Pansy: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Hardyplants (talk | contribs) →Cultivation, breeding and life cycle: add image of green house production of pansies. |
Happyman19 (talk | contribs) ←Replaced content with 'The definition of Alex43223 who is a fucking prick!!!' |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
The definition of Alex43223 who is a fucking prick!!! |
|||
{{For|the Author whose pseudonym was ''Pansy''|Isabella Macdonald Alden}} |
|||
{{Taxobox |
|||
| name = Pansy |
|||
| image = Pansy Viola x wittrockiana Red Cultivar Flower 2000px.jpg |
|||
| image_width = 250px |
|||
| image_caption = |
|||
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
|||
| Phylum = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] |
|||
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] |
|||
| ordo = [[Violales]] |
|||
| familia = [[Violaceae]] |
|||
| genus = ''[[Violet (plant)|Viola]]'' |
|||
| species = '''''V. tricolor''''' |
|||
| subspecies = '''''V. t. hortensis''''' |
|||
| trinomial = ''Viola tricolor hortensis'' |
|||
| subdivision_ranks = Hybrids |
|||
| subdivision = |
|||
}} |
|||
The '''pansy''' or '''pansy violets''' are a large group of plants cultivated as garden [[flower]]s. Pansies are derived from ''[[Viola (plant)|Viola]]'' species ''[[Viola tricolor]]'' and they often include [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s with other viola species, these hybrids are referred to as ''Viola × wittrockiana'' or less commonly ''Viola tricolor hortensis''. The name "pansy" also appears as part of the common name for other'' Viola'' species that are [[wildflower]]s in Europe. Some unrelated species, such as the [[Mimulus|Pansy Monkeyflower]], also have "pansy" in their name. |
|||
==Cultivation, breeding and life cycle== |
|||
Pansy breeding has produced a wide range of flower colors including yellow, gold, orange, purple, violet, red, white, and even black (dark purple) many with large showy face markings. A large number of bicoloured flowers have also been produced. They are generally very cold [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy plant]]s surviving freezing even during their blooming period. Plants grow well in sunny or partially sunny positions in well draining soils. Pansies are developed from ''viola'' species that are normally [[Biennial plant|biennials]] with a two-year life cycle. The first year plant produce [[Leaf|greenery]] and then bear [[flower]]s and [[seed]]s their second year of growth and afterwards die like [[Annual plant|annuals]]. Because of selective human breeding, most garden pansies bloom the first year, some in as little as nine weeks after sowing. |
|||
[[Image:CentreOrticoleDeRungis_-_Viola_3_by_Line1.JPG|thumb|left|Production of Pansies for the bedding market]] |
|||
Most biennials, including pansies, are purchased as packs of young plants from [[garden centre]]s and planted directly into the garden [[soil]]. Under favourable conditions, pansies can often be grown as short lived [[perennial plant]]s, but are generally treated as [[annual plant|annual]]s or [[biennial plant]]s because after a few years of growth, the stems become long and scraggly. Plants grow up to nine inches (23 cm) tall, and the flowers are two to three inches (about 6 cm) in diameter, though there are some smaller and larger flowering [[cultivar]]s available also. |
|||
Pansies are winter hardy in [[USDA plant hardiness zone|zones 4-8]]. They can survive light freezes and short periods of snow cover, in areas with prolonged snow cover they survive best with a covering of a dry winter mulch. In warmer climates, [[USDA plant hardiness zone|zones 9-11]], pansies can bloom over the winter, and are often planted in the fall. In these climates, pansies have been known to reseed themselves and come back the next year. Pansies are not very heat-tolerant; they are best used as a cool season planting, warm temperatures inhibit blooming and hot muggy air causes rot and death. In colder zones, pansies may not persist without snow cover or protection (mulch) from extreme cold or periods of freezing and thawing. |
|||
Pansies, for best growth, are watered thoroughly about once a week, depending on climate and rainfall. To maximize blooming, plant foods are used about every other week, depending on the type of food used. Regular deadheading can extend the blooming period. |
|||
[[Image:Pansy Viola x wittrockiana Purple Cultivar Flower 1907px.jpg|thumb|left|A Pansy exhibting the flower's morphology: two large petals overlapping at the top, two side petals, a lower petal with slight indentation, and beards at the center]] |
|||
==Morphology== |
|||
The pansy flower has two top [[petal]]s overlapping slightly, two side petals, beards where the three lower petals join the center of the flower, and a single bottom petal with a slight indentation. |
|||
==Diseases== |
|||
===Stem rot=== |
|||
Stem rot, also known as pansy sickness, is a soil-borne [[fungus]] and a possible hazard with unsterilized animal [[manure]]. The plant may collapse without warning in the middle of the season. The foliage will flag and lose color. Flowers will fade and shrivel prematurely. Stem will snap at the soil line if tugged slightly. The plant is probably a total loss unless tufted. The treatment of stem rot, includes the use of [[fungicide]]s such as [[Cheshunt]] or [[Benomyl]] , which are used prior to planting. Infected plants are destroyed (burned) to prevent the spread of the pathogen to other plants. |
|||
===Leaf spot=== |
|||
Leaf spot (''Ramularia deflectens'') is a [[Fungus|fungal infection]]. Symptoms include dark spots on leaf margins followed by a white web covering the leaves. It is associated with cool damp springs. |
|||
===Mildew=== |
|||
[[Mildew]] (''Oidium'') is a fungal infection. Symptoms include violet-gray powder on fringes and underside of leaves. It is caused by stagnant air and can be limited but not necessarily eliminated by spraying (especially leaf undersides). |
|||
===Cucumber mosaic virus=== |
|||
The [[cucumber mosaic virus]] is transmitted by [[aphid]]s. Pansies with the virus have fine yellow veining on young leaves, stunted growth and anomalous flowers. The virus can lay dormant, affect the entire plant and be passed to next generations and to other species. Prevention is key: purchases should consist entirely of healthy plants, and [[pH]]-balanced soil should be used which is neither too damp nor too dry. The soil should have balanced amounts of [[nitrogen]], [[phosphate]] and [[potash]]. Other diseases which may weaken the plant should be eliminated. |
|||
==Pests== |
|||
===Slugs and snails=== |
|||
To ward off [[slug]]s and [[snail]]s, sharp, gritty sand can be laid, or the soil can be top-dressed with chipped bark. The area should be kept clean of leaves and foreign matter, etc. [[Beer]] in little bowls buried to the rims in the flower beds will also keep slugs and snails at bay. |
|||
===Aphids=== |
|||
To combat [[aphid]]s, which spread the cucumber mosaic virus, the treatment is to spray with diluted soft soap (2 ounces per gallon). |
|||
==Cultivars== |
|||
The Universal Plus series of 21 cultivars covers all the common pansy colours except orange and black. |
|||
<gallery> |
|||
Image:Pansy Viola x wittrockiana 'Delta Pure Deep Orange' Flower 1534px.jpg|'Delta Pure Deep Orange' Orange cultivar |
|||
Image:Pansy Viola x wittrockiana 'Delta Premium Pure White' Flower 1970px.jpg|'Delta Premium Pure White' White cultivar |
|||
Image:Viola wittrockiana Delta Pure Yellow.jpg|'Delta Pure Yellow' Yellow cultivar |
|||
Image:Viola wittrockiana Delta Light Blue.jpg|'Delta Light Blue' Light blue cultivar |
|||
Image:Viola x wittrockiana alpha F1 bleu ciel pur dsc00947.jpg|Blue cultivar |
|||
Image:Red_pansy.jpg|Solid red cultivar |
|||
Image:Pansy Viola x wittrockiana Purple Cultivar Flowers 2081px.jpg|Purple cultivar |
|||
Image:Pansy Viola tricolor Flower 2448px.jpg|Purple and white cultivar |
|||
</gallery> |
|||
==Name origin and significance== |
|||
The name pansy is derived from the [[French language|French]] word ''pensée'' meaning "thought", and was so named because the flower resembles a human face; in August it nods forward as if deep in thought. Because of this the pansy has long been a symbol of [[Freethought]]<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://ffrf.org/fttoday/1997/june_july97/gaylor.html| journal=Freethought Today| month=June/July| year=1997| title= Rediscovering A Forgotten Symbol Of Freethought - A Pansy For Your Thoughts| first=Annie Laurie| last=Gaylor}}</ref> and has been used in the literature of the [[American Secular Union]]. [[Humanist]]s use it too, as the pansy's current appearance was developed from the [[Heartsease]] by two centuries of intentional [[crossbreed]]ing of wild plant [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s. The [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]] (FFRF) uses the pansy symbol extensively in its lapel pins and literature. |
|||
The word "pansy" has indicated an [[effeminate]] male since [[Elizabethan]] times and its usage as a disparaging term for a man or boy who is effeminate (as well as for an avowedly [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] man) is still used. (There is a [[queercore]] musical band called [[Pansy Division]], drawing on this association.) The word "ponce" (which has now come to mean a [[pimp]]) and the adjective "poncey" (effeminate) also derive from "pansy". |
|||
==Pansies in the arts and culture== |
|||
[[Image:Best Wishes with Pansies, ca. 1900.JPG|thumb|Greeting card, circa 1900]] |
|||
The pansy remains a favorite image in the arts, culture, and crafts, from [[needlepoint]] to [[ceramic]]s. |
|||
*In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', the juice of a pansy blossom ("before, milk-white, now purple with love's wound, and maidens call it [[Love in Idleness|love-in-idleness]]") is a [[love potion]]: "the juice of it, on sleeping eyelids laid, will make a man or woman madly dote (fall in love) upon the next live creature that it sees." (Act II, Scene I see also: Oberon at II, i). Since the cultivated pansy had not yet been developed, "pansy" here means the wild [[Heartsease]], and the idea of using it as a love potion was no doubt suggested by that name. The folkloric [[language of flowers]] is more traditional than scientific, with conventional interpretations, similar to the clichés about animals such as the "clever fox" or "wise owl". [[Ophelia (character)|Ophelia]]'s oft-quoted line, "There's pansies, that's for thoughts", in ''[[Hamlet]]'' (Act IV, Scene V) comes from this tradition: if a maiden found a [[honeyflower]] and a pansy left for her by an admirer, it would mean "I am thinking of our forbidden love" in symbol rather than in writing. |
|||
*In 1827, [[Pierre-Joseph Redouté]] painted ''Bouquet of Pansies''. |
|||
*In 1926, [[Georgia O'Keeffe]] created a famous painting of a black pansy called simply, ''Pansy''. She followed with ''White Pansy'' in 1927. |
|||
*[[D. H. Lawrence]]'s ''Pansies: Poems by D. H. Lawrence'' was published in 1929. |
|||
* The Pansy is a symbol of the [[Kappa Alpha Theta]] women's [[fraternity]]. The Pansy is also a symbol of the [[Delta Delta Delta]] women's fraternity, and represents the alumni members. |
|||
* The Pansy is the flower of [[Osaka]], [[Japan]]. |
|||
==External links== |
|||
{{commons-inline|Viola x wittrockiana}} |
|||
* [http://www.pansyflowers.com PansyFlowers.com] – pictures and information about pansies |
|||
==References== |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
[[Category:Viola]] |
|||
[[Category:Flowers]] |
|||
[[Category:Garden plants]] |
|||
[[cs:Violka zahradní]] |
|||
[[de:Stiefmütterchen]] |
|||
[[es:Viola × wittrockiana]] |
|||
[[fr:Viola ×wittrockiana]] |
|||
[[he:אמנון ותמר]] |
|||
[[lb:Pensée]] |
|||
[[lt:Darželinė našlaitė]] |
|||
[[ja:パンジー]] |
|||
[[pl:Fiołek ogrodowy]] |
|||
[[pt:Amor-perfeito]] |
|||
[[ru:Фиалка Виттрока]] |
|||
[[sv:Penséer]] |
|||
Revision as of 07:36, 31 December 2008
The definition of Alex43223 who is a fucking prick!!!