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{{Automatic taxobox
|name = Passerines
|fossil_range = [[Eocene]]-Recent, {{fossil range|55|0}}
|image = Pardalotus with nesting material.jpg
|image_width =
|image_caption = [[Striated Pardalote]] (''Pardalotus striatus'')
|image2 = Male-Songbird-Indicates-Body-Size-with-Low-Pitched-Advertising-Songs-pone.0056717.s005.ogv
|image2_caption = Song of a [[Purple-crowned Fairywren]] (''Malurus coronatus'')
|display_parents = 6
|taxon = Passeriformes
|authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
|diversity_link = #Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families
|diversity = Roughly 100 families, around 5,400 species
|subdivision_ranks = [[Suborder]]s
|subdivision =
*[[New Zealand wren|Acanthisitti]]
*[[Tyranni]]
*[[songbird|Passeri]]
and see [[#Suborder Acanthisitti|text]]
}}

A '''passerine''' is a [[bird]] of the [[order (biology)|order]] '''Passeriformes''', which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as '''perching birds''' or, less accurately, as [[songbird]]s, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial [[vertebrate]] orders; with over 5,000 identified [[species]],<ref name=a1/> it has roughly twice as many species as the largest of the [[mammal]] orders, the [[Rodent]]ia. It contains more than 110 families, the second most of any order of [[vertebrates]] (after the [[Perciformes]]).

The names "passerines" and "Passeriformes" are derived from ''Passer domesticus'', the [[scientific name]] of the eponymous [[species]] (the [[House Sparrow]]) and ultimately from the [[Latin]] term ''passer'' for ''[[Passer]]'' sparrows and similar small birds.

==Description==
The order is divided into three suborders, [[Tyranni]] (suboscines), [[Passeri]] (oscines), and the [[basal (evolution)|basal]] [[Acanthisitti]]. Oscines have the best control of their [[syrinx (biology)|syrinx]] muscles among birds, producing a wide range of [[bird song|songs]] and other vocalizations (though some of them, such as the [[crow]]s, do not sound musical to human beings); some such as the [[lyrebird]] are accomplished imitators. The Acanthisittids or [[New Zealand wren]]s are tiny birds restricted to New Zealand, at least in modern times; they were long placed in Passeri; their taxonomic position is uncertain, although they seem to be a distinct and very ancient group.

Most passerines are smaller than typical members of other avian orders. The heaviest and altogether largest passerines are the [[Thick-billed Raven]] and the larger races of [[Common Raven]], each exceeding {{convert|1.5|kg|abbr=on}} and {{convert|70|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The [[Superb Lyrebird]] and some [[bird-of-paradise|birds-of-paradise]], due to very long tails or tail coverts, are longer overall.{{Verify source|date=May 2007}} The smallest passerine is the [[Short-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant]], at {{convert|6.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|4.2|g|abbr=on}}.

[[File:PasserinePterylosis.jpg|thumb|left|Pterylosis or the feather tracts in a typical passerine]]

==Anatomy==
The foot of a passerine has three toes directed forward and one toe directed backward, called [[anisodactyl]] arrangement. This arrangement enables the passerine birds to perch upon vertical surfaces, such as trees and cliffs. The toes have no webbing or joining, but in some [[cotinga]]s the second and third toes are united at their basal third. The hind toe joins the leg at the same level as the front toes. In other orders of birds the toe arrangement is different.

The leg arrangement of passerine birds contains a special adaption for perching. A tendon in the rear of the leg running from the underside of the toes to the muscle behind the Tibiotarsus will automatically be pulled and tighten when the leg bends, causing the foot to curl and become stiff when the bird lands on a branch. This enables passerines to sleep while perching without falling off. This is especially useful for passerine birds that develop nocturnal lifestyles.<ref>Stefoff, Rebecca (2008), "The Bird Class", Marshall Cavendish Benchmark</ref>
<ref>Brooke, Michael and Birkhead, Tim (1991) "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Ornithology", Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521362059.</ref>

Most passerine birds develop twelve tail feathers, although the [[Superb Lyrebird]] has sixteen.<ref>Jones, D. (2008). Flight of fancy. ''Australian Geographic,'' (89), 18-19. </ref> Certain species of passerines have stiff tail feathers, which help the birds balance themselves when perching upon vertical surfaces. Some passerines, specifically in the family ''Ploceidae'', are well known for their elaborate sexual ornaments, including extremely long tails. A well-known example is the [[Long-tailed Widowbird]].

==Eggs and nests==
The chicks of passerines are [[altricial]]: blind, featherless, and helpless when hatched from their eggs. This requires that the chicks receive a lot of parental care. Most passerines lay coloured eggs, in contrast with non-passerines, most of whose eggs are white except in some ground-nesting groups such as [[Charadriiformes]] and [[nightjar]]s, where camouflage is necessary, and in some [[brood parasite|parasitic]] [[cuckoo]]s, which match the passerine host's egg.

Clutches vary considerably in size: some larger passerines of Australia such as lyrebirds and scrub-robins lay only a single egg, most smaller passerines in warmer climates lay between two and five, whilst in the higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere hole-nesting species like [[tit (bird)|tits]] can lay up to a dozen and other species around five or six.

==Origin and evolution==
The evolutionary history of the passerine families and the relationships among them remained rather mysterious until the late twentieth century. In many cases, passerine families were grouped together on the basis of morphological similarities which, it is now believed, are the result of [[convergent evolution]], not a close genetic relationship. For example, the "[[wrens]]" of the northern hemisphere, those of Australia, and those of New Zealand look very similar and behave in similar ways, and yet belong to three far-flung branches of the passerine family tree; they are as unrelated as it is possible to be while remaining Passeriformes.<ref>The name ''[[wren]]'' has been applied to other, unrelated birds in Australia and New Zealand. The 27 [[Australasia]]n "wren" species in the family [[Maluridae]] are unrelated, as are the [[New Zealand wren]]s in the family Acanthisittidae, the antwrens in the family [[Thamnophilidae]], and the wren-babblers of the family [[Timaliidae]]. For the monophyly of the "true wrens", Troglodytidae, see {{cite journal|author=Barker, F. K.|url=http://static.msi.umn.edu/rreports/2004/78.pdf|title=Monophyly and relationships of wrens (Aves: Troglodytidae): a congruence analysis of heterogeneous mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.005|year=2004|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=31|issue=2|pages=486–504|pmid=15062790}}</ref>

Much research remains to be done, but advances in [[molecular biology]] and improved [[paleobiogeography|paleobiogeographical]] data gradually are revealing a clearer picture of passerine origins and evolution that reconciles molecular affinities, the constraints of morphology and the specifics of the fossil record.<ref>The context is summarised in {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00118.x|title=The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): Reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record|year=2004|last1=Dyke|first1=Gareth J.|last2=Van Tuinen|first2=Marcel|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=141|issue=2|pages=153}}</ref> It is now thought that the first passerines evolved in [[Gondwana]] at some time in the [[Paleogene]], maybe around the [[Late Paleocene]] some 60–55&nbsp;[[million years ago|mya]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=1690883|pmid=11839192|year=2002|last1=Ericson|first1=PG|last2=Christidis|first2=L|last3=Cooper|first3=A|last4=Irestedt|first4=M|last5=Jackson|first5=J|last6=Johansson|first6=US|last7=Norman|first7=JA|title=A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens|volume=269|issue=1488|pages=235–41|doi=10.1098/rspb.2001.1877|journal=Proceedings. Biological sciences / the Royal Society}}</ref> The initial split was between the [[Tyranni]], the [[songbird]]s, the [[Eurylaimides]] and the [[Acanthisittidae|New Zealand "wrens"]], which must have diverged during a short period of time (some million years at most). The Passeriformes apparently evolved out of a fairly close-knit [[clade]] of "[[near passerine]]s" which contains such birds as the [[Piciformes]] and [[Coraciiformes]].<ref>Johansson & Ericson (2003);</ref><!-- only sources last fact -->

A little later, a great radiation of forms took place out of [[Australia-New Guinea]]: the [[Passeri]] or songbirds. A major branch of the Passeri, "Parvorder [[Passerida]]", emerged either as the sister group to the basal lineages and corvoids ("Parvorder [[Corvida]]"), or more likely as a subgroup of it, and expanded deep into [[Eurasia]] and Africa, where there was a further explosive radiation of new lineages. This eventually led to three major passeridan lineages comprising about 4,000 species, which in addition to the corvoidan clade and numerous minor lineages make up songbird diversity today. There has been extensive [[biogeographical]] mixing, with northern forms returning to the south, southern forms moving north, and so on.

===Fossil record===
====Earliest passerines====
Perching bird [[osteology]], especially of the limb bones, is rather diagnostic.<ref>See e.g. Boles (1997), Manegold ''et al.'' (2004), Mayr & Manegold (2006)</ref> However, the early fossil record is poor because the first Passeriformes were apparently on the small side of the present size range, and their delicate bones did not preserve well. [[Queensland Museum|QM]] specimens F20688 ([[carpometacarpus]]) and F24685 ([[tibiotarsus]]) from [[Murgon, Queensland]] are fossil bone fragments clearly recognizable as passeriform; they represent two species of approximately 10 and 20&nbsp;cm in overall length and prove that some 55&nbsp;mya, barely into the [[Early Eocene]], early perching birds were recognizably distinct.<ref>Boles (1997)</ref>

[[File:Lyrebird.jpg|thumb|right|Male [[Superb Lyrebird]] (''Menura novaehollandiae''). This very primitive [[songbird]] shows strong sexual dimorphism, with a peculiarly [[apomorph]]ic display plumage in males.]]

A quite similar group, the [[Zygodactylidae]] (named for their [[dactyly|zygodactylous]] approach to perching) independently arose at much the same time – and possibly from closely related ancestors – in the landmasses bordering the [[North Atlantic]], which at that time was only some two-thirds of its present width.

Until the discovery of the Australian fossils ''[[Palaeospiza bella]]'' from the [[Priabonian]] [[Florissant Fossil Beds]] ([[Late Eocene]], around 35&nbsp;mya) was the oldest known passeriform. However, it is now considered a non-passeriform [[near passerine]].

From the [[Bathans Formation]] at the [[Manuherikia River]] in [[Otago]], New Zealand, [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa|MNZ]] S42815 (a [[distal]] right [[tarsometatarsus]] of a [[Tui (bird)|Tui]]-sized bird) and several bones of at least one species of [[Saddleback (bird)|Saddleback]]-sized bird have recently been described. These date from the Early to [[Middle Miocene]] ([[Awamoan]] to [[Lillburnian]], 19-16&nbsp;mya).<ref>Worthy ''et al.'' (2007)</ref>

Modern knowledge about the living passerines' interrelationships (see the [[#Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families|list of families]] below) suggests that the last common ancestor of all living Passeriformes was a small forest bird, probably with a stubby tail<ref>The last common ancestor of all songbirds most likely had a decidedly longer tail. See del Hoyo ''et al.'' (2003, 2004).</ref> and an overall drab coloration, but possibly with marked [[sexual dimorphism]]. The latter trait seems to have been lost and re-evolved multiple times in songbird evolution alone, judging from its distribution among the extant lineages.
Sexual dichromatism is very rare among the [[basal (evolution)|basal]] lineages of Passerida, and probably their [[plesiomorph]]ic condition. But among the youngest passerid clade, the [[Passeroidea]], extremely colorful males and drab females are common, if not the rule. On the other hand, among the basalmost Passeri there are a considerable number of strongly dimorphic lineages too, such as the very ancient [[Menuridae]] as well as many [[Meliphagoidea]] and [[Corvoidea]]. Sexual dimorphism is also not uncommon in the [[Acanthisittidae]] and prominent in some suboscines such as the [[Pipridae]] and [[Cotingidae]].

====Early European passerines====
In Europe, perching birds are not too uncommon in the fossil record from the [[Oligocene]] onwards, but most are too fragmentary for a more definite placement:
* ''[[Wieslochia]]'' (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany)<!--*Naturwissensch91:173; ActPalPol51:315 -->
* ''[[Jamna (bird)|Jamna]]'' (Early Oligocene of Jamna Dolna, Poland)
* Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene of Luberon, France) &ndash; suboscine or basal<ref>Specimen [[Senckenberg Museum|SMF]] Av 504. A flattened right hand of a passerine perhaps 10 cm long overall. If suboscine, perhaps closer to [[Cotingidae]] than to [[Eurylaimides]]: Roux (2002), Mayr & Manegold (2006)</ref>
* Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Oligocene of France) &ndash; several suboscine and oscine taxa<ref>Huguenet ''et al.'' (2003), Mayr & Manegold (2006)</ref>
* Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene of France and Germany) &ndash; basal?<ref>Specimens [[Senckenberg Museum|SMF]] Av 487–496; [[SMNS]] 86822, 86825-86826; [[MNHN]] SA 1259–1263: [[tibiotarsus]] remains of small, possibly basal Passeriformes: Manegold ''et al.'' (2004)</ref>
* Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszõlõs, Hungary) &ndash; at least 2 taxa, possibly 3; at least one probably Oscines<ref>A partial [[coracoid]] of a probable Muscicapoidea, possibly [[Turdidae]]; [[distal]] [[tibiotarsus]] and [[tarsometatarsus]] of a smallish to mid-sized passerine which may be the same as the preceding; [[proximal]] [[ulna]] and tarsometatarsus of a [[Paridae]]-sized passerine: Gál ''et al.'' (1998–1999, 2000)</ref>
* Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of Felsõtárkány, Hungary) &ndash; oscine?<ref>A [[humerus]] [[diaphysis]] piece of a swallow-sized passerine: Hír ''et al.'' (2001)</ref>
*Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Polgárdi, Hungary) &ndash; [[Sylvioidea]] ([[Sylviidae]]? [[Cettiidae]]?)<ref>Hír ''et al.'' (2001)</ref><!-- this should be moved to Sylvioidea -->

''Wieslochia'' was possibly not a member of any extant suborder. That not only the Passeri expanded much beyond their region of origin is proven by an undetermined [[broadbill]] (Eurylaimidae) from the Early [[Miocene]] (roughly 20&nbsp;mya) of [[Wintershof]], Germany, and the indeterminate Late Oligocene suboscine from France listed above. Even very [[basal (evolution)|basal]] Passeriformes might have been common in Europe until the Middle Miocene, some 12&nbsp;mya.<ref>Manegold ''et al.'' (2004)</ref> Extant Passeri superfamilies were quite distinct by that time and are known since about 12–13 mya when modern genera were present in the corvoidean and basal songbirds. The modern diversity of Passerida genera is known mostly from the Late Miocene onwards and into the [[Pliocene]] (about 10–2&nbsp;mya). [[Pleistocene]] and early [[Holocene]] [[lagerstätten]] (<1.8&nbsp;mya) yield numerous extant species, and many yield almost nothing but extant species or their [[chronospecies]] and paleosubspecies.

====American fossils====
{{See also|Late Quaternary prehistoric birds}}
In the [[Americas]], the fossil record is more scant before the Pleistocene, from which several still-existing suboscine families are documented. Apart from the indeterminable [[MACN]]-SC-1411 (Pinturas Early/Middle Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina),<ref>Distal right [[humerus]], possibly suboscine: Noriega & Chiappe (1991, 1993)</ref> an extinct lineage of perching birds has been described from the Late Miocene of California, USA: the [[Palaeoscinidae]] with the single genus ''[[Paleoscinis]]''. ''"Palaeostruthus" eurius'' (Pliocene of Florida)<!-- Condor84:240 --> probably belongs to an extant family, most likely [[passeroidea]]n.

==Systematics and taxonomy==
Initially,{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}<!-- should be some Sibley/Ahlquist stuff. They threw parvorders around them wherever they went ;-) --> the [[Corvida]] and Passerida were classified as "[[parvorder]]s" in the [[suborder]] [[Passeri]]; in accord with the usual [[taxonomic]] practice, they would probably be ranked as [[infraorder]]s. As originally envisioned in the [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]], they contained, respectively, the large [[Taxonomic rank|superfamilies]] Corvoidea and Meliphagoidea as well as minor lineages, and the superfamilies Sylvioidea, Muscicapoidea and Passeroidea.

[[File:Beardedtit46.jpg|thumb|left|The peculiar [[Bearded Reedling]], ''Panurus biarmicus'', may be the most enigmatic passerine. No truly close relatives have been identified.]]

This arrangement has been found to be overly simplified by more recent research. Since the mid 2000s, literally dozens of studies are being published which try rather successfully to resolve the [[phylogeny]] of the passeriform [[radiation (biology)|radiation]]. For example, the Corvida in the traditional sense were a rather arbitrary assemblage of early and/or minor lineages of passeriform birds of Old World origin, generally from the region of Australia, New Zealand, and [[Wallacea]]. The Passeri on the other hand can be made monophyletic by moving some families about, but the "clean" three-superfamily-arrangement has turned out to be far more complex and it is uncertain whether future authors will stick to it.

Major "[[wastebin taxon|wastebin]]" families such as the [[Old World warbler]]s and [[Old World babbler]]s have turned out to be [[paraphyletic]] and are being rearranged. Several taxa turned out to represent highly distinct species-poor lineages and consequently new families had to be established, some of them – like the [[Stitchbird]] of New Zealand and the [[Eurasia]]n [[Bearded Reedling]] – [[monotypic]] with only one living species.<ref>The former does not even have recognized subspecies, while the latter is one of the most singular birds alive today. Good photos of a Bearded Reedling are for example [http://montereybay.com/creagrus/Reedling_bearded-WEH.jpg here] and [http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/bearded-reedling-05a04012.jpg here].</ref> It seems likely that in the Passeri alone, a number of minor lineages will eventually be recognized as distinct superfamilies. For example, the [[kinglet]]s constitute a single genus with less than 10 species today, but seem to have been among the first perching bird lineages to diverge as the group spread across [[Eurasia]]. No particularly close relatives of them have been found among comprehensive studies of the living Passeri, though it is suspected that they might be fairly close to some little-studied tropical Asian groups. Treatment of the [[nuthatch]]es, [[wren]]s, and their closest relatives as a distinct superfamily [[Certhioidea]] is increasingly considered justified; the same might eventually apply to the [[tit (bird)|tits]] and their closest relatives.

This process is still continuing. Therefore, the arrangement as presented here is subject to change. However, it should take precedence over unreferenced conflicting treatments in family, genus and species articles here; see the next section for default sources.

<!--
Regarding references: to avoid cluttering an article that is to appeal the casual reader and the informed layperson, it would be good to cite only sources for splits, not arguments for or against placing taxa incertae sedis here or there. Also, there will be loads and loads of comprehensive reviews out soon one would expect, and it would pay to wait rather than citing the entire list from the talk page.

Discussing the possible affinities of disputed taxa should go to their respective page, and the studies used to date can be cited more appropriately in the suborder and superfamily articles which in any case are more of interest to the specialist reader and can well reflect this.
-->

==Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families==
[[File:RiflemanMaleFemaleBuller.jpg|thumb|right|Female (left) and male [[Rifleman (bird)|Rifleman]] or ''tītitipounamu'' (''Acanthisitta chloris''), one of the 2 surviving species of suborder [[Acanthisitti]].]]

This list is in taxonomic order, placing related species/groups next to each other. The Passerida subdivisions are updated as needed from the default sequence of the ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'',<ref>del Hoyo ''et al.'' (2003–)</ref> based on the most modern and comprehensive studies.<ref>Lovette & Bermingham (2000), Cibois ''et al.'' (2001), Barker ''et al.'' (2002, 2004), Ericson & Johansson (2003), Beresford ''et al.'' (2005), Alström ''et al.'' (2006), Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006)</ref>

===Regarding arrangement of families===
The families are sorted into a somewhat novel sequence unlike that in older works, where e.g. Corvidae are placed last. This is because so many reallocations have taken place since about 2005 that a definite [[taxonomy]] has not been established yet, although the [[phylogeny]] is by and large resolved. The present sequence is an attempt to preserve as much of the traditional sequence while giving priority to adequately addressing the phylogenetic relationships between the families.

===Suborder Acanthisitti===
* [[Acanthisittidae]]: New Zealand "wrens"

[[File:Pitta iris.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rainbow Pitta]] (''Pitta iris''), a fairly dark ground-living bird with brilliant color patches, like most [[Pittidae]].]]

===Suborder Tyranni===
Suboscines
* '''Infraorder [[Eurylaimides]]''' – Old World suboscines (or Broad-billed suboscines). Probably a separate suborder.
** Superfamily [[Eurylaimoidea]] – broadbills and allies
*** [[Eurylaimidae]]: broadbills
*** [[Asity|Philepittidae]]: asities
*** [[Sapayoidae]]: Broad-billed Sapayoa
** Superfamily Pittoidea
*** [[Pitta|Pittidae]]: pittas

[[File:Golden-headed Manakin.jpg|thumb|right|Adult male [[Golden-headed Manakin]]s (''Pipra erythrocephala'') have striking display plumage, as do line with many of [[Pipridae|their relatives]].]]

* '''Infraorder [[Tyrannides]]''' – New World suboscines
** Superfamily N.N. – "bronchophones"
*** [[Tyrannidae]]: tyrant flycatchers
*** [[Tityridae]]: tityras and allies.
*** [[Cotingidae]]: [[Guianan Cock-of-the-rock]] and [[Cock-of-the-rock]]
*** [[Pipridae]]: manakins
** Superfamily [[Furnarioidea]] – tracheophones
*** [[Furnariidae]]: ovenbirds and woodcreepers
*** [[Thamnophilidae]]: antbirds
*** [[Formicariidae]]: antthrushes
*** [[Grallariidae]]: antpittas
*** [[Rhinocryptidae]]: typical tapaculos
*** [[Conopophagidae]]: gnateaters and gnatpittas
*** [[Melanopareiidae]]: crescent-chests

[[File:Atrichornis-clamosus.jpg|thumb|right|[[Noisy Scrub-bird]] (''Atrichornis clamosus''), one of the most [[plesiomorph]]ic [[Passeri]].]]

===Suborder Passeri===
Songbirds or oscines
* '''Basal Passeri''' – the most ancient true songbirds, endemic to Australia. Sometimes considered a superfamily "Menuroidea"{{Verify source|date=January 2008}}<!-- the taxon was proposed by Sibley & Ahlquist but they included "Ptilonorhynchoidea" as defined here and later changed the name to that. Need to check ICZN to see which of the names is available and applies after the split -->.
** [[Menuridae]]: lyrebirds
** [[Atrichornithidae]]: scrub-birds

[[File:Yellow-faced Honeyeater nov07 02.jpg|thumb|[[Yellow-faced Honeyeater]]]]

* '''Superfamily [[Meliphagoidea]]''' – mainly insectivores and nectarivores, distribution centered on Australo-Melanesian region extending into surroundings, notably the Pacific.
** [[Maluridae]]: fairywrens, emu-wrens and grasswrens
** [[Dasyornithidae]]: bristlebirds. Formerly in Acanthizidae.
** [[Acanthizidae]]: scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones
** [[Meliphagidae]]: honeyeaters
** Meliphagoidea ''incertae sedis''
*** [[Pardalotidae]]: pardalotes. Formerly in Acanthizidae, might be included in Meliphagidae.
*** ''[[Acanthorhynchus]]'': spinebills. Usually included in Meliphagidae; might be considered a [[monotypic]] family if Pardalotidae are considered valid too.

* '''Superfamily [[Corvoidea]]''' – a highly diverse group of global distribution, but most plentiful in the Australasian region and surroundings. The oldest truly globally successful group of passerines, they include among them what may well be the most intelligent and the most spectacular of the order.[[File:Male stitchbird.JPG|thumb|right|Male [[Stitchbird]] or ''hihi'' (''Notiomystis cincta'') showing [[convergent evolution|convergence]] with honeyeaters.]][[File:Laniarius barbarus.jpg|thumb|right|[[Yellow-crowned Gonolek]] (''Laniarius barbarus'': [[Malaconotidae]])]][[File:Corvus hawaiiensis in grass.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Hawaiian Crow]] or ''ʻalala'' (''Corvus hawaiiensis'') is nearly [[extinct]]; only a few dozen birds survive in captivity.]]
** [[Melanocharitidae]]: berrypeckers and longbills. Tentatively placed here.
** [[Callaeidae]]: New Zealand wattlebirds. Tentatively placed here.
** Family N.N.: [[Stitchbird]]. Tentatively placed here.
** [[Cnemophilidae]]: satinbirds. Tentatively placed here.
** [[Neosittidae]]: sittellas
** [[Vireonidae]]: vireos
** [[Campephagidae]]: cuckoo-shrikes and trillers
** [[Pachycephalidae]]: whistlers and allies. Delimitation with regards to several proposed families and subfamilies requires thorough study.
** [[Oriolidae]]: orioles and Figbird
** [[Painted berrypecker|Paramythiidae]]: Tit Berrypecker and Crested Berrypecker. Formerly in Passerida.
** [[Artamidae]]: woodswallows, butcherbirds, currawongs and Australian Magpie
** [[Malaconotidae]]: puffback shrikes, bush shrikes, tchagras and boubous
** [[Platysteiridae]]: wattle-eyes. Formerly in Passerida. Probably paraphyletic.
** [[Aegithinidae]]: ioras
** [[Pityriaseidae]]: Bornean Bristlehead. Tentatively placed here.
** [[Prionopidae]]: helmetshrikes and woodshrikes
** [[Vangidae]]: vangas
** [[Dicruridae]]: drongos
** [[Monarchidae]]: monarch flycatchers
** [[Rhipiduridae]]: fantails
** [[bird-of-paradise|Paradisaeidae]]: birds of paradise
** [[Corcoracidae]]: White-winged Chough and Apostlebird
** [[Laniidae]]: shrikes
** [[Corvidae]]: crows, ravens and jays
** Corvoidea ''incertae sedis''
*** ''[[Vireolanius]]'': shrike-vireos. Usually included in Vireonidae, possibly a monotypic family,
*** ''[[Erpornis]]'': White-bellied Erpornis. Formerly in ''[[Yuhina]]'' (Passerida: [[Timaliidae]]); possibly a monotypic family, possibly in Vireonidae
*** [[Colluricinclidae]]: shrike-thrushes. Often included in Pachycephalidae but perhaps recognizable as a subfamily at least.
*** [[Cinclosomatidae]]: whipbirds and allies. Contains [[Psophodidae]] but that might make it paraphyletic. At least some species belong in Pachycephalidae if Falcunculinae are not considered a distinct family.
*** [[Falcunculidae]]: Shrike-tit and allies. Usually included in Pachycephalidae; might be distinct family or merged in Cinclosomatidae or Psophodidae{{Verify source|date=January 2008}}<!-- which one? -->.
*** "Pitohuidae": [[pitohui]]s. Usually included in Pachycephalidae but seem closer to Oriolidae and best considered a distinct family including ''[[Oreoica]]'' and possibly other Pachycephalidae ''sensu lato''.
*** ''[[Melampitta]]'': melampittas. Two very puzzling birds of unclear systematics; the monophyly of the genus was long disputed. Maybe a basal offshoot of the Monarchidae, maybe a family of their own.

[[File:Regentbowerbirdmale.jpg|thumb|right|Male [[Regent Bowerbird]] (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'', [[Ptilonorhynchidae]])]]

* '''Passeri (mainly "[[Corvida]]") ''[[incertae sedis]]'''''[[File:Regulus regulus -Vendee, France-8.jpg|thumb|right|The tiny [[Goldcrest]] (''Regulus regulus'') belongs to a minor but highly distinct lineage of [[Passeri]].]]
** Possible superfamily "Ptilonorhynchoidea"{{Verify source|date=January 2008}}<!-- see "Menuroidea" above --> – bowerbirds and Australian treecreepers
*** [[Climacteridae]]: Australian treecreepers
*** [[Turnagridae]]: Piopio ([[extinct]])
*** [[Ptilonorhynchidae]]: bowerbirds
** Possible superfamily N.N. – logrunners and pseudo-babblers
*** [[Orthonychidae]]: logrunners
*** [[Pomatostomidae]]: pseudo-babblers
** [[Petroicidae]]: Australian robins
** Possible superfamily N.N.
*** [[Picathartidae]]: rockfowl.
*** [[Chaetopidae]]: rock-jumpers. Recently split from Turdidae.
*** [[Eupetidae]]: Malaysian Rail-babbler. Recently split from Cinclosomatidae.
** Possible monotypic superfamily Reguloidea – kinglets
*** [[Regulidae]]: kinglets
** Possible monotypic superfamily N.N.
** Family N.N.: [[Hyliota]]s. Recently split from Sylviidae.
** [[Irenidae]]: fairy-bluebirds. Reguloidea? Basal to/in Passeroidea?
** [[Chloropseidae]]: leafbirds. Reguloidea? Basal to/in Passeroidea?

====Infraorder Passerida====
[[File:Hirundo abyssinica.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lesser Striped Swallow]] (''Cecropis abyssinica''), showing some [[apomorph]]ies of its ancient yet highly advanced lineage.]]

* Superfamily [[Sylvioidea]] – mostly insectivores, distribution centered on the [[Indo-Pacific]] region. Few occur in the Australian region and fewer still in the Americas. Usually sleek and drab birds, few have pronounced [[sexual dimorphism]].[[File:Acrocephalus dumetorum.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blyth's Reed-warbler]] (''Acrocephalus dumetorum'') is now in the [[Acrocephalidae]].]]
** [[Nicatoridae]]: nicators; have been classed as bulbuls in the past but appear to have no close relatives.
** [[Panuridae]]: the [[Bearded Reedling]]; formerly classed as a [[parrotbill]] but seems to be closest to the larks.
** [[Alaudidae]]: larks
** [[Hirundinidae]]: swallows and martins
** [[Pnoepygidae]]: pygmy wren-babblers; apparently unrelated to other babblers
** [[Macrosphenidae]]: African warblers such as [[longbill]]s{{dn|date=October 2012}} and [[crombec]]s; a recently proposed family whose composition is still uncertain
** [[Phylloscopidae]]: leaf-warblers and allies. Recently split from Sylviidae.
** [[Aegithalidae]]: long-tailed tits or bushtits<ref>Gill, F., Wright, M. & Donsker, D. (2008). IOC World Bird Names (version 1.6). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/</ref>
** [[Cettiidae]]: ground-warblers and allies. Recently split from Sylviidae.
** [[Locustellidae]]: grass-warblers and allies. Recently split from Sylviidae.
** [[Donacobiidae]]: the [[Black-capped Donacobius]]; previously classed as a wren but probably closest to the Locustellidae or Bernieridae
** [[Bernieridae]]: Malagasy warblers. A newly assembled family.
** [[Acrocephalidae]]: marsh- and tree-warblers. Recently split from Sylviidae.
** [[Pycnonotidae]]: bulbuls
** [[Cisticolidae]]: cisticolas and allies
** [[Timaliidae]]: tree babblers
** Pellorneidae: ground babblers
** Leiothrichidae: [[laughingthrush]]es and allies
** [[Sylviidae]]: ''[[Typical warbler|Sylvia]]'' warblers and allies
** [[Zosteropidae]]: [[white-eye]]s and allies

[[File:Einsiedlerdrossel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hermit Thrush]] (''Catharus guttatus''), like many [[Muscicapoidea]] a stout and [[crypsis|cryptic]] bird with complex vocalizations.]]

* Superfamily [[Muscicapoidea]] – mostly insectivores, near-global distribution centered on Old World [[tropics]]. One family [[endemic (biology)|endemic]] to Americas. Nearly absent (except introductions) from the Australian region. Usually rather stocky for their size, most are quite dark and dull though [[Sturnidae]] are commonly iridescent and/or colorful. Sexual dimorphism often absent, sometimes pronounced.
** [[Cinclidae]]: dippers
** [[Muscicapidae]]: Old World flycatchers and chats. Monophyly needs confirmation.
** [[Turdidae]]: thrushes and allies. Monophyly needs confirmation.
** [[Buphagidae]]: oxpeckers. Formerly usually included in Sturnidae.
** [[Sturnidae]]: starlings and possibly [[Philippine creeper]]s. Placement of latter in Muscicapoidea seems good, but inclusion in Sturnidae requires confirmation; possibly distinct family Rhabdornithidae.
** [[Mimidae]]: mockingbirds and thrashers

[[File:Brown-headed Nuthatch-27527-4c.jpg|thumb|right|[[Brown-headed Nuthatch]] (''Sitta pusilla''). [[Nuthatch]]es can climb downwards head-first.]]

* Superfamily [[Certhioidea]] – wrens and allies. Sometimes included in Muscicapoidea.
** [[Sittidae]]: nuthatches
** [[Tichodromadidae]]: Wallcreeper: Traditionally placed as a subfamily of the nuthatches and more rarely of the treecreepers, no study has been able to verify either placement this far. Thus it is better considered a monotypic family, at least for the time being.
** [[Certhiidae]]: treecreepers
** [[Salpornithidae]]: Spotted Creeper. Tentatively placed here; often considered a subfamily of the Certhidae.
** [[Troglodytidae]]: wrens
** [[Polioptilidae]]: gnatcatchers

[[File:GouldianFinches.jpg|thumb|right|Like these male (right) and female [[Gouldian Finch]]es (''Erythrura gouldiae''), ...]]

[[File:Green-and-Gold Tanager.jpg|thumb|right|... or this [[Green-and-gold Tanager]] (''Tangara schrankii''), many [[Passeroidea]] are very colorful.]]

* Superfamily [[Passeroidea]] – mostly herbivores including many seed-eaters, near-global distribution centered on [[Palearctic]] and Americas. Includes the [[Nine-primaried oscine]]s (probably a subclade). A very high proportion of colorful and highly sexually dimorphic forms.
** [[Passeridae]]: true sparrows
** [[Prunellidae]]: accentors
** [[Motacillidae]]: wagtails and pipits
** [[Urocynchramidae]]: Przewalski's Finch. Recently split from Fringillidae; tentatively placed here.
** [[Estrildidae]]: estrildid finches (waxbills, munias, etc.)
** [[Ploceidae]]: weavers. Certain members of ''Ploceidae'', such as the [[Long-tailed Widowbird]] are well known for their elaborate sexual ornaments.
** [[Viduidae]]: indigobirds and whydahs
** [[Nine-primaried oscine]]s:
*** [[Peucedramidae]]: Olive Warbler
*** [[Fringillidae]]: true finches and [[Hawaiian honeycreeper]]s. Possibly polyphyletic.
*** [[Icteridae]]: grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles
*** [[Parulidae]]: New World warblers
*** [[Thraupidae]]: tanagers and allies
*** [[Cardinalidae]]: cardinals
*** [[Emberizidae]]: buntings and American sparrows
** Passeroidea ''incertae sedis''
*** [[Coerebidae]]: Bananaquit. Family invalid or not [[monotypic]]; reallocation pending.

* Passerida ''incertae sedis'' – Rather basal Passerida, most of which seem to constitute several small but distinct lineages that could be considered superfamilies. Most occur in Asia, Africa and North America.
** Possible superfamily Paroidea – titmice and allies. Might be included in Sylvioidea.[[File:Parus caeruleus1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Blue Tit]] (''Cyanistes caeruleus'') and its relatives stand well apart from rest of the [[Sylvioidea]] ''sensu lato''.]]
*** [[Paridae]]: tits, chickadees and titmice
*** [[Remizidae]]: penduline tits. Sometimes included in Paridae.
*** [[Stenostiridae]]: stenostirids ("flycatcher-tits"). A newly assembled family; sometimes included in Paridae.
** Possible superfamily Bombycilloidea – waxwings and allies. Included in Muscicapoidea if Sittoidea/Certhioidea are not considered a distinct superfamily.
*** [[Bombycillidae]]: waxwings
*** [[Dulidae]]: Palmchat. Tentatively placed here.
*** [[Ptilogonatidae]]: silky flycatchers. Tentatively placed here.
*** [[Hypocoliidae]]: Hypocolius. Tentatively placed here.
*** [[Mohoidae]]<ref name=Lovette2008>{{cite journal|author=Lovette, I.J. |pmid=19108768|year=2008|title=Convergent evolution: Raising a family from the dead|volume=18|issue=24|pages=R1132–4|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.006|journal=Current biology : CB}}</ref><ref name="Fleischer 2008">{{cite journal|author=Fleischer R.C., James H.F., and Olson S.L.|pmid=19084408|year=2008|title=Convergent evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific honeyeaters from distant songbird ancestors|volume=18|issue=24|pages=1927–31|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.051|journal=Current biology : CB }}</ref>
** Possible superfamily "Dicaeoidea" – sunbirds and flowerpeckers. Might be included in Passeroidea.
*** [[Nectariniidae]]: sunbirds
*** [[Dicaeidae]]: flowerpeckers
** Possible monotypic superfamily N.N.
*** [[Promeropidae]]: sugarbirds. Might be included in Passeroidea.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=a1>{{cite journal|author=Mayr, Ernst |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v063n01/p0064-p0069.pdf|title=The Number of Species of Birds|journal=The Auk|volume =63|issue=1 |year=1946|page=67|doi=10.2307/4079907}}</ref>
}}

==References==<!-- Syst. Biol. 45(4):47 -->
{{Wiktionary|passerine}}
{{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Passeriformes}}
{{Commons category|Passeriformes}}
*{{cite journal|author= Alström, Per; Ericson, Per G.P.; Olsson, Urban & Sundberg, Per |year=2006|title= Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea|journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] |volume=38|issue=2|pages= 381–397|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015|pmid=16054402}}
*{{cite journal|author= Barker, F. Keith; Barrowclough, George F. & Groth, Jeff G. |year=2002|title= A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data|journal=Proc. R. Soc. B |volume=269|issue=1488|pages= 295–308|doi=10.1098/rspb.2001.1883|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~barke042/pdfs/Barker.et.al02.pdf|pmid= 11839199|pmc= 1690884 }}
*{{cite journal|author= Barker, F. Keith; Cibois, Alice; Schikler, Peter A.; Feinstein, Julie & Cracraft, Joel |year=2004|title= Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=101|issue=30|pages= 11040–11045|doi=10.1073/pnas.0401892101|pmid=15263073|pmc= 503738 }} [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0401892101/DC1 Supporting information]
*{{cite journal|author= Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G. & Crowe, T.M. |year=2005|title= African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society|Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B]] |volume=272|issue=1565|pages= 849–858|doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2997|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~barke042/pdfs/Beresford.et.al05.pdf }} [http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/public/contributionsupplementalmaterials/h/y/b/7/hyb7fme16147k0d3/archive1.pdf Electronic appendix]
*{{cite journal|author= Boles, Walter E. |year=1997|title= Fossil Songbirds (Passeriformes) from the Early Eocene of Australia|journal=[[Emu (journal)|Emu]] |volume=97|issue=1|pages= 43–50|doi=10.1071/MU97004}}
*{{cite journal|author= Cibois, Alice; Slikas, Beth; Schulenberg, Thomas S. & Pasquet, Eric |year=2001|title= An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data|journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=55|issue=6|pages= 1198–1206|doi=10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2 |url=http://www.molecularevolution.org/resources/references/files/cibois_et_al_2001.pdf}}
* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2003): ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'' (Vol. 8: Broadbills to Tapaculos). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-50-4
* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2004): ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'' (Vol. 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions). ISBN 84-87334-69-5
* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2005): ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'' (Vol. 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions). ISBN 84-87334-72-5
* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2006): ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'' (Vol. 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-96553-06-X
* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2007): ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'' (Vol. 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2
*Dickinson, E.C. (ed.) (2003): ''The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the World'' (3rd edition). Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6536-X
*{{cite journal|author= Ericson, Per G.P. & Johansson, Ulf S. |year=2003|title= Phylogeny of Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data|journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] |volume=29|issue=1|pages= 126–138 |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00067-8|url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021319/mail%20to:%20per.ericson@nrm.se }}
*{{cite journal|author= Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén & Kókay, József |year=1998–99|title= Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely |trans_title=Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I.|journal=Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis |volume=23|pages=33–78|url=http://www.matramuzeum.hu/Personal/folia/23/03MATSZOLOS.PDF }}
*{{cite journal|author= Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén, Kókay, József & Márton, Venczel |year=2000|title= Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból II. A Mátraszõlõs 2. lelõhely |trans_title=Middle Miocene fossils from the section of the road at the Rákóczi Chapel, Mátraszõlõs. II. Locality Mátraszõlõs 2|journal=Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis |volume=24|pages=39–75|url=http://www.matramuzeum.hu/Personal/folia/24/GAL.PDF }}
*{{cite journal|author= Hír, János; Kókay, József; Venczel, Márton; Gál, Erika & GKessler, Eugén |year=2001|title= Elõzetes beszámoló a felsõtárkányi "Güdör-kert" n. õslénytani lelõhelykomplex újravizsgálatáról |trans_title=A preliminary report on the revised investigation of the paleontological locality-complex "Güdör-kert" at Felsõtárkány, Northern Hungary)|journal=Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis |volume=25|pages=41–64 |url=http://www.matramuzeum.hu/e107_plugins/docrep_menu/docrep.php?0.getdoc.178.7. }}
*{{cite journal|author= Hugueney, Marguerite; Berthet, Didier; Bodergat, Anne-Marie; Escuillié, François; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile & Wattinne, Aurélia |year=2003|title= La limite Oligocène-Miocène en Limagne: changements fauniques chez les mammifères, oiseaux et ostracodes des différents niveaux de Billy-Créchy (Allier, France) |trans_title=The Oligocene-Miocene boundary in Limagne: faunal changes in the mammals, birds and ostracods from the different levels of Billy-Créchy (Allier, France)|journal=[[Geobios]]|volume=36|issue=6|pages=719–731|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2003.01.002}}
*{{cite journal|author= Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G.P. |year=2003|title= Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960)|journal=[[Journal of Avian Biology]] |volume=34|issue=2|pages= 185–197|doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x|url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520&%2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf }}
*{{cite journal|author= Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon |year=2006|title= A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)|journal=[[Zoologica Scripta|Zool. Scripta]] |volume=35|issue=2|pages= 149–186|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x}}
*{{cite journal|author= Lovette, Irby J.& Bermingham, Eldredge |year=2000|title= ''c-mos'' Variation in Songbirds: Molecular Evolution, Phylogenetic Implications, and Comparisons with Mitochondrial Differentiation|journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] |volume=17|issue=10|pages= 1569–1577|doi= 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026255 }}
*{{cite journal|author= Mayr, Gerald & Manegold, Albrecht |year=2006|title= A Small Suboscine-like Passeriform Bird from the Early Oligocene of France|journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=108|issue=3|pages= 717–720|doi=10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[717:ASSPBF]2.0.CO;2 |url=http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1650%2F0010-5422(2006)108%5B717%3AASSPBF%5D2.0.CO%3B2}}
*{{cite journal|author= Manegold, Albrecht; Mayr, Gerald & Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile |year=2004|title= Miocene Songbirds and the Composition of the European Passeriform Avifauna|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]] |volume=121|issue=4|pages= 1155–1160|doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1155:MSATCO]2.0.CO;2}}
*{{cite journal|author= Noriega, Jorge I. & Chiappe, Luis M. |year=1991|title= El más antiguo Passeriformes de America del Sur. Presentation at VIII Journadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados |trans_title=The most ancient passerine from South America|journal=Ameghiniana |volume=28|issue=3–4|pages=410|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hqDVeF8W8OkC&printsec=frontcover}}
*{{cite journal|author= Noriega, Jorge I. & Chiappe, Luis M. |year=1993|title= An Early Miocene Passeriform from Argentina|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]] |volume=110|issue=4|pages= 936–938|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v110n04/p0936-p0938.pdf|doi= 10.2307/4088653 }}
*{{cite journal|author= Roux, T. |year=2002|title= Deux fossiles d'oiseaux de l'Oligocène inférieur du Luberon |trans_title=Two bird fossils from the Lower Oligocene of Luberon|journal=Courrier Scientifique du Parc Naturel Régional du Luberon |volume=6|pages=38–57}}
*{{cite journal|author= [[Trevor H. Worthy|Worthy, Trevor H.]]; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A. & Douglas, B.J. |year=2007|title= Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand|journal=[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] |volume=5|issue=1|pages= 1–39|doi=10.1017/S1477201906001957}}

{{Birds}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}}

[[Category:Passeriformes| ]]
[[Category:Perching birds| ]]

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