[[Moscow City Duma|City Duma]]
|Charter=[[Charter of Moscow]]
|FoundationDate=1147
|Event1
|Event1Date
|PostalCode=101xxx–129xxx
|DialingCode=495
|DialingCode2=499
|Website=http://www.mos.ru
}}
'''Moscow''' ({{lang-ru|Москва́}}, [[romanization of Russian|romanised]]: ''Moskva'', [[help:IPA|IPA]]:see also [[names of European cities in different languages: M-P#M|other names]]) is the [[capital (political)|capital]] and the largest [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] of the [[Russian Federation]]. It is also the [[largest European cities and metropolitan areas|largest city in Europe]], with the [[Moscow metropolitan area]] ranking among the largest urban areas in the world. Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world.

It is located on the [[Moskva River]] in the [[Central Federal District]], in the [[European Russia|European part of Russia]]. Historically, it was the capital of the former [[Soviet Union]], [[Russian Empire]], [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]]. It is the site of the [[Moscow Kremlin]], which serves as the residence of the [[President of Russia]]. Russian parliament ([[State Duma|Gosudarstvennaya Duma]] and [[Federation Council of Russia|Sovet Federacii]]) and [[Government of Russia]] are meeting also in Moscow.

Moscow is a major economic centre and is home to the largest number of [[billionaire]]s in the world;<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2008-03-05 |publisher=RIA Novsoti |title=Moscow becomes world's billionaire capital&nbsp;— Forbes |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080306/100793187.html}}</ref> in 2008 Moscow was named the [[List of most expensive cities|world's most expensive city]] for foreign employees for the third year in a row.<ref>[http://www.mercer.com/summary.htm?idContent=1095320&originUrl=/home.jhtml Mercer's 2008 Cost of Living survey highlights]</ref>

It is home to many scientific and educational institutions, as well as numerous sport facilities. It possesses a complex transport system, that includes 3 international airports, 9 railroad terminals, and one of the world’s busiest [[Moscow Metro|metro systems]] which is famous for its architecture and artwork.

A person from Moscow is called a ''Muscovite.''

==History==
{{See also|History of Moscow}}

The city is named after the river (old {{lang-ru|гра́д Моско́в}}, literally "the city by the Moskva River"). The origin of the name is unknown, although several theories exist.<ref>Russian: [http://www.north-moscow.ru/article/fact/origin-word/ On the origins of ''Moskva'']</ref> One theory suggests that the source of the name is an ancient [[Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]] language, in which it means “dark” and “turbid”. The first Russian reference to Moscow dates from 1147 when [[Yuri Dolgoruki]] called upon the prince of the [[Novgorod Republic]] to “come to me, brother, to Moscow.”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm |title=The History of Moscow |publisher=Occidental College |last=Comins-Richmond |first=Walter |accessdate=2006-07-03}}</ref>
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
|Name = [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] and [[Red Square]], Moscow
|infoboxwidth= 250px
|Image = [[Image:StBasile SpasskayaTower Red Square Moscow.hires.jpg|250px|[[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], [[Spasskaya Tower]] of Moscow Kremlin]]
|State_Party = [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|22px]] [[Russian Federation]]
|Type = Cultural
|Criteria = i, ii, iv, vi
|ID = 545
|Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe]]
|Year = 1990
|Session = 14th
|Danger =
}}
[[File:RedSquare (pixinn.net).jpg|thumb|230px|left|[[Red Square]], view from [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]]]]

Nine years later, in 1156, Prince [[Yuri Dolgoruki]] of [[Rostov]] ordered the construction of a wooden wall, which had to be rebuilt multiple times, to surround the emerging city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russia.nypl.org/events/Kremlin.html |title=Russia Engages the World: The Building of the Kremlin, 1156–1516 |publisher=The New York Public Library |accessdate=2006-07-03}}</ref> After the sacking of 1237–1238, when the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants, Moscow recovered and became the capital of the independent [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] [[principality]] in 1327.<ref name="golden-ring">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf |format=PDF|title=Along the Moscow Golden Ring |publisher=Moscow,Russia Tourist Information centre |accessdate=2006-07-05}}</ref> Its favourable position on the headwaters of the [[Volga River]] contributed to steady expansion. Moscow developed into a stable and prosperous principality, known as [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]], for many years and attracted a large number of refugees from across Russia.

Under [[Ivan I of Russia|Ivan I]] the city replaced [[Tver]] as a political centre of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] and became the sole collector of taxes for the [[Mongol yoke|Mongol-Tatar rulers]]. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the [[Khan (title)|Khan]]. Unlike other principalities, Moscow was not divided among his sons but was passed intact to his eldest. However, Moscow's opposition against foreign domination grew. In 1380, prince [[Dmitry Donskoy]] of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the [[Golden Horde|Tatars]] in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]] which was not decisive, though. Only two years later Moscow was sacked by khan [[Tokhtamysh]]. In 1480, [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]] had [[Great stand on the Ugra river|finally broken the Russians free]] from Tatar control, allowing Moscow to become the centre of power in Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/2002/vogel_2/vogel.html |title=The Mongol Connection: Mongol Influences on the Development of Moscow |last=Vogel |first=Michael |publisher=Indiana University South Bend |accessdate=2006-07-03}}</ref> Under Ivan III the city became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of present-day Russia and other lands.
[[File:MemorialToJuriDolgoruky.jpeg|left|thumb|200px|Monument to the city's founder, [[Yury Dolgoruky]]]]

In 1571, the [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean Tatars]] attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]].<ref>[http://www.economist.com/cities/printStory.cfm?obj_id=9141603&city_id=MCW Moscow&nbsp;— Historical background]</ref>

In 1609, the [[Sweden|Swedish]] army led by Count [[Jacob De la Gardie]] and [[Evert Horn]] started their march from [[Veliky Novgorod]] toward Moscow to help [[Tsar]] [[Vasili IV of Russia|Vasili Shuiski]], entered Moscow in 1610 and suppressed the rebellion against the Tsar, but leaving it early next year 1611, following which the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian]] army invaded. During [[Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)]] [[hetman]] [[Stanisław Żółkiewski]] entered Moscow after defeated Russians in the [[Battle of Klushino]]. The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the [[Time of Troubles|liberation of Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders]] (1612), the [[Salt Riot]] (1648), the [[Copper Riot]] (1662), and the [[Moscow Uprising of 1682]].

The [[Black Death|plague]] of 1654–1656 killed half the population of Moscow.<ref>[http://cns.miis.edu/research/antiplague/pdfs/melikishvili.pdf Genesis of the Anti-Plague System: The Tsarist Period]</ref> The city ceased to be Russia’s capital in 1712, after the founding of [[Saint Petersburg]] by [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] near the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]] in 1703. During the [[French invasion of Russia]] in 1812, the Muscovites [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|burned the city]] and evacuated, as [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]’s forces were approaching on 14 September. Napoleon’s army, plagued by hunger, cold and poor supply lines, was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces.
[[Image:Fire of Moscow 1812.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[French invasion of Russia]] in 1812, [[fire of Moscow (1812)|Fire of Moscow]], painting of Smirnov A.F., 1813]]

In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or [[Mayor of Moscow|Mayor]], was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow’s first official mayor. Following the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], on 12 March 1918, Moscow became the capital of the [[Russian SFSR|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] and of the [[Soviet Union]] less than five years later.<ref name="embassy-geo">{{cite web|url=http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/GEOGRAF.HTM |title=Geographi |publisher=The Russian Embassy |accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> During [[World War II]] (known in Russia as the [[Great Patriotic War]]), after [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion]] of the USSR, the Soviet [[State Committee of Defence]] and the General Staff of the [[Red Army]] was located in Moscow.
[[Image:Alexeev KrPloschad.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Medieval Red Square, painting of [[Fedor Alekseev]], 1802]]

In 1941, sixteen divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), twenty-five battalions (18,500 people) and four engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. That November, the German [[Army Group Centre]] was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the [[Battle of Moscow]]. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be under [[siege]]. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned [[Anti-tank warfare|antitank]] defences, while the city was bombarded from the air. [[Joseph Stalin]] refused to leave the city, meaning the general staff and the council of people's commissars remained in the city as well. Despite the siege and the bombings, the construction of [[Moscow Metro|Moscow's metro system]], continued through the war and by the end of the war several new metro lines were opened.
[[Image:Map of Moscow 1784.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Map of Moscow, 1784]]

On 1 May 1944, a medal ''For the defence of Moscow'' and in 1947 another medal ''In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow'' were instituted. In commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the [[Victory Day (Eastern Front)|victory over Nazi Germany]], on 8 May 1965, Moscow became one of twelve Soviet cities awarded the title of the [[Hero City]].

In 1980, it hosted the [[1980 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]], which was boycotted by the [[United States]] and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in [[Afghanistan]] in late 1979. In 1991, Moscow was the scene of the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|failed coup attempt]] by the government members opposed to the reforms of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow continued to be the capital of Russia.

Since then, the emergence of [[market economy]] in Moscow has produced an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, [[architecture]], and lifestyles. Besides the historical traits of Moscow, it has many different agricultural attributes. In 1998, it hosted the first [[World Youth Games]]. Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation. At the centre of the city, in [[Central Administrative Okrug]], is the [[Moscow Kremlin]], which houses the residence of the [[President of Russia]] as well as many of the facilities of the national government. Numerous [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|military headquarters]], including the headquarters of the [[Moscow Military District]] are also based in Moscow.

Moscow, like with any national [[Capital (political)|capital]], is also the host of many foreign [[diplomatic missions]]. Moscow is designated as one of only two [[Federal cities of Russia]] (the other one being [[Saint Petersburg]]). Among the 85 [[Federal subjects of Russia]], Moscow is the most populated one and the smallest one in terms of area. Moscow is located within the [[central economic region]].

==Geography and climate==
[[Image:Moscow satellite image.jpeg|thumb|240px|left|Satellite image of Moscow and suburbia]]
===Location===

Moscow is situated on the banks of the [[Moskva River]], which flows for just over 500&nbsp;km through the [[East European Plain]] in central Russia. [[List of bridges in Moscow|49 bridges]] span the river and its canals within the city's limits.

Moscow's road system is centered roughly around the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally radiate outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads (“rings”).

The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso ([[Boulevard Ring]]), was built at the former location of the sixteenth century city wall around that used to be called [[Bely Gorod]] (White Town).<ref name="golden-ring" /> The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a [[horseshoe]]-like arc that goes from the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] to the [[Yauza River]]. In addition, the Boulevard Ring changes street names numerous times throughout its journey across the city.

The second primary ring, located outside the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso ([[Garden Ring]]). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a sixteenth century wall that used to encompass part of the city.<ref name="golden-ring" /> The third ring, the Third Transport Ring, was completed in 2003 as a high-speed [[freeway]].

The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, is under construction to further reduce traffic congestion. The outermost ring within Moscow is the [[MKAD|Moscow Automobile Ring Road]] (often called the ''MKAD'' from the Russian ''Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога''), which forms the approximate boundary of the city. Outside the city, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits.

===Climate===
{{See also|Climate of Moscow}}
Moscow has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb'') with warm, somewhat humid summers and long, cold winters. Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July and August are around {{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on|lk=on}}, but during heat waves, that can occur anytime from may to September, daytime temperature highs often top {{convert|30|°C|°F|abbr=on|lk=off}} for sometimes 1 or 2 weeks; in the winter, temperatures normally drop to approximately {{convert|-9|°C|°F|abbr=on|lk=off}}, though there can be periods of warmth with temperatures rising above {{convert|0|°C}}. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{Convert|36.7|°C|°F|abbr=on|lk=off}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/RSXX0063?from=search |title=Monthly Averages for Moscow, Russia |accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> in August 1936, and the lowest ever recorded was {{convert|-42.2|°C|°F|abbr=on|lk=off}} in January 1940. In 2007 were fixed 3 maximum month records - january + {{C to F|8.6}}, march + {{C to F|17.5}} and may + {{C to F|33.2}}. In 2008 - new record of december and all winter - + {{C to F|9.6}}.

Snow cover (averaging 3-5 months in year) is formed at the end of November and melts in mid-March, but in recent years snow cover has lasted shorter than usual; for example, in the winter of 2006-2007 the snow cover formed only at the end of January and melted at the beginning of March; in 2007-2008, the snow cover melted at the end of February, and in the 2008-2009 winter snow cover was formed only at the end of December, which is one month later than usual.

Monthly rainfall totals vary minimally throughout the year, although the [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] levels tend to be higher during the summer than during the winter. Due to the significant variation in temperature between the winter and summer months as well as the limited fluctuation in precipitation levels during the summer, Moscow is considered to be within a [[continental climate]] zone.

Average annual temperature in Moscow is {{Convert|6.0|°C|°F|abbr=on|lk=off}}, but in last years (2007, 2008) it was higher than {{Convert|7|°C|°F|abbr=on|lk=off}}<ref name="pogoda (data)">{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/data/27612.zip|title=Pogoda.ru.net (data), see article "Средняя (average)" |dateformat=mdy |accessdate=January 08 2009 |publisher= |language=Russian}}</ref>. Last summer light night frost was in first half of 20 century<ref name="pogoda (data)">{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/data/27612.zip|title=Pogoda.ru.net (data), see article "Минимум (minimum)" |dateformat=mdy |accessdate=January 08 2009 |publisher= |language=Russian}}</ref>.

On average Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine in year<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/weathernews.php?id=3284 |title=2008 was the warmest year in Moscow history (in russian) |accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>. In 2004 - 2008 - near 1800 - 2000 hours<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-4.php |title=Sunshine hours in 2007 (in russian) |accessdate=2009-02-21}}</ref>
{{clear}}
<!---IMPORTANT NOTE: Moscow is large and naturally has different records at different points. Records for All-Russia Exhibition Centre|VVC (VDNKh) weather station) see in [[Climate of Moscow]]--->
<!--Infobox begins-->{{Infobox Weather
|metric_first= Yes
|single_line= Yes
|location = Moscow (1989 - 2008)
|Jan_Hi_°C = -2.6 |Jan_REC_Hi_°C =
|Feb_Hi_°C = -2.7 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C =
|Mar_Hi_°C = 3.1 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C =
|Apr_Hi_°C = 12.0 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C =
|May_Hi_°C = 18.0 |May_REC_Hi_°C =
|Jun_Hi_°C = 22.1 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C =
|Jul_Hi_°C = 24.2 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C =
|Aug_Hi_°C = 22.0 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C =
|Sep_Hi_°C = 15.7 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C =
|Oct_Hi_°C = 9.0 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C =
|Nov_Hi_°C = 1.0 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C =
|Dec_Hi_°C = -2.5 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C =
|Year_Hi_°C = 10.0 |Year_REC_Hi_°C =
|Jan_Lo_°C = -8.5 |Jan_REC_Lo_°C =
|Feb_Lo_°C = -9.5 |Feb_REC_Lo_°C =
|Mar_Lo_°C = -4.2 |Mar_REC_Lo_°C =
|Apr_Lo_°C = 3.0 |Apr_REC_Lo_°C =
|May_Lo_°C = 7.2 |May_REC_Lo_°C =
|Jun_Lo_°C = 11.8 |Jun_REC_Lo_°C =
|Jul_Lo_°C = 14.4 |Jul_REC_Lo_°C =
|Aug_Lo_°C = 12.6 |Aug_REC_Lo_°C =
|Sep_Lo_°C = 7.5 |Sep_REC_Lo_°C =
|Oct_Lo_°C = 3.0 |Oct_REC_Lo_°C =
|Nov_Lo_°C = -3.6 |Nov_REC_Lo_°C =
|Dec_Lo_°C = -6.6 |Dec_REC_Lo_°C =
|Year_Lo_°C = 2.3 |Year_REC_Lo_°C =
<!--Optional: Mean daily temperature -->
|Jan_MEAN_°C =-5.5
|Feb_MEAN_°C =-5.9
|Mar_MEAN_°C =-0.6
|Apr_MEAN_°C =7.1
|May_MEAN_°C =12.7
|Jun_MEAN_°C =17.0
|Jul_MEAN_°C =19.2
|Aug_MEAN_°C =17.0
|Sep_MEAN_°C =11.3
|Oct_MEAN_°C =5.7
|Nov_MEAN_°C =-1.3
|Dec_MEAN_°C =-4.9
|Year_MEAN_°C =6.0
<!--**** use mm or cm but not both! ****-->
|Jan_Precip_cm = |Jan_Precip_mm = 55
|Feb_Precip_cm = |Feb_Precip_mm = 44
|Mar_Precip_cm = |Mar_Precip_mm = 41
|Apr_Precip_cm = |Apr_Precip_mm = 34
|May_Precip_cm = |May_Precip_mm = 53
|Jun_Precip_cm = |Jun_Precip_mm = 78
|Jul_Precip_cm = |Jul_Precip_mm = 85
|Aug_Precip_cm = |Aug_Precip_mm = 87
|Sep_Precip_cm = |Sep_Precip_mm = 65
|Oct_Precip_cm = |Oct_Precip_mm = 77
|Nov_Precip_cm = |Nov_Precip_mm = 53
|Dec_Precip_cm = |Dec_Precip_mm = 46
|Year_Precip_cm = |Year_Precip_mm = 718
<!-- Optional: Average monthly Sunshine hours -->
|Jan_Sun=33
|Feb_Sun=72
|Mar_Sun=128
|Apr_Sun=170
|May_Sun=265
|Jun_Sun=279
|Jul_Sun=271
|Aug_Sun=238
|Sep_Sun=147
|Oct_Sun=78
|Nov_Sun=32
|Dec_Sun=18
|Year_Sun=1731
|source =<ref name="Pogoda.ru.net (data)">{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/file.htm|title=Pogoda.ru.net (Average daily mean temperatures and records) Open file "Москва"(ru Moscow)|dateformat=mdy |accessdate=January 08 2009 |publisher= |language=Russian}}</ref><ref name="Meteoweb.ru Average monthly Sunshine hours">{{cite web |url=http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-1.php|title=Average monthly Sunshine hours (see russian "Норма (часы)")|accessdate=February 21 2009 |publisher= Meteoweb.ru|language=Russian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/weathernews.php?id=3284 |title=2008 was the warmest year in Moscow history (in russian) |accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
|accessdate =
}}

== Administrative divisions and Government==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Moscow}}
[[Image:Msk all districts abc eng.svg|thumb|250px|[[Administrative divisions of Moscow|Administrative okrugs of Moscow:
* 1. City of Zelenograd
* 2. Northern Administrative Okrug
* 3. North-Eastern Administrative Okrug
* 4. North-Western Administrative Okrug
* 5. Central Administrative Okrug
* 6. Eastern Administrative Okrug
* 7. Southern Administrative Okrug
* 8. South-Eastern Administrative Okrug
* 9. South-Western Administrative Okrug
* 10. Western Administrative Okrug]]]]
[[Image:Presnya.JPG|thumb|left|220px|View from the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Stalin skyscraper]] in Kudrinskaya Square. The mayor's highrise office (the former [[Comecon]] headquarters) is to the left, the Russian government building to the right]]

=== Government ===

Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation. At the centre of the city, in [[Central Administrative Okrug]], is the [[Moscow Kremlin]], which houses the home of the [[President of Russia]] as well as many of the facilities for the national government. This includes numerous [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|military headquarters]] and the headquarters of the [[Moscow Military District]]. Moscow, like with any national [[Capital (political)|capital]], is also the host of all the foreign [[diplomatic missions|embassies]] and diplomats representing a multitude of nations in Russia. Moscow is designated as one of only two [[Federal cities of Russia]] (the other one being [[Saint Petersburg]]). Among the 83 [[federal subjects of Russia]], Moscow represents the most populated one and the smallest one in terms of area. Lastly, Moscow is located within the [[central economic region]], one of [[Economic regions of Russia|twelve regions]] within Russia with similar economic goals.

=== Administrative divisions ===

The entire city of Moscow is headed by one [[mayor of Moscow|mayor]] ([[Yury Luzhkov]]). It is divided into ten administrative okrugs and 123&nbsp;districts. Nine of the ten administrative districts, except the City of Zelenograd (number&nbsp;1 on the map), are located within City of Moscow main boundaries.

All administrative okrugs and districts have their own [[coat of arms|coats of arms]], flags, and elected head officials. Additionally, most districts have their own cable television, computer network, and official newspaper.

In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status, or territories. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations, such as the case with the [[All-Russia Exhibition Centre]], the [[Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences|Botanical Garden]], large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the [[Chinatown]]s that exist in some [[North America]]n and [[East Asia]]n cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city centre, [[Moscow metro|metro]] stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.

In addition to being the capital of Russia, Moscow is the administrative centre of [[Moscow Oblast]]. Since Moscow has the status of a [[federal cities of Russia|federal city]], it is administratively separate from the oblast.

==Architecture==
[[Image:Shukhov tower shabolovka moscow 02.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Shukhov Tower]] in Moscow. Currently under threat of demolition, the tower is at the top of [[UNESCO]]'s Endangered Buildings list and there is an international campaign to save it.]]
[[Image:ost.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Ostankino Tower]], the tallest free-standing structure in [[Eurasia]]. It remains the third-tallest free-standing structure in the world.]]
Moscow’s architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is also well known as the site of [[Saint Basil's Cathedral|Saint Basil’s Cathedral]], with its elegant [[onion dome]]s, as well as the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior]] and the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Seven Sisters]]. The [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow|Patriarch of Moscow]], whose residence is the [[Danilov Monastery]], serves as the head of the [[Orthodox Church]]. Moscow also hosted the [[1980 Summer Olympics]].
For a long time, the view of the city was dominated by numerous Orthodox churches. The look of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, mostly due to [[Joseph Stalin]], who oversaw a large-scale effort to modernise the city. He introduced broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, but he also destroyed a great number of historically significant architectural works. The [[Sukharev Tower]], as well as numerous mansions and stores lining the major streets, and various works of religious architecture, such as the [[Kazan Cathedral, Moscow|Kazan Cathedral]] and the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]], were all destroyed during Stalin’s rule. During the 1990s, however, both the latter were rebuilt amid criticism due to the high costs and lack of historical perspective<ref>[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1525/city.1998.10.1.269?cookieSet=1&journalCode=ciso blackwell-synergy.com]</ref>.

Architect [[Vladimir Shukhov]] was responsible for building several of Moscow’s landmarks during early Soviet Russia. The [[Shukhov Tower]], just one of many [[Hyperboloid structure|hyperboloid towers]] designed by Shukhov, was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a [[Russia]]n broadcasting company.<ref name="stako">{{cite web |url=http://www.stako.ru/static.php?&id=mem_shukhov&lang=eng&data=mem_shukhov |publisher=Melnikov Institute |title=Memorial |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivist]] architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the [[Main Universal Store|Upper Trade Rows (GUM)]] on [[Red Square]],<ref name="stako" /> bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.

Stalin, however, is also credited with building the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|The Seven Sisters]], comprising seven, cathedral-like structures. A defining feature of Moscow’s skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the [[Manhattan Municipal Building]] in [[New York City]], and their style{{ndash}} with intricate exteriors and a large central spire{{ndash}} has been described as [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist Gothic architecture]]. All seven towers can be seen from most elevations in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the [[Ostankino Tower]] which, when it was completed in 1967, was the tallest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world’s third-tallest after the [[Burj Dubai]] in Dubai and the [[CN Tower]] in Toronto.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2000/08/30/170-print.html |publisher=Reuters ''via'' The Moscow Times |accessdate=2006-07-06 |date=2000-08-30 |title=Moscow TV Broadcasts Set to Resume After Fire |last=Shukshin |first=Andrei}}</ref>

The Soviet policy of providing mandatory housing for every citizen and his or her family, and the rapid growth of the Muscovite population in Soviet times, also led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks, which can often be differentiated by age, sturdiness of construction, or ‘style’ according to the neighbourhood and the materials used. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc) and they are usually ill-maintained.
[[File:Kotelnicheskaya Tower 00.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Kotelnicheskaya Embankment]] (one of seven [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|stalinist skyscrapers]])]]
The Stalinist-era constructions, usually in the central city, are massive and usually ornamented with [[Socialist realism]] motifs that imitate [[classical architecture|classical]] themes. However, small churches{{ndash}} almost always [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]]{{ndash}} found across the city provide glimpses of the its past. The Old [[Arbat]], a popular tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the twentieth century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist [[façade]]s of [[Tverskaya Street]], for example) are also examples of [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] architecture typical of [[Tsar]]ist times. [[Ostankino]], [[Kuskovo]], [[Uzkoye]] and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some [[:Category:Monasteries in Moscow|convents and monasteries]], both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.

[[File:Moscow3.jpg|thumb|upright|Modern buildings in Moscow]]
Attempts are being made to restore many of the city’s best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These revamped structures are easily spotted by their bright new colours and spotless facades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet [[avant-garde]] work too, such as the house of the architect [[Konstantin Melnikov]] in the [[Arbat]] area. Many of these restorations were criticized for their disrespect of historical authenticity. [[Facadism]] is also widely practiced.<ref>[http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single Moscow Architecture Preservation Society<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-[[Modernist]] styles employed, such as with the [[Novy Arbat]] project, familiarly known as “false teeth of Moscow” and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in the Moscow downtown involved in the project.

As in [[London]], but on a broader scale, plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well-known outside of Russia. There are also many "house-museums" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city.

Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing with several new towers under construction. One tower will be the second tallest in the world when it is completed in 2012, the {{convert|2009|ft|m|sing=on}}-tall [[Russia Tower]].

In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years<ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/11/moscow-russia-buildings New Statesman - Appetite for destruction<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew,with the inevitable loss of every historical value.Critics also blame the government for not applying the conservation laws:in the last 12 years more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the seventeenth century.<ref>[http://www.gif.ru/eng/news/maps-third/ GiF.Ru&nbsp;– Art of Russia>> The third bulletin of the Moscow Architectural Preservation Society (MAPS)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, that include many works by architect [[Konstantin Melnikov]]<ref>[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1580263,00.html Tom Parfitt tracks down Moscow's last utopian architecture | Art and design | guardian.co.uk<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>and [[Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Mayakovskaya]] metro station. Some organisations, such as [http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single Moscow Architecture Preservation Society] and [http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/english/english.htm Save Europe's Heritage], are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/82C2116A-568F-4413-A9AF-5528525AEE75.html [Russia: Moscow's Architectural Heritage Under Threat&#93; - [Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008&#93;<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

===Moscow skyline from Sparrow Hills===
{{wide image|Panorama of Moscow at night.jpg|1400px|<center><small>View from [[Sparrow Hills|Vorob'yovy gory (Sparrow Hills)]] to [[Moskva River]]. Center — [[Luzhniki Stadium]], right — metro station [[Vorobyovy Gory (Moscow Metro)|Vorob'yovy gory]] (built into the lower level of a bridge, it is unique in the city and in the world) and building of [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]</small></center>}}</center>

==Culture==
===Overview===
[[Image:Gmii.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Pushkin Museum|Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts]]]]
One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the [[Tretyakov Gallery]], which was founded by [[Pavel Tretyakov]], a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.<ref>See also: [http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/ The Official Site of the Tretyakov Gallery] Retrieved on [[2006-07-08]].</ref> The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the [[Tretyakovskaya]] area on the south bank of the [[Moskva River]], houses the works of the classic Russian tradition.<ref name="trety">{{cite web |url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml |title=About The State Tretyakov Gallery |accessdate=2006-07-10 |publisher=The State Tretyakov Gallery}}</ref> The works of famous pre-[[October Revolution|Revolutionary]] painters, such as [[Ilya Repin]], as well as the works of early Russian [[icon painting|icon painters]] can be found in the Old Tretyakov Gallery. Visitors can even see rare originals by early-fifteenth century [[iconography|iconographer]] [[Andrei Rublev]].<ref name="trety" /> The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary artists, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early twentieth century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of [[Vladimir Tatlin]]'s famous ''[[Tatlin's Tower|Monument to the Third International]]'' and a mixture of other [[avant-garde]] works by artists like [[Kazimir Malevich]] and [[Wassily Kandinsky]]. [[Socialist realism]] features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.

[[Image:Tretyakovskaya gallery.JPG|thumb|200px|left|[[Tretyakov Gallery]].]]

Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the [[Pushkin Museum|Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts]], which was founded by, among others, [[Marina Tsvetaeva]]'s father. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the [[British Museum]] in [[London]] in that its halls are a cross-section of world civilisations, with many plaster casts of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts famous paintings from every major Western era of art; works by [[Claude Monet]], [[Paul Cézanne]], and [[Pablo Picasso]] are all sampled there.

The [[State Historical Museum]] of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history wedged between [[Red Square]] and [[Manege Square]] in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers in the millions. The [[Polytechnical Museum]],<ref>See also: {{ru icon}} [http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum] Retrieved on [[2006-07-23]]. ({{en icon}} [http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ English version])</ref> founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata of the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1 |title=The Museum Collections |publisher=Polytechnical Museum |accessdate=2006-08-04}}</ref> The Borodino Panorama<ref>See also: [http://www.1812panorama.ru/ The official site of Borodino Panorama museum]</ref> museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° [[diorama]]. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon’s army, that includes also the Triumphal arch erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum not to be missed, it includes statues, military hardware, along with powerful tales of that time.

[[Image:Bolshoi Theatre.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Bolshoi Theatre.]]

Moscow is also the heart of Russian performing arts, including [[Russian ballet|ballet]] and film. There are ninety-three theatres, 132 cinemas and twenty-four concert-halls in Moscow. Among Moscow’s many theatres and ballet studios is the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] and the Malyi Theatre as well as [[Vakhtangov Theatre]] and [[Moscow Art Theatre]]. The repertories in a typical Moscow season are exhaustive and modern interpretations of classic works, whether operatic or theatrical, are quite common. State Central Concert Hall Rossia,<ref>See also: [http://www.gckz.ru/english/rossia.html The Official Site of the State Central Concert Hall "Rossia"]. Retrieved on [[2006-07-17]].</ref> famous for ballet and estrade performances, is the place of frequent concerts of pop-stars such as [[Alla Pugacheva]] and is situated in the soon to be demolished building of [[Hotel Rossiya]], the largest hotel in Europe.

[[Image:Inside Moscow Bolshoi Theatre.jpg|200px|left|thumb|The [[Bolshoi Theatre]] during an April 2005 performance.]]

Moscow International Performance Arts Centre,<ref>See also: [http://www.mmdm.ru/en/ The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre]. Retrieved on [[2006-08-09]].</ref> opened in 2003, also known as [[Moscow International House of Music]], is known for its performances in classical music. It also has the largest [[Organ (music)|organ]] in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.

There are also two large [[circus]]es in Moscow: [[Moscow State Circus]] and [[Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard]]<ref>See also: {{ru icon}} [http://www.circusnikulin.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus]. Retrieved on [[2006-07-17]].</ref> named after [[Yuri Nikulin]].

Soviet films are integral to film history and the [[Mosfilm]] studio was at the heart of many Soviet classic films as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units/eng/history.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng |title=History of the Mosfilm concern studios foundation |publisher=MosFilm |accessdate=2006-07-10}}</ref> However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally-renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the [[Museum of Cinema]]<ref>See also: [http://www.museikino.ru The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema]. Retrieved on [[2006-07-22]].</ref> collection are shown regularly.

===Parks and landmarks===
{{seealso|List of Moscow tourist attractions}}
{{wrapper}}
| [[Image:Patriarshy.JPG|thumb|[[Patriarch's Ponds]].]]</tr>
| [[Image:Kolomen00.jpg|thumb|Ascension church in [[Kolomenskoye]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]]]</tr>
| [[Image:Ostdv5.jpg|thumb|[[Ostankino Palace]].]]</tr>
| [[Image:Vdnkh.jpg|right|thumb|Fountain in All-Russia Exhibition Centre.]]
|}
[[File:Moscow9.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Sokolniki Park|Sokolniki park]]]]
There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, Including 4 botanical gardens. There are also {{km2 to mi2|450|precision=0|}} of green zones besides {{km2 to mi2|100|precision=0|}} of forests.<ref name="mosru-stats">{{ru icon}} {{cite web |url=http://mos.ru/cgi-bin/pbl_web?vid=2&osn_id=0&id_rub=1716&news_unom=51989 |title=СТОЛИЦА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦИФР, ФАКТОВ И СОБЫТИЙ |publisher=Moscow government|accessdate=2006-07-07}}</ref> Moscow is a very green city if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and America. There are on average 27 square meters (290&nbsp;[[square foot|sq&nbsp;ft]]) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for [[Paris]], 7.5 in [[London]] and 8.6 in [[New York City|New York]].<ref name="greendress">{{ru icon}} [http://www.screen.ru/moscow/zelen.htm Green dress of Moscow]</ref>

The [[Gorky Park (Moscow)|Central Park of Culture and Rest]], named after [[Maxim Gorky]], was founded in 1928. The main part (689,000 square metres{{\}} 170&nbsp;[[acre]]s)<ref name="greendress" /> along the Moskva river contains [[Architectural glossary#Estrade|estrades]], children's attractions (including the ''Observation Wheel'' water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the [[Neskuchniy Garden]] (408,000 square metres{{\}} 101&nbsp;acres), the oldest park in Moscow and a former Emperor's residence, created as a result of integration of three estates of XVIII century. The Garden features the Green Theatre, one of the largest open amphitheatres in Europe and able to hold up to 15 thousand people.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://mosday.ru/photos/?neskuchniy Neskuchniy Garden]</ref>

[[Izmaylovsky Park]] created in 1931 is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with [[Richmond Park]] in [[London]]. Its area of {{km2 to mi2|15.34|precision=2|wiki=yes}} is six times greater than that of [[Central Park]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref name="greendress" />

[[Sokolniki Park]], named after the [[falcon]] hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of {{km2 to mi2|6|precision=0}}. From a central circle with a large fountain radiate birch, maple and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's deer ponds.

[[Losiny Ostrov National Park]] ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than {{km2 to mi2|116|precision=0}}, borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is also known as the "city taiga", where elk can be seen.
[[Image:Moscow Zoo.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Entrance to the Moscow Zoo.]]

Tsytsin Main [[Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences|Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences]], founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.gbsad.ru The Official Site of the Main Moscow Botanical Garden]. Retrieved on [[2006-07-18]].</ref> It covers territory of {{km2 to mi2|3.61|precision=2}} bordering the [[All-Russia Exhibition Centre]] and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand of different species of plants from different parts of the world as well as scientific research laboratory. It also contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest with average age of trees exceeding 100 years as well as a greenhouse on more than 5000 square meters.<ref name="greendress" />

''Lilac Park'', founded in 1958, is known for its permanent sculpture exposition and a large rosarium.

Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the better known attractions include the city's [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], [[Moscow Kremlin]] and [[Red Square]],<ref>[[UNESCO]] considers the [[Moscow Kremlin]] and [[Red Square]] to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 UNESCO's profile] on this site.</ref> which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 |title=Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow |accessdate=2006-07-15 |publisher=UNESCO |work=World Heritage List}}</ref> The [[Kolomenskoye#The White Column of Kolomenskoe|Church of the Ascension]] at [[Kolomenskoye]], which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634 |title=Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye |accessdate=2006-07-15 |publisher=UNESCO |work=World Heritage List}}</ref>

Other popular attractions include the [[Moscow Zoo]], home to nearly a thousands species and more than 6,500 specimens.<ref name="moszoo">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowzoo.ru |title=General Information |publisher=Moscow Zoo |accessdate=2006-07-15}}</ref> Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors.<ref name="moszoo" /> The long days will also afford one more time to cover the immense wealth of historical, cultural or simply popular sites in Moscow.

===Sports===
Moscow possesses a large number of various sport facilities and over 500 Olympic champions lived in the city by 2005.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm BBC Sport: The mood in Moscow]</ref> Moscow is home to sixty-three stadia (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which [[Luzhniki Stadium]] is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the [[UEFA Cup 1998–99]] and [[UEFA Champions League 2007–08]] finals). Forty other sport complexes are located within the city, including twenty-four with artificial ice. There are also seven [[horse racing]] tracks in Moscow,<ref name="mosru-stats" /> of which [[Central Moscow Hippodrome]],<ref>See also: {{ru icon}} [http://www.cmh.ru/ The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome]</ref> founded in 1834, is the largest.

Moscow was the host city of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], although the [[yachting]] events were held at [[Tallinn]], in present-day [[Estonia]]. Large athletic facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had also made a bid for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]. However, when final voting commenced on 6 July 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were finally awarded to [[London 2012|London]].

[[Image:Luzhniki Stadium Moscow.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Grand Sport Arena of [[Luzhniki Stadium]], as seen from [[Sparrow Hills]].]]
[[Image:Moscow7.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Lokomotiv Stadium (Moscow)|Lokomotiv Stadium]]]]
The most titled [[ice hockey]] team in the [[Soviet Union]] and in the world, [[HC CSKA Moscow]] comes from Moscow. Other big ice Hockey clubs from Moscow are [[HC Dynamo Moscow]], which was the second most titled team in the [[Soviet Union]], [[Krylya Sovetov Moscow]], and [[HC Spartak Moscow]].

The most titled [[Soviet Union|Soviet]], [[Russia]]n, and one of the most titled [[Euroleague]] clubs, is the [[Basketball]] club from Moscow [[PBC CSKA Moscow]]. Another strong [[Basketball]] club from Moskow is [[MBC Dynamo Moscow]].

Moscow had more winners at the [[USSR Chess Championship|USSR]] and [[Russian Chess Championship]] than any other city. Some of them were the best players in the world.

The most titled [[Volleyball]] team in the [[Soviet Union]] and in [[Europe]] ([[CEV Champions League]]) is [[VC CSKA Moscow]].

[[Image:Moscow Hippodrome 4.JPG|left|thumb|200px|Central Moscow Hippodrome façade.]]
[[Image:Ice palace in Moscow.JPG|thumb|200px|right|The [[Khodynka Arena]] ice palace, built in 2006.]]
In [[Football (soccer)|Football]], [[FC Spartak Moscow]] is the club that has won more championship titles in the [[Russian Premier League]] than any other team, and were second only to [[Dynamo Kyiv]] in the [[Soviet Union]]. [[PFC CSKA Moscow]] is the first [[Russia]]n football team who won an [[UEFA]] title. [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow]], [[FC Dynamo Moscow]], [[FC Moscow]], [[Torpedo Moscow]] and [[Sportakademklub Moscow]] are the other professional football teams based in Moscow.

Because of Moscow's cold local climate, [[winter sport]]s have a large following as well. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiers and frozen ponds for skaters.

Moscow also hosts the annual [[Kremlin Cup]], a popular [[tennis]] tournament on both the [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] and [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] tours. It is regarded as a very prestigious tournament and is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.

Slava Moscow are a professional [[rugby union]] club, competing in the national [[Professional Rugby League]]. Moscow recently became home to the offices of the [[Rugby Union of Russia]], formerly located in [[Krasnoyarsk]], [[Siberia]].

Moscow is the home of one club in the [[Russian Championship]] of [[rugby league]], [[RC Lokomotiv Moscow]]. They often participate in the [[Challenge Cup]] the most prestigious knockout competition in rugby league.

In [[Bandy]] one of the most successful clubs in the world is [[Dynamo Moscow (bandy club)|Dynamo Moscow]].

One of the best [[Futsal]] clubs in [[Europe]], is the club [[MFK Dinamo Moskva]].

[[Image:Fountain Europe Square Moscow.jpg|thumb|Fountain in Moscow's [[Square of Europe]], lit at night]]

===Night life===
There is a vibrant night life in Moscow. The major and one of the most popular nightlife areas is around [[Tverskaya Street]].

The southern part of Tverskaya Street near the [[Manege Square]] and the [[Red Square]] area is known as an area with many expensive, luxurious bars and restaurants, and is considered to be a playground for [[New Russians]] and celebrities.

Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.

The adjoining [[Tretyakovsky Proyezd]], also south of Tverskaya Street, in [[Kitai-gorod]], is host to upscale boutique stores such as [[Bulgari]], [[Tiffany & Co.]], [[Armani]], [[Prada]] and [[Bentley]].<ref name="go-mag">{{cite web |url=http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497 |title=Go Magazine |publisher=The Moscow Times |accessdate=2007-02-20}}</ref>

==Education and science==
{{See also|Education in Russia}}
[[Image:52316532 b27574ec03 o.jpg|thumb|left|[[Moscow State University]] at [[Sparrow Hills]]]]

There are 1696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.<ref name="mosru-stats" /> Besides these, there are 222 institutions offering higher education in Moscow, including 60 state universities<ref name="mosru-stats" /> and the [[Moscow State University|Lomonosov Moscow State University]], which was founded in 1755.<ref name="msu-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html |title=MSU History |publisher=Moscow State University |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> The university main building located in Vorobyovy Gory ([[Sparrow Hills]]) is {{M to ft|240|precision=0}} tall and when completed, was the tallest building outside the United States.<ref>{{cite book |title=Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings |last=Templeton |first=John Marks |date=1997-10-01 |isbn=1-890151-02-5 |pages=99}}</ref> The university has over 30,000 [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and 7,000 [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to learn the [[Russian language]].
[[Image:Plechanow-akademie.jpg|thumb|left|Main building of [[Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics]]]]
Moscow is a financial center of [[Russian Federation]] and [[CIS]] countries and well-known for its business schools, among the best are [[Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics]]; [[Finance Academy under the Government of RF]]; [[New Economic School]]; [[The State University of Management]], and [[State University - Higher School of Economics]]. They offer undegraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate and economic theory as well Masters programs and [[MBA]] with varied concentrations. Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.

[[Moscow State Technical University|Bauman Moscow State Technical University]], founded in 1830, is located in the centre of Moscow and provides more than 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering offering a wide range of technical degrees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmstu.ru/mstu/English |last=Fedorov |first=I.B. |publisher=МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана ((Bauman Moscow State Technical University) |title=General (English) |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> Since it opened enrolment to students from outside Russia in 1991, Bauman Moscow State Technical University has increased its international enrolment to up to two hundred.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://195.19.32.10/megdun/eng/index.htm |title=International Relations |publisher=международная деятельность МГТУ (Bauman Moscow State Technical University) |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref>

The [[Moscow Conservatory]],<ref>See also: [http://www.mosconsv.ru The Official Site of the Moscow Conservatory]. Retrieved on [[2006-07-17]].</ref> founded in 1866 is a prominent music school in Russia, whose graduates included [[Sergei Rachmaninoff|Sergey Rachmaninoff]], [[Alexander Scriabin]], [[Aram Khachaturian]], [[Mstislav Rostropovich]], and [[Alfred Schnittke]].

[[Image:Lefortovo mei.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the [[Moscow Power Engineering Institute]].]]

The [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography|Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography]], abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in [[Cinematography]], founded by [[Vladimir Gardin]] in 1919. [[Sergei Eisenstein]], [[Vsevolod Pudovkin]], and [[Aleksey Batalov]] were among its most distinguished professors and [[Mikhail Vartanov]], [[Sergei Parajanov]], [[Andrei Tarkovsky]], [[Nikita Mikhalkov]], [[Eldar Ryazanov]], [[Alexander Sokurov]], [[Yuriy Norshteyn]], [[Aleksandr Petrov (animator)|Aleksandr Petrov]], [[Vasily Shukshin]], [[Konrad Wolf]] among graduates.

[[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]], founded in 1944, remains Russia's best known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six different schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books&nbsp;— of which 20,000 are considered rare&nbsp;— can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mgimo.ru/showcontent.asp?UID={7F81DBB2-6EEE-4796-B2DF-7230433C5C41}" |title=Facts and Figures |publisher=MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations) |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref>

Among other prominent institutions are the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]], also known as [[Phystech]], [[Moscow Aviation Institute]], [[Moscow Motorroad Institute (State Technical University)]], and the [[Moscow Engineering Physics Institute]]. [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]] has taught numerous [[Nobel Prize]] winners, including [[Pyotr Kapitsa]], [[Nikolay Semyonov]], [[Lev Landau]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]], while the [[Moscow Engineering Physics Institute]] is known for its research in [[nuclear physics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icra.it/Icranet/Members/struc_russia2.htm |title=Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) |publisher=International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics |accessdate=2006-08-04}}</ref>. The highest Russian military school is the [[Frunze Military Academy|Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]].

Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards [[engineering]] or the fundamental science, in recent years Moscow has seen a significant growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in [[Business school|business]] and [[management]]. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and increased their student enrolments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] degrees, including the [[Master of Business Administration]]. [[Student exchange program]]s with different (especially, [[Europe]]an) countries also have become widespread in Moscow's universities, while many schools within the Russian capital will also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.

[[Image:Sk334.jpg|thumb|right|The headquarters of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]].]]

Moscow is known as one of the most important science centres in Russia. The headquarters of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] are located in Moscow as well as numerous research and applied science institutions.

The [[Kurchatov Institute]], Russia's leading research and development institution in the field of nuclear energy, where the first [[nuclear reactor]] in Europe was built, [[Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics]], [[Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics]], [[Institute for Physical Problems|Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems]] and [[Steklov Institute of Mathematics]] are all situated in Moscow.

There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.<ref name="mosru-stats" /> The [[Russian State Library]],<ref>See also: [http://rsl.ru/index.php?lang=en The official homepage of the Russian State Library]</ref> founded in 1862 is the national library of Russia. The Russian State Library is home to over 275 kilometres of shelves and forty-two million items, including over seventeen million books and serial volumes, thirteen million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 different languages comprise approximately twenty-nine percent of the collection.<ref>{{ru icon}} {{cite web |url=http://leninka.ru/index.php?doc=950 |title=Краткая статистическая справка |publisher=Russian State Library |accessdate=2006-08-04 |date=2006-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rsl.ru/index.php?f=2 |title=Stacks |publisher=The Russian State Library |accessdate=2006-08-04}}</ref>

The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library, specialising in [[Russian history]]. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, [[heraldry]], [[numismatics]], and the [[history of science]].<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.shpl.ru/shpage.php?menu=1&h=le Official site of the State Public Historical Library]</ref>

==Panoramic view of Moscow==
{{wide image|Moscow pano.jpg|1000px|<center><small>View from to [[Moskva River]]. Left - [[Krasnoluzhsky Bridge|Bohdan Khmelnytskyi Bridge]], center — [[Square of Europe]] and [[Kiyevsky Rail Terminal]], behind - [[Moscow International Business Centre|Moskva-city under construction]], right — [[Borodinsky Bridge]], behind - [[White House, Moscow|House of the Government of the Russian Federation]]
</small></center>}}</center>

==Transport==
===Air===
[[Image:Svo terminal 2.jpg|thumb|[[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] Terminal 2]]

There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]], [[Domodedovo International Airport]], [[Bykovo Airport]], [[Ostafyevo International Airport]] and [[Vnukovo International Airport]]. Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most common entry point for foreign passengers, handling sixty percent of all international flights.<ref name="4airports">{{cite news |url=http://www.go-russia.com/angela.php |publisher=Go-Russia |title=Moscow Airports |date=2007-10-07 |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> [[Domodedovo International Airport]] is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput, and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo's. The three other airports particularly offer flights within Russia and to and from states from the former [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/byplane.html |accessdate=2006-07-03 |title=Getting to Russia: Arriving by Plane |publisher=The Moscow Times}}</ref> Moscow's airports vary in distances from [[MKAD]] beltway: Bykovo is the farthest, at 35 kilometres (21&nbsp;mi); Domodedovo is next at 22 kilometres (13.7&nbsp;mi); Vnukovo is 11 kilometres (6.8&nbsp;mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 kilometres (6.25&nbsp;mi); and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about {{km to mi|8|precision=0}} from MKAD.<ref name="4airports" />

There are also several smaller airports near Moscow, such as [[Airport Myachkovo]], intended for private aircraft, [[helicopter]]s and charters.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.sostav.ru/news/2004/08/18/72/ Airport Myachkovo changed the owners]</ref>

===Rail, bus and water===
[[Image:Kievski railstation.JPG|left|thumb|[[Kiyevsky Rail Terminal]], as seen from the Moskva River embankment]]
[[Image:Paveletskiy mzd.jpg|right|thumb|[[Paveletsky Rail Terminal]]]]
[[Image:Moscow Northern river terminal.jpg|thumb|[[North River Terminal]]]]

Moscow employs several train stations to serve the city. Moscow's nine rail terminals (or ''vokzals'')&nbsp; are:
* [[Belorussky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Kazansky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Kiyevsky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Kursky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Leningradsky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Paveletsky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Rizhsky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Savyolovsky Rail Terminal]]
* [[Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal]]
They are located close to the city centre, but each handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia.<ref name="mostimestrain">{{cite web |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/bytrain.html |publisher=The Moscow Times |title=Getting to Russia: Arriving by Train |accessdate=2006-07-03}}</ref> There are also many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are relatively cheap, they are the mode of preference for travelling Russians, especially when departing to [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is also the western terminus of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], which traverses nearly {{km to mi|9300|precision=0}} of Russian territory to [[Vladivostok]] on the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast.

Moscow also has two passenger terminals, ([[South River Terminal]] and [[North River Terminal]] or Rechnoy vokzal), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along [[Moskva River|Moskva]] and [[Oka River|Oka]] rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal, built in 1937, is also the main hub for long-range river routes. There are also three freight ports serving Moscow. Besides this Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses ([[Central Bus Terminal (Moscow)|Central Bus Terminal]]) with daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.<ref>See also: {{ru icon}} [http://www.kvartirant.ru/news/?news_id=10891&date=12.05.2006&date2=2006-05-12] Realty news. Retrieved on [[2006-07-22]].</ref>

===Rapid transit===
{{main|Moscow Metro}}
[[Image:Mosmetro2008.png|thumb|left|[[Moscow Metro]], September 2008]]
[[Image:Moscow Metro Arbatskaja.jpg|200px|thumb|The [[Arbatskaya (Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line)|Arbatskaya]] metro station]]
[[Image:Mon2.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Moscow Monorail Transit System|Moscow Monorail Line]].]]
Local transport includes the [[Moscow Metro]], a [[Rapid transit|metro]] system famous for its art, [[mural]]s, [[mosaic]]s, and ornate [[chandelier]]s. When it first opened in 1935, the system had just one line. Today, the Moscow Metro contains twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 177 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance the [[Park Pobedy (Moscow Metro)|Park Pobedy]] station, completed in 2003, at {{convert|84|m}} underground, has the longest [[escalator]]s in Europe. The Moscow Metro is [[Metro systems by annual passenger rides|one of world's busiest]] metro systems, serving more than nine million passengers daily.<ref name="metro">{{ru icon}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=99 |title=Московский метрополитен |accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> There is also a [[Moscow Monorail Transit System|monorail line]], operated by the same company. Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has wide plans of expansion of Moscow Metro.

As Metro stations outside the city centre are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to four kilometres (2.5&nbsp;mi), an extensive bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Suburbs and satellite cities also connected by commuter [[elektrichka]] (electric rail) network. Every large street in the city is served by at least one bus route. There are also extensive [[tram]] and [[trolleybus]] networks.

A time-saving search engine for tracing Moscow's city transport routes may be found at the [http://msk.rusavtobus.ru/en Moscow Routes] website.

===Roads===
There are over 2.6 million cars in the city on a daily basis.<ref name="mosru-stats" /> Recent years have seen the growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and the lack of parking space to become major problems.

The [[MKAD]], along with the [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Transport Ring]] and the future Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three [[freeway]]s that run within Moscow city limits. However, as one can easily observe from a map of Moscow area, there are several other roadway systems that form [[concentric circles]] around the city.

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of Russia}}
===Overview===
[[Image:GUM, Moscow, Russia.jpg|thumb|220px|The [[State Universal Store]]'s exterior facing Red Square]]
[[File:Moscow5.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Building of [[Sberbank|Sberbank Rossii]] in Moscow]]
In 2006, [[Mercer Management Consulting]] named Moscow the world's [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|most expensive city for expatriate employees]], ahead of perennial winner [[Tokyo]], due to the stable [[Russian ruble]] as well as increasing housing prices within the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm |last=Sahadi |first=Jeanne |date=2006-06-23 |accessdate=2006-07-04 |publisher=CNNMoney |title=World's most expensive cities}}</ref>

A significant portion of Russia's profits and development is concentrated in Moscow as many multi-national corporations have branches and offices in the city. The plush offices and the lifestyles of the typical corporate employee in Moscow are often indistinguishable from any [[Western Europe]]an city, although the average salary for the Muscovite is a bit lower.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables%5CUROV-7.htm |publisher=Federal Service on State Statistics |title=Average monthly salaries |accessdate=2007-09-07 |format=HTML}}</ref> Since the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]], various business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centres and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use.

However, while the overall stability has improved in the recent years, crime and corruption continue to remain a problem hindering business development.
[[File:Moscow10.jpg|thumb|220px|Trade centre in Moscow]]
The Cherkizovskiy marketplace is the largest marketplace in Europe with daily turnover of about thirty million dollars and about ten thousand sellers<ref>{{ru icon}} {{cite news |url=http://www.newtimes.ru/artical.asp?n=3111&art_id=6991|last=Aleksandrov |first=Yuri |date=2005-12-11 |title=Новые лимитчики |publisher=New Times |accessdate=2006-07-07}}</ref> from different countries (including the [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Turkey]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[India]]). It is administratively divided into twelve parts and covers a wide sector of the city.

[[Image:GUM-flickr01.jpg|left|150px|thumbnail|Inside the [[Main Universal Store|Upper Trading Rows (named GUM)]] near [[Red Square]]]]
Moscow now has 74 billionaires with average wealth of $5.9 billion, placing it above New York, Forbes Magazine said in its annual rich list published on Thursday. According to the list, New York has 71 billionaires, followed by London with 36, Istanbul with 34, and Hong Kong with 30. Russia is second only to the United States in the number of its super-rich. An additional 35 Russians have crossed the $1 billion mark in the past year, helped along by the continued rise of the ruble against the dollar. "Sixteen years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia, with 87 billionaires, is the new No. 2 country behind the U.S., easily overtaking Germany, with 59 billionaires, which held the honour for six years," said Forbes associate editor Luisa Kroll. The United States accounts for 469 (42 percent) of the world's billionaires. Topping the list of Russia's billionaires is Oleg Deripaska with $28 billion, placing him ninth in the world, ahead of the more famous Roman Abramovich with $23.5 billion, in 15th place. Deripaska's holding company, Basic Element, owns huge assets in insurance, auto manufacture, and aluminum, while Abramovich, since selling his oil company Sibneft to Russian state-controlled gas giant Gazprom in 2005, has bought up steel and mining assets. He also owns Chelsea Football Club. Russia's richest woman remains Elena Baturina, the 45-year-old second wife of Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. Forbes estimates that she has added $1.1 billion to her personal wealth in the past year, bringing it up to $4.2 billion and putting her in 253rd place globally.

The [[nouveau riche]], also called the "New Russians", often pejoratively, have a reputation for flaunting their wealth; the avenues for doing so, and subtly, have also increased in recent times&nbsp;— a sense of fashion and self-consciousness has instilled itself through the many [[haute couture]] and [[haute cuisine]] spots in Moscow.

===Industry===
Primary [[industry|industries]] in Moscow include the [[chemical industry|chemical]], [[metallurgy]], [[Food industry|food]], [[textile]], [[furniture]], [[energy production]], [[software development]] and [[machine]]ry industries.

[[Image:Moscow skyline sparrow hills.jpg|thumb|220px|The Moscow Skyline as seen from [[Sparrow Hills]]]]
[[Image:Zil new Tapir.JPG|left|thumb|[[ZiL]]-436200 "Tapir"]]
The [[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant]] is one of the leading producers of military and civil helicopters in the world. [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]] produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations [[Mir]], [[Salyut]] and the [[ISS]] as well as [[Proton rocket|Proton launch vehicles]] and military [[ICBM]]s. [[OKB Sukhoi|Sukhoi]], [[Ilyushin]], [[Mikoyan]], [[Tupolev]] and [[Yakovlev]] aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. Automobile plants [[ZiL]] and [[AZLK]], as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and [[Metrovagonmash]] metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The [[Poljot|Poljot Moscow watch factory]] produces reliable military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. [[Yuri Gagarin]] in his trip into space used "Shturmanskie", produced by this factory. The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery<ref>See also: [http://eng.kristall.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery]. Retrieved on [[2006-07-08]].</ref> is the oldest distillery in Russia producing various [[vodka]] types, including "[[Stolichnaya]]" while a wide assortment of wines are produced at several Moscow wine plants, including Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.<ref>See also: {{ru icon}} [http://www.mmvz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery]. Retrieved on [[2006-07-07]].</ref> The Moscow Jewelry Factory<ref>See also: {{ru icon}} [http://www.miuz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory]. Retrieved on [[2006-07-07]].</ref> and the Jewellerprom<ref>See also: {{ru icon}} [http://www.jewellerprom.ru The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom]. Retrieved on [[2006-07-07]]</ref> are important producers of jewellery in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the famous and exclusive [[Order of Victory]], awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's [[Red Army]] during [[World War II]]. There are also many other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as many microelectronic industries in [[Zelenograd]].
[[Image:Sukhoi-okb.JPG|thumb|left|[[OKB Sukhoi]]]]
Moscow also hosts headquarters of various software development companies, including such as

* [[Kaspersky Lab]] - worldwide-known producer of anti-virus software ,
* [[1C Company]] - business software and games producer,
* [[ABBYY]] software house - developer of text recognition and translation software,
* [[Akella]] - game developer company

and many others.

Despite the economic growth experienced in Moscow since the dawn of the twenty-first century, many industries have undergone various crises in recent years. Some of them have been sold to foreign [[investment|investors]], such as [[OTIS]] and [[British American Tobacco]], and others have been closed down to make room for new buildings constructed as business centres.

Additionally, some industry is now being transferred out of Moscow to improve the ecological state of the city. Nevertheless, the city of Moscow remains one of Russia's major industrial centres.

===Living costs===
[[Image:Triumph-Palace2.jpg|thumb|220px|right|[[Triumph Palace]] - Europe's tallest residential building]]
[[File:Moscow8.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Residential buildings under construction]]

During [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honours). [[Private ownership]] of apartments was limited until the 1990s, when people were permitted to secure property rights to the places they inhabited. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area. Due to the current economic situation, the price of [[real estate]] in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay US$4000 in average per square meter (11&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft) in the outskirts of the city<ref>http://rus.intermark.ru/about-us/press/mt_20_10/ US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times</ref> or US$6,500-$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.regnum.ru/news/643249.html The absolute record of realty cost is broken]</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Humphries |first=Conor |title=Dividing the Spoils of the Boom |url=http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13 |publisher=The Moscow Times |date=2006-06-20 |accessdate=2006-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{ru icon}} [http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006 Costs of realty in Moscow (2006)]</ref> It costs about US$2500 per month to rent a 1-bedroom apartment and about US$1500 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.

A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square meters (323&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft), a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square meters (485&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft), and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square meters (753&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft). Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in [[dacha]]s (country houses) outside the city.

In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the [[list of most expensive cities]] for the third year in a row. <ref>[http://realestate.msn.com/buying/Article_forbes.aspx?cp-documentid=8839818&GT1=35000 World's most expensive cities - Buy a House: MLS Listings & Home Buying Tips - MSN Real Estate<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

As of 2006, there are 8.47 million Muscovites able to work. 1.73 million are employed by the state, 4.42 million are employed by private companies, and 1.99 million are employed by small businesses. There are 74,400 officially registered unemployed working age, of which 34,400 are eligible for unemployment benefits.<ref name="mosru-stats" />

<gallery>
image:Moscow1.jpg
image:Moscow2.jpg
image:Moscow4.jpg
image:Moscow6.jpg
</gallery>

===Future development===
[[Image:Moscow City 16.05.2008 (1).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Moscow-City|Moscow International Business Centre]] under construction]]
[[Image:Moscow, Bagration Bridge and Tower 2000.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Bagration bridge]] and [[Tower 2000]]]]

The "Moscow International Business Centre" ([[Moscow-City]]) is a projected new part of central Moscow. Geographically situated in [[Presnensky District]], located at the [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring]], the Moscow-City area is under intense development.

The goal of MIBC "Moscow-City" is to create a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe{{Fact|date=March 2009}}, that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. It will be a city within a city. The project was conceived by the Moscow government in 1992.

The construction of MIBC "Moscow-City" takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up 1 square kilometer (247&nbsp;acres). This area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.

The [[Federation Tower]], now being built is to be completed in 2008, will become the tallest building in Europe when completed.

At overall completion the plan is to have one of the tallest buildings in the world; the [[Russia Tower]] is planned to be completed by 2012 at a height of 612,2&nbsp;meters (2009&nbsp;ft), second only to the [[Burj Dubai]].<ref>[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=russiatower-moscow-russia Russia Tower] www.emporis.com Retrieved 6 January 2007.</ref> Also to be included in the project are a [[waterpark]] and other recreational facilities; trade and entertainment complexes, numerous prestigious office and residential buildings, the transport node and the [[City Hall and City Duma|new site of the Moscow government]]. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has already been completed, of which two have already opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned. A rail shuttle service, directly connecting MIBC with [[Sheremetyevo Airport]] is also planned.

A Fourth Ring freeway (in addition to [[MKAD|Moscow Automobile Ring Road]], [[Garden Ring]] and the [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring]]) has been designed and is being built around Moscow. It is to be completed by 2012 and will have total length of {{km to mi|61|precision=0}}.<ref>{{ru icon}}http://www.gazeta.ru/auto/2006/02/27_a_551381.shtml</ref><ref>{{ru icon}}http://www.prime-realty.ru/cmi/c5/5.146..htm</ref><ref>[http://www.roads.ru/4tk/4tk_rbk.php Plan of the Fourth Transport Road]</ref>

==[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Moscow Images of Moscow]==
{{commons|Москва|Moscow images and media}}
[[Image:Moscow-city2007.JPG|thumb|center|800px|<center>|[[Moscow International Business Centre]] at night]]

==Demographics==
===Population===
[[Image:Population Development Moscow.png|thumb|300px|Population of (1350—2005)]]
According to the [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]] the population of the city was 10,382,754, however, this figure only takes into account legal residents.

For centuries Moscow has been the largest city in Russia and/or the [[Soviet Union]], however the collapse of the latter has led to a decline in [[Siberian]] as well as many other Russian cities, so that Moscow's growth and dominance over [[Saint Petersburg]] and the rest of the nation has become even more pronounced.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

Due to a low [[List of countries and territories by fertility rate|birth rate]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/RussiasDemographicDeclineContinues.aspx |last=Heleniak |first=Timothy |title=Russia's Demographic Decline Continues |month=June |year=2002 |publisher=Population Reference Bureau |accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> and high mortality rate, the population of Russia has been declining by about 700,000 persons per year{{Fact|date=March 2009}} since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]. In 2003, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by approximately 49,400. Whilst the birth rate has risen in more recent years, the average age of Moscow's population continues to increase.

Substantial numbers of internal migrants mean that Moscow's population is still increasing, whereas the population of many other Russian cities is in decline. Migrants are attracted by Moscow's strong economy which contrasts sharply with the stagnation in many other parts of Russia. In order to help regulate population growth, Moscow has an [[internal passport]] system that prohibits non-residents from staying in the capital for more than ninety days without registration.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

===Religion===
[[Image:Russia-Moscow-Cathedral of Christ the Saviour-6.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]], demolished during the Soviet period, was reconstructed from 1990–2000]]
{{main|Religion in Russia}}

Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which the Russian Orthodox Church is the most popular by virtue of being the country’s traditional religion and is deemed a part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bell|first=Imogen|title=Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=respecting+christianity+islam+buddhism+judaism+and+other&source=web&ots=pppIldMuS1&sig=KikE3NJkzMEdWt4rU9EoeN03-6o|accessdate=2007-12-27}}</ref>. Moscow is also Russian's capital of Orthodox Christianity. Moscow was called "city of 1600 churches" (ru: ''"город сорока сороков церквей"'' - city of sorok sorokov (40 x 40) churches) prior to 1917. In 1918 Russia became secular state and religion lost its position in society. After disintegration of [[USSR|Soviet Union]] in 1991 many of the destroyed churches have been restored and traditional religions are gaining popularity.

In Moscow there are other religious societies besides Orthodoxy: Muslims (Moscow is home to 1.5 million people of Muslim backgrounds, many from countries previously a part of the Soviet Union), Protestants, Old-believers, Single-believers, Judaism and various cult buildings of those religions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moscow Today|date=02 2009|url=http://www.shitoryu.org/events/Moscow_2003/moscow.htm|accessdate=2009-02-21}}</ref>.

The [[New Age]] movement has also led to emergence of some "non-traditional" religions in large cities of Russia. Polls indicate that around 1% of population of Moscow and St.Petersburg self-identify as Buddhists. Many of these are Slavic and have no ethnic connection to Buddhism.

==Crime==

Moscow and [[Saint Petersburg]] have often served as the capital for [[auto theft]] in [[Russia]], this [[crime]] in particular dramatically increased during the early 1990’s. It is estimated fifty cars were stolen per day, with the yearly total ranging from 100,000 and 150,000 vehicles stolen.<ref>http://www.photius.com/countries/russia/government/russia_government_crime_statistics.html</ref> Pick-pocketing is frequent in Moscow, as well as [[burglary]] from vehicles. [[Organized crime]] in Moscow and [[Russia]] in general, have often been involved with [[drug trafficking]], [[cyber crime]], [[prostitution]], and [[financial crime]]s. Robbers in the city tend to pose as [[taxicab|taxi]] drivers, or [[police]] officers, it is recommended to not travel alone and to use caution outside of [[Metro station]]s.<ref>https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=82276</ref> Moscow has historically had a high [[murder rate]] [[per capita]]. For the year of 1998, Moscow had a murder rate of 18.1 killings per 100,000 residents and was the most dangerous European city; other cities that followed closely behind were [[Helsinki]], [[Stockholm]] and [[Lisbon]].<ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news |title= The United States of murder |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/153988.stm |publisher= [[BBC News]] |date= [[August 19]], [[1998]] |accessdate=25 January 2009 }}</ref>

==Media==
[[File:TVcenter in Ostankino.jpg|thumb|right|200px|right|TV-center in Ostankino]]
{{see|List of Moscow newspapers}}

Moscow is the headquarters of nearly all Russian nationwide [[television network]]s, [[radio station]]s, [[newspaper]]s and [[magazine]]s.

English-language media include ''[[The Moscow Times]]'' and ''[[Moscow News]]'' which are, respectively, the largest<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/doc/Adv.html |publisher=The Moscow Times |title=Advertising Information |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of [[Russia]]. ''Expert'', ''[[Kommersant]]'', and ''[[Gazeta]]'' are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. ''Expert'' and ''Kommersant'' are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers.

Other notable media of Moscow include the ''[[Echo of Moscow]]'', the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and [[NTV Russia|NTV]], one of the first privately owned Russian television stations.

==Twin cities==
Moscow has many [[Town twinning|twin cities]]. In order to find source on the cities, it is found on the sister city's page.
{{col-start}}
{{col-3}}
*{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]].
*{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]]. <ref>[http://www.almaty.freenet.kz/symbol.htm Almaty official site]</ref>
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]].
*{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]].
*{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]].
*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]].
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].
*{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Banja Luka]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].
*{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]].
*{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]].
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], [[Germany]].
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]].
*{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]].
*{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].
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*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], [[United States|USA]].
*{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cusco]], [[Peru]].
*{{flagicon|India}} [[Delhi]], [[India]].
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]].
*{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].
*{{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Dushanbe]], [[Tajikistan]].
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Düsseldorf]], [[Germany]].
*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Ganja, Azerbaijan]].
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]].
*{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], [[Cuba]].
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh]], [[Vietnam]].
*{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Jelgava]], [[Latvia]].
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kolomna]], [[Russia]].
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Kraków]], [[Poland]].
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Limoges]], [[France]].
*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]].
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]].
{{col-break}}
*{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], [[Spain]].
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]], [[Philippines]].
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Naryan-Mar]], [[Russia]].
*{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]].
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], [[France]].
*{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Podgorica]], [[Montenegro]].
*{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]].
*{{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]].
*{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Rasht]], [[Iran]].
*{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]].<ref>[http://www.diplomatrus.com/article.php?id=1071&PHPSESSID=1d432b8ba8416b3494009601b57893a2&l=eng Moscow and Rejkjavik sister cities. ]. Retrieved on 2008-03-11</ref>
*{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], [[Latvia]].
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].
*{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]].
*{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]].
*{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].
{{col-break}}
*{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], [[Albania]].<ref>Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.</ref>
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].
*{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]].
*{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Ulan Bator]], [[Mongolia]].
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Valenciennes]], [[France]].
*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]].
*{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]].
{{col-end}}

==Bibliography==
*Caroline Brooke. Moscow: A Cultural History. 2006 (Oxford University Press)
*Karel Neubert. "Portrait of Moscow". 1964
*Albert J. Schmidt. "The Architecture and Planning of Classical Moscow: A Cultural History". 1989
*Kathleen Berton. "Moscow: An Architectural History". St. Martin's, 1991
*Marcel Girard. "Splendours of Moscow and Its Surroundings", trans. from French. 1967
*John Bushnell. "Moscow Graffiti: Language and Subculture". Unwin Hyman, 1990
*S.S. Hromov et al. (eds.). "History of Moscow: An Outline", trans. from Russian. 1981
*Galina Dutkina. "Moscow Days: Life and Hard Times in the New Russia". Trans. Catherine Fitzpatrick. Kodansha America, 1995.
*Serguei Lukyanenko. "Night watch" and "Day watch"

==See also==
*[[1904 Moscow tornado]]
*First [[World Youth Games]]
*[[History of Russia]]
*[[List of cities proper by population]]
*[[List of mayors of Moscow]]
*[[List of Moscow tourist attractions]]
*[[List of Christian churches in Moscow]]
*[[Moscow Millionaire Fair]]
*[[Moscow International Business Centre]]
*[[Moya Moskva|''Moya Moskva'' ("My Moscow")]], Moscow's anthem.
*[[Grand Duchy of Moscow]]
*[[Third Rome]]
*[[Pokrovsky Hills]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Linkfarm}}
{{Sisterlinks|Moscow}}
*[http://wikitravel.org/en/Moscow Moscow on Wikitravel]
*[http://www.yapriedu.ru - The transport directory of Moscow]
*[http://www.smartmoscow.com smartmoscow.com - independent, detailed guide]
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.1-moscow.com Website of Modern Moscow]

===Official sites===
*[http://www.moscow-city.ru/?lang_char_id=en Committee for Tourism of Moscow City Government]
*[http://www.mos.ru Official Moscow Administration Site] {{ru icon}}

===Maps===
*[http://moscow.360cities.net 360 Panorama Guide to Moscow]

{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{List of Asian capitals by region}}
{{Subdivisions of Russia}}
{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
{{Hero Cities}}
{{Golden Ring}}
{{World's most populated metropolitan areas}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}

[[Category:Moscow| ]]
[[Category:1147 establishments]]
[[Category:Federal cities of Russia]]
[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games]]
[[Category:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union]]

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Revision as of 22:16, 10 March 2009

trevor goodman is the greatest

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