Owl butterfly
| Owl butterflies | |
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| Caligo martia | |
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| Genus: | Caligo Hübner, [1819]
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| Type species | |
| Caligo eurilochus Cramer, 1775
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| Diversity | |
| Some 20 species | |
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An owl butterfly is a butterfly, in the genus Caligo, known for their huge eyespots, which resemble owls' eyes. They are found in the rainforests and secondary forests of Mexico, Central, and South America.
Owl butterflies are very large, 65–200 mm (2.6–7.9 in), and fly only a few meters at a time, so avian predators have little difficulty in following them to their settling place. However, the butterflies preferentially fly in dusk, when few avian predators are around.[1] The Latin name may possibly refer to their active periods. Caligo means darkness.
Some owl butterflies form leks in mating behavior.[2]
Species
Listed alphabetically within groups.[3]
There are some 20 species in this genus, which can be divided into 6 groups that might constitute subgenera. Some species are of uncertain placement with regard to these groups, however:
- C. eurilochus species-group
- Caligo bellerophon Stichel, 1903
- Caligo brasiliensis (C. Felder, 1862) – Brazilian Owl, Almond-eyed Owl[4]
- Caligo eurilochus (Cramer, [1775]) – Forest Giant Owl
- Caligo idomeneus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Idomeneus Giant Owl
- Caligo illioneus (Cramer, [1775]) – Illioneus Giant Owl
- Caligo memnon (C. & R. Felder, [1867]) – Giant Owl, or Pale Owl
- Caligo prometheus (Kollar, 1850)
- Caligo suzanna (Deyrolle, 1872)
- Caligo telamonius (C. & R. Felder, 1862) – Yellow-fronted Owl[4]
- Caligo teucer (Linnaeus, 1758) – Teucer Giant Owl
- C. arisbe species group:
- Caligo arisbe Hübner, [1822]
- Caligo martia (Godart, [1824])
- Caligo oberthurii (Deyrolle, 1872)
- C. atreus species group:
- Caligo atreus (Kollar, 1850) – Yellow-edged Giant Owl
- Caligo uranus Herrich-Schäffer, 1850 – Yellow-bordered Owl[4]
- C. oileus species-group
- Caligo oedipus Stichel, 1903 – Boomerang Owl[4]
- Caligo oileus C. & R. Felder, 1861 – Oileus Giant Owl
- Caligo placidianus Staudinger, 1887 – Placid Giant Owl
- Caligo zeuxippus Druce, 1902
- C. beltrao species-group
- Caligo beltrao (Illiger, 1801) – Purple Owl
- incertae sedis
- Caligo euphorbus (C. & R. Felder, 1862) – Euphorbus Giant Owl
- Caligo superbus Staudinger, 1887
Functions of the wing pattern
The underwing pattern is highly cryptic. It is conceivable that the eye pattern is a generalized form of mimicry. It is known that many small animals hesitate to go near patterns resembling eyes with a light-colored iris and a large pupil, which matches the appearance of the eyes of many predators that hunt by sight.[citation needed] The main predators of Caligo are apparently small lizards such as Anolis.[citation needed]
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According to the Batesian mimicry theory the pattern on the wings of Caligo resemble the head of a predator like a lizard or an amphibian. It should deter predators while resting, feeding, mating, or emerging from the pupa.
The role of eyespots as antipredator mechanisms has been discussed since the 19th century. Several hypotheses are suggested to explain their occurrence.[5] In some butterflies, particularly Satyrinae (such as the Gatekeeper Butterfly and the Grayling), it has been shown that ocelli serve as a decoy, diverting bird attack away from the vulnerable body, and towards the outer part of the hindwings or the forewing tip.
Research of Stevens et al. (2008), however, suggests that eye-spots are not a form of mimicry and do not deter predators because they look like eyes. Rather the conspicuous contrast in the patterns on the wings deter predators.[6] In this study, however, the influence of surrounding forms, like the head region of a predator, was not tested. Also the question why animals evolved such complex imitations of other species is left unanswered.
References
- ^ André V. L. Freitas, Woodruff W. Benson, Onildo J. Marini-Filho & Roberta M. de Carvalho (1995). "Territoriality by the dawn's early light: The neotropical owl butterfly Caligo idomenaeus (Nymphalidae: Brassolinae)" (PDF). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 34 (1–4): 14–20.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Robert B. Srygley & Carla M. Penz (1999). "Lekking in neotropical owl butterflies, Caligo illioneus and C. oileus (Lepidoptera: Brassolinae)". Journal of Insect Behavior. 12 (1): 81–103. doi:10.1023/A:1020981215501.
- ^ Caligo, funet.fi
- ^ a b c d Glassberg, J. (2007). A Swift Guide to the Butterflies of Mexico and Central America. Sunstreak Books. p.132.
- ^ Martin Stevens (2005). "The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera". Biological Reviews. 80 (4): 573–588. doi:10.1017/S1464793105006810. PMID 16221330.
- ^ Martin Stevens, Chloe J. Hardman & Claire L. Stubbins (2008). "Conspicuousness, not eye mimicry, makes "eyespots" effective antipredator signals" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology. 19 (3): 525–531. doi:10.1093/beheco/arm162.
Further reading
- Garwood, K. M., Lehman, Carter, W., & Carter, G. (2007). Butterflies of Southern Amazonia. Mission, Texas: Neotropical Butterflies.
External links
- images representing Caligo at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
- Caligo, funet.fi
- Pictures of an owl butterfly
- Micropanorama of an owl butterfly wing
- Taxonomy Browser Upperside and underside photographs.
- Pteron In Japanese but binomial names