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Nur ibn Mujahid

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Nur ibn Mujahid
نور بن مجاهد
Emir of Adal
Emir of Harar
Amir al-Mu'minin[1]
Tomb of Nur ibn Mujahid in Harar
Leader of Adal
Reign1550–1567
PredecessorAhmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
SuccessorUthman the Abyssinian
Died1567
SpouseBati del Wambara
Names
  • Imam of the Pious
  • Master of the Second Conquest
  • Annihilator of the Infidels
  • Prince of the Believers
  • Commander of the Faithful
ReligionIslam

Nur al-Din[2] or Nur ibn Mujahid ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdullah al Dhuhi Suha (Harari: ኑር ኢብን ሙጃሂድ, Somali: Nuur ibn Mujaahid, Arabic: نور بن مجاهد; died 1567) was an Emir of Harar who ruled over the Adal Sultanate.[3][4] He was known for marrying his uncle's widow, Bati del Wambara, and also succeeding Imam Ahmad as the leader of the Muslim forces fighting Christian Ethiopia.[5] He is often known as the "King of Adel" in medieval texts.[6]

History

[edit]

Nur ibn Mujahid was the son of Wazir Mujahid ibn 'Ali ibn 'Abdallah ad-Duhi Suha, one of the cavalry commanders of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi who himself was the son of Garad Ali who was from a well established noble family.[7] Mujahid married Ahmad’s sister, from which marriage Nur was born. Mohammed Hassen states Nur's father was a chief of the Harari people.[8] According to several oral traditions recorded by Enrico Cerulli, Nur ibn Mujahid was Somali and hailed from the Marehan subclan of the greater Darod clan.[9][10] The Royal Chronicle of Gelawdewos' considered Nur to be "from the tribe of the Suhawyan", which according to Solomon Gebreyes Beyene could be the name of an Afar or Somali subclan.[11][12]

When Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, who had led the Muslim conquest of the Ethiopian Highlands, was killed in 1543, the Muslim forces fell back in confusion to Adal. The dead leader’s widow, Bati del Wambara, undertook to renew the fortunes of the Kingdom. She inspired her people to take revenge and the Adalites, believing that they Abyssinians were vulnerable, invaded the highlands in 1548. This ended in catastrophe when they were repulsed by Gelawdewos's vassal, Fanu'el, and Gelawdewos later arrived in the region upon where he ravaged the country for five months.[13]

Bati del Wambara the de facto leader of Adal would stipulate to Nur a commander of Zeila that she would only marry him if he killed Gelawdewos.[14] Nur would thus depart on a jihad (holy war) to the eastern Ethiopian lowlands of Bale and Dawaro. This venture was unsuccessful, Nur was defeated and the Abyssinians then advanced into Adalite territory. However, this defeat was not mortal and Adal soon recovered.[15]

In 1559, Nur once again took the offensive and invaded Fatagar. Gelawdewos, who was in Gojjam, sent his cousin Hamalmal to Harar hoping to force the Muslims back. But Nur held on, hoping to deal the Abyssinians a decisive blow in their own country. Hamalmal was able to enter Harar without any significant resistance, capturing and executing Sultan Barakat ibn Umar Din. In the meantime, Gelawdewos, with a larger army attacked Nur with smaller army .[16] Gelawdewos was defeated and killed by Nur at the Battle of Fatagar. Following this victory, Nur crossed over into Wej province to loot the palace and the capital of the deceased emperor before promptly returning to his country.[17][18]

Despite this victory, the following years were very difficult for Harar. The Oromos who had been migrating north invaded the Adal Sultanate and annihilated Nur's army at the Battle of Hazalo following his victory at Fatagar over the Abyssinians. The invasion was accompanied by carnage on an appalling scale and according to Bahrey, there had been "no such slaughter since the Oromo first invaded". This was followed by a mass migration which sent different groups fleeing from their ancestral homes.[19][20]

The severed head of Gelawdewos was nevertheless successfully brought to Harar where it was put on display for the people to witness.[21] Nur was promoted to Emir, upon marrying Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's widow, Bati del Wambara. He would be acknowledged by the citizens of Harar, and the widow of Ahmed as the leader of Adal.[22][23][24][25][26] Contemporary Harari records describes Nur as a very religious ruler who abstained from every act forbidden by the Sharia and likewise wanted his people to follow his example in their lives, explicitly prohibiting un-Islamic behavior among the nobility.[7]

Most of the Muslim population fled to the walled city of Harar. The Oromos then occupied and settled on the lands of the Hararghe highlands which had been abandoned by the local population.[27][28] After the Oromos had settled in the surrounding countryside of Harar, the city experienced a severe famine. J. Spencer Trimingham narrates "Emir Nur exerted every effort to help his people to recover, but after every respite the Oromo would again descend like locusts and scourge the country, and Nur himself eventually died of the pestilence which spread during the famine."[29]

Some historians consider Nur as the last witness and protagonist of Islamic greatness in the Horn of Africa.[30] In fact a later Harari Arabic poem praising Nur says: "The city of Harar sparkles with holy men; and, especially with the rightful Imam of the pious. Well deserved she is, to draw the hems of her raiment, 'cause he who has built her, is the annihilator of the infidels."[31] Harari documents from the time also give him the prestigious title of Amir al-Mu‟minin.[32]

References

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  1. ^ E. Cerulli. Islam Yesterday and Today. p. 381.
  2. ^ Stéphane Ancel. L'Islam en Ethiopie (PDF).
  3. ^ Beyene, Solomon Gebreyes (2017). "The Chronicle of King Gälawdewos (1540–1559) : A Critical Edition with Annotated Translation". Aethiopica. 19: 327–328. doi:10.15460/AETHIOPICA.19.1.1006. S2CID 164703526.
  4. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 244. ISBN 9780932415196.
  5. ^ R.Basset (editor), Histoire de la conquete de l’Abyssinie (History of the Conquest of Abyssinia), Paris, 1897–1901
  6. ^ Lobo, Jerónimo (1735). Sequel of the Account of Abyssinia. A. Bettesworth, and C. Hitch. p. 317.
  7. ^ a b "The Oromo of Ethiopia 1500-1800" (PDF). p. 180.
  8. ^ Hassen, Mohammed. "Review work Futuh al habasa". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies: 181. JSTOR 27828848.
  9. ^ Cerulli, Enrico (2013). Islam:Today and Yesterday. p. 189. Retrieved 2023-06-11. The nowadays oral tradition attributes the Marrehan origin to Nur which means from the famous Somali Marrehan tribe of Darod group.
  10. ^ Wendt, Kurt (1935). "Amharische Geschichte eines Emirs von Harar im XVI. Jahrhundert". Orientalia. 4: 488. ISSN 0030-5367. JSTOR 43581078.
  11. ^ Beyene, Solomon Gebreyes (2017). "The Chronicle of King Gälawdewos (1540–1559) : A Critical Edition with Annotated Translation". Aethiopica. 19: 327–328. doi:10.15460/AETHIOPICA.19.1.1006. S2CID 164703526. It might be the name of a tribe of Afar or Somali, which were claimed to be under the territory of ʿAdal.
  12. ^ Kadir, Ahmad ibn Abd al (1897). Histoire de la conquête de l'Abyssinie, (XVIe siècle).: Texte arabe. I (in French). E. Leroux. p. 48.
  13. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 244. ISBN 9780932415196.
  14. ^ Bruce, James (1804). Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, & 1773. p. 222.
  15. ^ Trimingham, J. Spencer. 1952. Islam in Ethiopia. London: Oxford University Press. p. 91.
  16. ^ Hervé Pennec, Pedro Paez's History of Ethiopia, 1622 (Christopher Tribe trad.) (Paris: Centre d'Etudes des Mondes Africains, 2011), https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00688394, accessed date.
  17. ^ Trimmingham, John Spencer (1952). Islam in Ethiopia. Frank Cass & Company. p. 92. ISBN 9780714617312.
  18. ^ "The Oromo of Ethiopia 1500-1800" (PDF). p. 22.
  19. ^ Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 283
  20. ^ "The Oromo of Ethiopia 1500-1800" (PDF). p. 22.
  21. ^ Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Jr, Professor Henry Louis Gates (2012-02-02). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. p. 451. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  22. ^ Trimingham, J. (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-136-97022-1.
  23. ^ Trimingham, J. (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-136-97022-1.
  24. ^ Dr. E. Cerulli, Documenti arabi per la storia dell’Ethiopia, Memoria della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Vol. 4, No. 2, Rome, 1931
  25. ^ Taariikh (in Somali). Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Barbaarinta. 1976. p. 72.
  26. ^ Wendt, Kurt (1935). "Amharische Geschichte eines Emirs von Harar im XVI. Jahrhundert". Orientalia. 4 (Orientalia, vol. 4 ed.). GBPress: 488. JSTOR 43581078.
  27. ^ "Oromo: Migration and Expansion: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". World history. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  28. ^ Abir, Mordechai (28 October 2013). Ethiopia and the Red Sea. Routledge. p. 139. ISBN 9781136280900. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  29. ^ Trimingham, J. Spencer. 1952. Islam in Ethiopia. London: Oxford University Press. p. 94.
  30. ^ Cuoq, Joseph (1981). L'Islam en Éthiopie des origines au XVIe siècle (in French). Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 266. ISBN 978-2-7233-0111-4.
  31. ^ E. Cerulli. Islam Yesterday and Today. p. 339.
  32. ^ E. Cerulli. Islam Yesterday and Today. p. 381.
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