Hermite class

The Pólya class or Hermite class is a set of entire functions satisfying the requirement that if E(z) is in the class, then:

• E(z) has no zero (root) in the upper half-plane.
• $|E(x+iy)|\geq |E(x-iy)|$ for x and y real and y positive.
• $|E(x+iy)|$ is a non-decreasing function of y for positive y.

The first condition (no root in the upper half plane) can be derived from the third plus a condition that the function not be identically zero. The second condition is not implied by the third, as demonstrated by the function $\exp(-iz+e^{iz}).$ In at least one publication of Louis de Branges, the second condition is replaced by a strict inequality, which modifies some of the properties given below.

Every entire function of Pólya class can be expressed as the limit of a series of polynomials having no zeros in the upper half-plane.

The product of two functions of Pólya class is also of Pólya class, so the class constitutes a monoid under the operation of multiplication of functions.

The Pólya class arises from investigations by Georg Pólya in 1913. A de Branges space can be defined on the basis of some "weight function" of Pólya class, but with the additional stipulation that the inequality be strict – that is, $|E(x+iy)|>|E(x-iy)|$ for positive y. (However, a de Branges space can be defined using a function that is not in the class, such as exp(z²−iz).)

The Pólya class is a subset of the Hermite–Biehler class, which does not include the third of the above three requirements.

A function with no roots in the upper half plane is of Pólya class if and only if two conditions are met: that the nonzero roots z_n satisfy

$\sum _{n}{\frac {1-\operatorname {Im} z_{n}}{|z_{n}|^{2}}}<\infty$

(with roots counted according to their multiplicity), and that the function can be expressed in the form of a Hadamard product

$z^{m}e^{a+bz+cz^{2}}\prod _{n}\left(1-z/z_{n}\right)\exp(z\operatorname {Re} {\frac {1}{z_{n}}})$

with c real and non-positive and Im b non-positive. (The non-negative integer m will be positive if E(0)=0. Even if the number of roots is infinite, the infinite product is well defined and converges.)

Louis de Branges showed a connexion between functions of Pólya class and analytic functions whose imaginary part is non-negative in the upper half-plane (UHP), often called Nevanlinna functions. If a function E(z) is of Hermite-Biehler class and E(0) = 1, we can take the logarithm of E in such a way that it is analytic in the UHP and such that log(E(0)) = 0. Then E(z) is of Pólya class if and only if

${\text{Im}}{\frac {-\log(E(z))}{z}}\geq 0$

(in the UHP).

Laguerre–Pólya class

A smaller class of entire functions is the Laguerre–Pólya class, which consists of those functions which are locally the limit of a series of polynomials whose roots are all real. Any function of Laguerre–Pólya class is also of Pólya class. Some examples are $\sin(z),\cos(z),\exp(z),{\text{ and }}\exp(-z^{2}).$

Examples

From the Hadamard form it is easy to create examples of functions of Pólya class. Some examples are:

• A non-zero constant.
• $z$
• Polynomials having no roots in the upper half plane, such as $z+i$
• $\exp(-piz)$ if and only if Re(p) is non-negative
• $\exp(-pz^{2})$ if and only if p is a non-negative real number
• any function of Laguerre-Pólya class: $\sin(z),\cos(z),\exp(z),\exp(-z),\exp(-z^{2}).$
• A product of functions of Pólya class