Paraves
| Paravians Temporal range: Late Jurassic–Recent,
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| (unranked): | Paraves Sereno, 1997
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Paraves is a branch-based clade containing birds (clade Aves) and other closely related dinosaurs. The paravians include the Avialae, such as Archaeopteryx, and the Deinonychosauria, which includes the dromaeosaurids and troodontids.
The name Paraves was coined by Paul Sereno in 1997.[1] The clade was defined by Sereno in 1998 as a branch-based clade containing all Maniraptora closer to Neornithes (which includes all the birds living in the world today) than to Oviraptor.[2]
The ancestral paravian is a hypothetical animal; the first common ancestor of birds, dromaeosaurids, and troodontids which was not also ancestral to oviraptorosaurs. Little can be said with certainty about this animal. The work of Turner et al. (2007) suggested that the ancestral paravian could not glide or fly, and that it was most likely small (around 65 centimeters long and 600–700 grams in mass).[3] But the work of Xu et al. (2003), (2005) and Hu et al (2009) provide examples of basal and early paravians with four wings, including members of the Avialae (Pedopenna), Dromaeosauridae (Microraptor), and Troodontidae (Anchiornis).[4][5][6]
Relationships
The cladogram presented below follows a study by Zhang et al. 2008, with omitted clade names after the definitions in Sereno, 2005.[7][8]
| Paraves | |
References
- ^ Sereno, P. C., 1997, "The origin and evolution of dinosaurs", Annual Review of Earth & Planetary Sciences 25:435- 489. (21)
- ^ Sereno, P. C., 1998, "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher level taxonomy of Dinosauria", Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 210:41-83. (23)
- ^ Turner, Alan H.; Pol, Diego; Clarke, Julia A.; Erickson, Gregory M.; and Norell, M. (2007). " A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight". Science, 317: 1378-1381. doi:10.1126/science.1144066
- ^ Hu, Dongyu, Lianhi, Hou, Zhang, Lijun, Xu, Xing. (2009) A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus. Nature, Vol 461 1 October 2009, pp. 640-643. doi:10.1038/nature08322.
- ^ Xing, X., Zhou, Z., Wang, X., Kuang, X., Zhang, F., and Du, X. (2003). "Four-winged dinosaurs from China." Nature, 421: 335–340.
- ^ Xu, X., and Zhang, F. (2005). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus." Naturwissenschaften, 92(4): 173 - 177.
- ^ Zhang, F., Zhou, Z., Xu, X., Wang, X. and Sullivan, C. (2008). "A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers". Nature, 455: 1105-1108. doi:10.1038/nature07447
- ^ Sereno, P. C., McAllister, S., and Brusatte, S. L. (2005). "TaxonSearch: a relational database for suprageneric taxa and phylogenetic definitions." PhyloInformatics, 8: 1-21.[1]