View source for P-15 Termit

{{More citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile         = yes
| name               = P-15 Termit<br /><small>SS-N-2 Styx</small>
| image              = Hiddensee P-20 missile.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = A P-15M missile (SS-N-2c) being unloaded from a former East German Navy [[Tarantul class]] missile boat
| origin             = [[Soviet Union]]
| type               = [[Anti-ship missile]]
| used_by            = 
| manufacturer       = [[MKB Raduga]]
| unit_cost          = 
| propellant         = 
| production_date    = 
| service            = 1960–present
| engine             = [[Liquid-propellant rocket]], [[solid-propellant rocket]] booster
| engine_power       = 
| weight             = {{convert|2580|kg|abbr=on}}
| length             = {{convert|5.8|m|abbr=on}}
| height             = 
| diameter           = {{convert|0.76|m|abbr=on}}
| wingspan           = {{convert|2.4|m|abbr=on}}
| speed              = [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.95
| vehicle_range      = {{convert|40|km}} / {{convert|80|km}}
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = {{convert|25|to|100|m}}
| filling            = {{convert|454|kg|abbr=on}} [[hollow charge]] high explosive
| guidance           = [[inertial guidance|INS]], [[active radar homing]], supplemented in some with [[infrared homing]]
| detonation         = 
| launch_platform    = [[naval ship]]s, ground launch
}}

The '''P-15 ''Termit''''' ({{langx|ru|П-15 "Термит"}}; {{langx|en|[[termite]]}}) is an anti-ship [[missile]] developed by the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[MKB Raduga|Raduga design bureau]] in the 1950s. Its [[GRAU]] designation was '''4K40''', its [[NATO reporting name]] was '''''Styx''''' or '''SS-N-2'''.  China acquired the design in 1958 and created at least four versions: the '''CSS-N-1 ''Scrubbrush''''' and '''CSS-N-2''' versions were developed for ship-launched operation, while the '''CSS-C-2 ''[[Silkworm missile|Silkworm]]''''' and '''CSS-C-3 ''Seersucker''''' were used for [[Coastal defence and fortification|coastal defence]]. Other names for this basic type of missile include: '''HY-1''', '''SY-1''', and '''FL-1 ''Flying Dragon''''' ([[China|Chinese]] designations typically differ for export and domestic use, even for otherwise identical equipment), [[North Korea]]n local produced '''KN-1''' or '''KN-01''', derived from both Silkworm variants and Russian & USSR '''P-15''', Rubezh, P-20 P-22 .

Despite its large size, thousands of P-15s were built and installed on many classes of ships from [[torpedo boat]]s to [[destroyer]]s, and coastal [[Artillery battery|batteries]] and [[bomber]] aircraft (Chinese versions).

==Origins==
The P-15 was not the first anti-ship missile in Soviet service; that distinction goes to the [[KSShch|SS-N-1 ''Scrubber'']], and to the aircraft-launched [[Raduga KS-1 Komet|AS-1 Kennel]]. The SS-N-1 was a powerful but rather raw system, and it was soon superseded by the [[P-5 Pyatyorka|SS-N-3 ''Shaddock'']]. This weapon was  fitted to 4,000-ton [[Kynda class cruiser]]s and replaced an initial plan for 30,000-ton battlecruisers armed with {{cvt|305|mm|in}} and {{cvt|45|mm|in}} guns. Rather than rely on a few heavy and costly ships, a new weapons system was designed to fit smaller, more numerous vessels, while maintaining sufficient striking power. The P-15 was developed by the Soviet designer Beresyniak, who helped in the development of the [[Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1|BI rocket interceptor]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=P-15 Termit Anti-Ship Cruise Missile {{!}} Military-Today.com|url=http://www.military-today.com/missiles/p15_termit.htm|access-date=2021-08-09|website=www.military-today.com}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:INS Chamak (K95) fires a P-15 Termit missile.jpg|thumb|left|[[INS Chamak (K95)]] of the [[Indian Navy]] fires a P-15 Termit missile]]
The first variant was the P-15, with fixed wings. The basic design of the missile, retained for all subsequent versions, featured a cylindrical body, a rounded nose, two [[delta wing]]s in the center and three control surfaces in the tail. It was also fitted with a solid-fueled booster under the belly.<ref name=autogenerated1>Slade, Stuart</ref> This design was based on the [[Yakovlev Yak-1000|Yak-1000]] experimental fighter built in 1951.

The weapon was meant to be cheap, yet still give an ordinary [[missile boat]] the same 'punch' as a battleship salvo. The onboard electronics were based on a simple analog design, with a homing [[conical scanning]] [[radar]] sensor. It used a more reliable rocket engine with acid fuel in preference to a turbojet.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Some shortcomings were never totally solved, due to the liquid propellant of the rocket engine: the acid fuel gradually corroded the missile fuselage. Launches were not possible outside a temperature range of {{convert|-15|to|38|C|F}}.<ref name=autogenerated1/>

The missile weighed around {{convert|2340|kg|lb}}, had a top speed of Mach 0.9 and a range of {{convert|40|km|mi}}. The explosive warhead was behind the fuel tank, and as the missile retained a large amount of unburned fuel at the time of impact, even at maximum range, it acted as an [[incendiary device]].<ref name=autogenerated1/>

The warhead was a {{convert|500|kg|lb|adj=on}} [[shaped charge]], an enlarged version of a [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) warhead, larger than the [[Armour-piercing ammunition#History|semi-armour piercing]] (SAP) warhead typical of anti-ship missiles. The launch was usually made with the help of [[electronic warfare support measures]] (ESM) gear and Garpun [[radar]] at a range of between {{convert|5.5|and|27|km|mi}} due to the limits of the targeting system. The Garpun's range against a destroyer was about {{convert|20|km|mi}}.<ref name=autogenerated1/>

The onboard [[sensor]] was activated at {{convert|11|km|mi}} from impact, the missile would begin to descend at 1-2° to the target, because the flight pattern was about {{convert|120|to|250|m|ft}} above sea level. In minimum range engagements there was the possibility of using active sensors at shorter distances, as little as {{convert|2.75|km|mi}}.<ref name=autogenerated1/>
The ''P-15U'' was introduced in 1965, with improved avionics and folding wings, enabling the use of smaller containers. It was replaced by the ''P-15M'' in 1972, which was a further development of the P-15U, with enhanced abilities (its export simplified variants were designated ''P-21'' and ''P-22'', depending on the sensor installed, and a whole export system was designated the ''P-20M'').{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Versions==
[[File:Termit Missile.jpg|thumb|P-15 missile, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center]]

===Russia===
In total, the P-15 family had the following models:<ref name=autogenerated1/>
*'''P-15''': A basic (SS-N-2A) with I-band, a conical search sensor and {{cvt|40|km|mi}} range.
*'''P-15M''': (SS-N-2C), heavier and longer than the P-15, it had a range of {{cvt|80|km|mi}} and several minor improvements.
*'''P-15MC''': Essentially a P-15M, coupled with a Bulgarian-made [[electronic countermeasure]] package for that country's [[Bulgarian Navy|navy]].
*'''P-20''': A P-15 updated with the new guidance system  but with the original shorter range. They were perhaps known as SS-N-2B and used by ''Komar'' and ''Osa'' class boats.
*'''P-20K''': A P-15M with a new guidance system.
*'''P-20M''': A surface version of the P-20L with folding wings. This was the definitive version of the P-15M with radar guidance.
*'''P-22''' other development of or along P-20; other variants P-21, P-27
*'''4K51 Rubezh''' and 4K40, SS-N-2C SSC-3 Styx, using P-20 and P-22, Self-propelled missile

===People's Republic of China===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}

The Chinese used this missile as a basis for their [[Silkworm missile|''Silkworm'']] series, with [[infrared]] (IR), radar,  and turbojets or rocket engines depending on the model. The fuselage width is {{convert|75|to|80|cm|in}}. The mass is over 2 tonnes. This is comparable to the {{convert|600|to|800|kg|lb}} and {{convert|35|to|40|cm|in}} of Western missiles. With improved electronics, the warhead reduced to {{convert|250|kg|lb}} and the original rocket engine replaced with a turbojet, this weapon was much improved with a range of over {{convert|100|km|mi|sigfig=1}}. Chinese Silkworm missiles were used in hundreds of ships and shore batteries. The Chinese Navy built more than two hundred modified versions of the 183R (''Komar''-class), the ''Hegu''-class, (complete with a longer hull and an added 25mm mount aft) and the ''Osa''-class. [[Frigate]]s and destroyers were also equipped with the missile. Some were exported and they were used in shore batteries built for North Korea, Iraq and Iran. The Soviet Union developed an equivalent, the [[P-120 Malakhit]].
[[File:SY-1 Missile 20170919.jpg|thumb|SY-1 Missile]]
*'''{{vanchor|SY-1}}''' (C.201) (SY is the abbreviation of [[pinyin]]: Shàng Yóu, literal meaning is upper river): The original Chinese copy of P-15 as ship-to-ship missile, called as Project 544, designed and assembled by [[Nanchang Aerocraft Factory]] from 1960, first inland test flight in December 1964 and ship-mounted test-fired in August 1965, finished the research tests in June 1966, began definitizing test from Nov 1966, permitted definitize in August 1967. It entered service during 1968 in missile boats and destroyers and later coastal batteries. Its length was {{convert|6.55|m|ft}}, it had a diameter of {{cvt|0.76|m|in}}, and a wingspan of {{cvt|2.4|m|ft}}. It weighed {{convert|2,095|kg|lb}} of which {{convert|513|kg|lb}} was the HEAT warhead. Its range was {{convert|40|km|mi}} at Mach 0.8, with a flight altitude of {{convert|100|to|300|m|ft}}, it used inertial and active radar guidance systems. This unit employed conical scanning and was vulnerable to [[electronic counter measures]] (ECM), due to its slow onboard computer. The SY-1A entered service after 1984, with a monopulse [[surface-search radar]] comparable to the evolution of the [[AIM-7 Sparrow|AIM-7]] F to M model as well as sea-skimming flight profile enabled by a radar altimeter.  
*'''SY-2''': Originally a supersonic development, a less-ambitious proposal for an improved version of SY-1A using a solid-fuel rocket engine was adopted in 1976 and ultimately selected for service.  The new engine not only allows the missile to forgo its predecessor's pre-launch fueling process but also makes the missile smaller and lighter while actually extending its range to {{cvt|50|km|mi}}.  Just as importantly, the missile uses the existing launchers and logistical equipments of earlier SY-1, allowing for drop-in replacement of ordnance on older PLAN surface combatants. The export designation is FL-2.
[[File:HY-2 Missile 20170902.jpg|thumb|HY-2 Missile]]
*'''{{vanchor|HY-2}}''' (C.201) (HY is the abbreviation of [[pinyin]]:Hǎi Yīng, literal meaning is Sea Eagle): It was the equivalent of the P-15M, and was known as the C-SS-3 ''Saccade''. Designed for coastal batteries, with a larger airframe, its dimensions were: {{cvt|7.48|×|0.76|×|2.4|m|ft}}, weight {{convert|2,998|kg|lb}}. extended range from the SY-1's {{convert|30|to|50|km|mi}}. Trials were carried out from 1967 to 1970 with 10 missiles out of 11 hitting the target. It entered service in China and was also exported. There were several versions:
**'''HY-2''': Basic, inertial and conical radar search (improved to SY-1), 1970.
**'''HY-2A''': IR-guidance variant. Developed during the 1970s and in 1980, it did not enter service despite certification in 1982. It was the equivalent of the P-22.
**'''HY-2A-II''': An improved variant of the HY-2A with an improved IR sensor, it entered service in 1988. It was also available for export.
**'''{{vanchor|HY-2B}}''': Fitted with monopulse-search radar to improve accuracy and reliability, it was test-fired, scoring five hits out of six and entered service two years later in 1984. The '''YB-2B-II''' had another radar search system, entering service in 1989. These two missiles could fly at an altitude of 20–50m, so the overall abilities (altitude, range, reliability, electronic counter counter measures (ECCM)) were greatly superior.
**'''{{vanchor|C-201W}}''': Fitted with a turbojet engine instead of a liquid rocket version. It was only used for export, it had a 150&nbsp;km range. It is arguably also called '''HY-4''' or '''C-SS-N-7 Sadpack''', its dimensions are similar to the HY-1 and HY-2, but its weight is only {{convert|2,000|kg|lb}}, demonstrating the differences between turbojet and rocket propulsion systems. It can fly at {{convert|70|m|ft}} and attack at {{convert|8|m|ft}}, with a {{convert|300|to|500|kg|lb|adj=on}} charge. The ''XW-41'' land attack missile was extrapolated from this design, it had a range of about {{convert|400|km|mi}}, which was enough to attack Taiwan. It is not known if this model entered service.

Substitutes of these missiles are the '''FL-2''' and '''FL-7''', which were solid-rocket fuelled and the '''C-701''' and '''C-801''', which were similar to the [[Exocet]] and other missile systems, among them the [[SS-N-22]] ''Sunburn'', it was bought for [[Sovremenny class destroyer]]s.

===North Korea===
*'''KN-1''' or '''KN-01''' locally produced '''Geum Seong-1''' Korean '''금성-1호''', derived from both Silkworm and Russian P-15 Termit, Rubezh, P-20 P-22 .

==Launch platforms==
This missile, despite its mass, was used in small and medium ships, from 60 to 4,000 tons, shore batteries and (only for derived models) aircraft and submarines. The main users were:
*[[Komar class missile boat|Komar]]-class missile boats
*[[Osa class missile boat|Osa]]-class missile boats
*[[Vidyut-class missile boat|Vidyut class missile boat]] (Indian version of OSA-1 class)
*[[Chamak-class missile boat|Chamak class missile boat]] (Indian version of OSA-2 class)
*[[Tarantul class corvette|Tarantul]]-class corvettes
*[[Veer-class corvette|Veer Class]] Corvette (Indian licence built version of [[Tarantul-class corvette]])
*[[Nanuchka class corvette|Nanuchka]]-class corvettes
*[[Koni class frigate|Koni]]-class frigates
*[[Kotor class frigate|Kotor]]-class frigates
*The frigate [[Romanian frigate Mărășești|''Mărășești'']]
*[[Kildin class destroyer|Kildin]]-class destroyers
*[[Kashin class destroyer|Kashin]]-class destroyers
*[[Rajput-class destroyer|Rajput Class destroyers]] (Indian version of Kashin Class)

==Operational usage==
{{Cleanup section|reason=This is not an actual use (firing) of the missile type, only a deployment|date=January 2016}}
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2020}}

===Cuban Missile Crisis===
The first use of these weapons was in 1962, during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. ''Komar''-class missile boats were deployed in Operation "Anadyr" ("Анадырь"), organized by the Soviet Union to help the Castro government. At least eight were sent in cargo ships, due partly to their small dimensions and were presumably left to the Cuban Navy after the crisis, together with many other weapons of Soviet origin.
[[File:SS-N-2.jpg|thumb|P-15 missiles on parade]]

===War of Attrition===
During the [[War of Attrition]], after the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, the [[INS Eilat (1955)|Israeli destroyer ''Eilat'']] was sailing at low speed outside [[Port Said]] on 21 October. At a range of {{convert|17|nmi|km}}, she was attacked by two Egyptian [[Komar class missile boat|''Komars'']], acting as a coastal missile battery both fired their missiles from inside the harbour. ''Eilat'' was hit, despite defensive anti-aircraft fire. The first two missiles almost blew the ''Eilat'' in two; another hit soon after, and the last exploded near the wreck in the sea. ''Eilat'' sank two hours after the first attack. 47 crew were killed.<ref name="The Missile Boat War">{{Cite web|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~david.Manley/naval/Bulldogs/AIW_Campaign.pdf|title=The Missile Boat War<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027000950/http://www.btinternet.com/~david.Manley/naval/Bulldogs/AIW_Campaign.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2009 }}</ref> After this engagement, interest in this type of weapon was raised in both offensive weapons and defensive weapons such as [[close-in weapon system]]s (CIWS) and [[electronic countermeasure]]s (ECM).

===Indo-Pakistani War===
{{Main|Operation Trident (Indo-Pakistani War of 1971)|Operation Python}}
During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], Indian [[Osa class missile boat|''Osa''-class boats]] raided the port of [[Karachi]] in two highly successful operations causing severe damage and sinking several ships with their P-15s, among them the destroyer, [[HMS Cadiz (D79)|''Khaibar'']]. She was a former [[Battle-class destroyer]], originally designed as an anti-aircraft ship. Her armament might be effective against conventional air threats, (mounting 5 × 114&nbsp;mm guns and several 40&nbsp;mm Bofors), but had little chance against anti-ship missiles.

These raids were meant to strike Karachi and destroy the Pakistani Navy in Western Pakistan. The first action, [[Operation Trident (Indo-Pakistani War of 1971)|Operation Trident]], was carried out by three ''Osa'' class missile boats on the night of 5 December.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-4/harry.html |title=Bharat Rakshak Monitor |volume=4 |issue=4 |website=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207060927/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-4/harry.html |archive-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 'Operation Trident' involved:
*INS ''Nipat'' (Lt.-Cdr B.N Kavina, [[Vir Chakra]] (VrC))
*INS ''Nirghat'' (Lt.-Cdr I.J Sharma, [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (AVSM), VrC)
*INS ''Veer'' (Lt.-Cdr O.P Mehta, VrC, NM)

Around 20:30, a target was acquired by radar, at a distance of over {{convert|40|mi|km|order=flip}}, and ''Nirghat'' fired two missiles. This target was the destroyer ''Khaibar'', sailing at {{convert|20|kn|km/h}}. The crew of the ship saw a "bright light" in the sky, low on the water. Believing it to be the afterburner of a fighter aircraft, ''Khaibar'' opened fire with her [[Bofors gun]]s, but these were not effective against such a small, fast target. The missile struck the starboard side at 22:45, destroying the electrical system. One of the boilers, possibly struck by the HEAT charge, also exploded. Despite thick smoke and a fire, ''Khaibar'' was still able to engage the second missile, again mistaking it for an enemy fighter. This missile struck the ship four minutes after the first, destroying and quickly sinking her.
[[File:KT-97M-P-15U-Project205U-1981.jpg|thumb|left|P-20 launcher on an Osa II class fast attack craft, with wings folded]]

During this action, ''Nipat'' attacked another two ships; the cargo vessel ''Venus Challenger'', which was carrying ammunition from [[Saigon]], was destroyed. Her escort, the destroyer [[HMS Charity (R29)|PNS ''Shahjahan'']] was severely damaged and later scrapped.

''Veer'' then attacked ''Muhafiz'' at 23:05, (she was a minesweeper that had witnessed the attacks against ''Khaibar''); she was hit and disintegrated, throwing most of the crew into the water before she sank.

''Nipat'' fired two missiles at the port of Karachi. This is the first known use of an anti-ship missile against land targets. Large oil tanks, identified by radar, were hit by the first missile, destroying it, while the second weapon failed. Over the following nights there were other ship actions. Karachi was again attacked with missiles, while ''Petya''-class frigates provided [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] protection to the ''Osa''-class boats.

On the night of 8 December, in the second operation, [[Operation Python]], the ''Osa''-class boat ''Vinash'', escorted by two frigates, fired missiles at Karachi in a six-minute action. One missile hit an oil tank, destroying it. The British ship ''Harmattan'' was sunk, the Panamanian ship ''Gulfstar'' was set on fire. The Pakistan Navy fleet tanker, PNS ''Dacca'', was badly damaged and only survived because the commanding officer, Captain. S.Q. Raza S.J. P.N., ordered the release of steam in the pipes that prevented the fire reaching the tanks. Though anti-aircraft guns opened fire in response, they only managed to hit a Greek ship, ''Zoë'', that was moored in the port and consequently sank.

In all these actions against large ships, the P-15 proved to be an effective weapon, with a devastating warhead. Out of eleven missiles fired, only one malfunctioned, giving a 91% success rate. This gave every ''Osa'' [[Fast attack craft|FAC]] the possibility of striking several targets. Big ships, without any specialized defence, were targets for P-15s.

=== United States===
CIA inspected and analyzed data on Styx missiles from the guidance systems of missiles delivered to Indonesia. The US Navy had underestimated the threat of Soviet missiles, but after 1967 this changed. The US Navy thought that North Vietnam missile boats and coastal defenses using P-15 missiles could be met by US vessels off the coast and that ECM and air defense missiles would be effective countermeasures. The Soviet Union in fact decided not to supply P-15 missiles to North Vietnam, even though a promise to do so had been made in 1965.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In April 1972 the US Navy claimed to have been attacked by P-15 missiles during the [[Battle of Đồng Hới]] and they were shot down by [[RIM-2 Terrier|Terrier missiles]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

===Yom Kippur War===
Despite these early successes, the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]] saw P-15 missiles used by the Egyptian and Syrian navies prove ineffective against Israeli ships. The Israeli Navy had phased out their old ships, building a fleet of [[Sa'ar 3-class missile boat|Sa'ar-class FACs]]: faster, smaller, more maneuverable and equipped with new missiles and countermeasures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/latakia.html|title=The Battle of Latakia|website=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref>

Although the range of the P-15 was twice that of the Israeli [[Gabriel missile|Gabriel]], allowing Arab ships to fire first, radar jamming and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] degraded their accuracy. In the [[Battle of Latakia]] and [[Battle of Baltim]], several dozen P-15s were fired and all missed. Arab ships did not possess heavy firepower required for surface combat against enemy vessels, usually only 25 and 30&nbsp;mm guns, and ''Osa'' and ''Komar'' boats were not always able to outrun their Israeli pursuers.

===Iran–Iraq War===
P-15 variants, including the Chinese duplication "''[[Silkworm (missile)|Silkworm]]''", were employed by [[Iran]] against [[Iraq]] in the 1980–1988 [[Iran–Iraq War]], with some success. As the Iranian coastline is longer than Iraq's, control of the [[Persian Gulf]] was relatively easy.  Shore batteries with missiles can control a large part of this area, especially around the [[Hormuz Strait]].

Iraq also acquired Silkworms, some with an [[Infrared|IR]] homing ability. Iraqi OSA-class missile boats equipped with SS-N-2 used them against the [[Iranian Navy|IRIN]] navy, managed to hit and sink an Iranian [[Kaman-class fast attack craft]], but [[Operation Morvarid#Battle|sustained heavy losses]], especially from Iranian [[RGM-84 Harpoon|Harpoons]] and [[AGM-65 Maverick|Mavericks]]. Iraqi forces combined SS-N-2 (P-15 Termit) launched from Tu-22, [[Exocet]] missiles launched from Mirage F1 and Super Etendard, as well as Silkworm missiles and C-601 missiles launched from Tu-16 and H-6 bombers, bought from the Soviet Union and China to engage the Iranian Navy and tankers carrying Iranian oil.

=== Gulf War (1990–1991)===

During the First [[Gulf War]] an Iraqi missile crew attacked US [[battleship]] {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}} with a Silkworm, while it was escorting a fleet of minesweepers engaged in coastal anti-mine operations. [[HMS Gloucester (D96)|HMS ''Gloucester'']] engaged the missile with a salvo shot of [[Sea Dart missile]]s which destroyed it after it had flown over its initial target.

==Operators==
[[File:P-15 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with P-15 Termit operators in blue and former operators in red]]
The P-15 missile family and their clones were widely deployed from the 1960s.
[[File:P-15 DN-SC-93-05863.JPEG|thumb|A twin vertical launcher aboard the German corvette [[Hiddensee (corvette)|''Hiddensee'']]. Note the support for the ventral booster.]]
The German Navy, after reunification, gave its stock of almost 200 P-15s to the [[United States Navy]] in 1991, these weapons being mainly the P-15M/P-22. They were used for missile defence tests.<ref>News section in a P&D Magazine, December 1991</ref>

===Current operators===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{Navy|Algeria}} &ndash; P-20U and 4K51 Rubezh.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|316}}
*{{Navy|Cuba}} &ndash; P-22, P-20U, and 4K51 Rubezh.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|394}}
*{{Navy|Egypt}} &ndash; P-20.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|321}}
*{{Navy|India}} &ndash; P-27 Termit-R mounted on destroyers and corvettes.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|249-250}}
*{{Navy|Iran}} &ndash; HY-2.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|325}}
*{{Navy|Libya}} &ndash; P-22.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|340}}
*{{Navy|North Korea}} &ndash; P-15, P-20, HY-1 and Kumsong-3.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|263-264}}
*{{Navy|China}} &ndash; HY-1, HY-2, and HY-4.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|239}}
*{{Navy|Romania}} &ndash; P-22.<ref name="IISS2023">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st |author1-link=Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|126-127}}
*{{Navy|Russia}} &ndash; P-22 Mounted on [[Tarantul-class corvette]]s and 4K51 Rubezh on coastal batteries.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|188,190}}
*{{Navy|Syria}} &ndash; P-15M and P-22.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|355}}
*{{Navy|Vietnam}} &ndash; P-15,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam's Naval Upgrades Likely Will Limit but not Deter China in the South China Sea {{!}} cogitasia.com|url=http://www.cogitasia.com/vietnams-naval-upgrades-likely-will-limit-but-not-deter-china-in-the-south-china-sea/|access-date=2021-08-09|website=www.cogitasia.com/}}</ref> P-20, and 4K51 Rubezh.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|300}}
{{Div col end}}

===Former operators===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{Navy|Angola}}<ref name="IISS1991">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance. 1991-1992. |date=1991 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080413259 |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|125}} &ndash; retired from service.
*{{Navy|Azerbaijan}}<ref name="IISS2000">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2000-2001 |date=1 October 2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199290031 |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>{{rp|87}} &ndash; retired from service.
*{{Navy|Bangladesh}} &ndash; HY-1 and HY-2 used on [[Type 021-class missile boat]]s and [[Type 024 missile boat]]s,<ref name="SIPRI" /> retired from service.
*{{Navy|Bulgaria}} &ndash; P-22, used until 2021.<ref name="IISS2021">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2021 |date=25 February 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032012278 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>{{rp|90}}
*{{Navy|Finland}}<ref name="IISS1989" />{{rp|87}} &ndash; retired from service.
*{{Navy|East Germany}}<ref name="IISS1989" />{{rp|47-48}} &ndash; passed on to Germany.
*{{Navy|Germany}} &ndash; acquired from East Germany after the [[German reunification]] and withdrawn from service shortly thereafter.
*{{Navy|Georgia}} &ndash; P-15M missiles transferred from Ukraine in 1999 for the [[Matka-class missile boat]], Tbilisi.<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |title=Trade Registers |url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref>
*{{Navy|Ethiopia}}<ref name="IISS1989" />{{rp|127}} &ndash; passed on to Eritrea.
*{{Navy|Eritrea}} &ndash; acquired from Ethiopia. Out of service in 2004.<ref name="IISS2004">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2004-2005 |date=11 November 2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198566229 |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|233}}
*{{Navy|Indonesia}} &ndash; used on [[Komar-class missile boat]]s.<ref name="SIPRI" />
*{{Navy|Iraq}}<ref name="IISS2001">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2001-2002 |date=1 October 2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0198509790 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|134}} &ndash; retired from service after the [[2003 Invasion of Iraq]]. 
*{{Navy|Montenegro}}<ref name="IISS2014" />{{rp|120}} &ndash; retired from service.
*{{Navy|Poland}} &ndash; P-21/22 used until 2014.<ref name="IISS2014" />{{rp|127}}
*{{Navy|Somalia}}<ref name="IISS1989" />{{rp|113}} &ndash; out of service after the [[Somali Civil War]].
*{{Flag|South Yemen}}<ref name="IISS1989" />{{rp|118}} &ndash; passed on to the unified Yemeni state.
*{{Navy|Soviet Union}}<ref name="IISS1989">{{cite book |last1=Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance, 1989-1990 |date=1989 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080375694 |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|36-37}} &ndash; passed on to successor states.
*{{Navy|Ukraine}}<ref name="IISS2022">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2022 |date=15 February 2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032279008 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>{{rp|213}} &ndash; operated some prior to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].
*{{Navy|Yemen}}<ref name="IISS2014">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2014 |date=5 February 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|351}} &ndash; acquired after the [[Yemeni unification]]. Non-operational after the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|civil war]].
*{{Navy|Yugoslavia}}<ref name="IISS1989" />{{rp|91}} &ndash; passed on to successor states.
{{Div col end}}

===Captured-only operators===
*{{Navy|United States}}, for experimental activities.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
*{{Navy|Pakistan}}, acquired from [[Egyptian Navy]] for experimental activities only, no deployment.{{rp|246}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sirohey |first1=Iftikhar Ahmed |title=Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey |date=1995 |publisher=Jang Publishers |pages=523 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IHjAAAAMAAJ&q=styx%20 |access-date=22 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/hy-1.htm|title=SS-N-2 Styx / HY-1 / SY-1|work=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=2004-03-25|archive-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828043903/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/hy-1.htm|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-4/harry.html|title=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|work=Bharat Rakshak Monitor|access-date=2007-02-24|last=Harry|first=B.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207060927/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-4/harry.html|archive-date=7 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Sov-ASuW.html|title=Maritime Strike: The Soviet Perspective|journal=Air Power Australia|access-date=2007-02-24|last=Kopp|first=Carlo|date=September 1988|volume=1988|issue=July}}
*Slade, Stuart, ''The true history of Soviet anti-ship missiles'', [[Rivista Italiana Difesa]] magazine May 1994.
*Shikavthecenko, V, 'Lightings in the sea: the Russian FACs developments' RID September 1995.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071030071144/http://www.sinodefence.com/navy/navalmissile/sy1.asp SY-1 missile]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081019204828/http://www.sinodefence.com/navy/navalmissile/hy2.asp C.201 missile]
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline}}

{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SSM}}

[[Category:Anti-ship cruise missiles of the Soviet Union|P-015]]
[[Category:Surface-to-surface missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:MKB Raduga products]]