View source for Patriarch of the Church of the East

{{Short description|Supreme head of the Church of the East}}
{{about|the history of the patriarchal office|a list of patriarchs|List of patriarchs of the Church of the East}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Eastern Christianity}}

The '''patriarch of the Church of the East''' (also known as '''patriarch of the East''', '''patriarch of Babylon''', the '''catholicose of the East''' or the '''grand metropolitan of the East'''){{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=10}}<ref name=":1" />{{sfnp|Coakley|1999|p=65, 66: "Catholikos-Patriarchs of the East who served on the throne of the church of koke in Seleucia-Ktesiphon"}}{{sfn|Walker|1985|p=172: "this church had as its head a "catholicos" who came to be styled "Patriarch of the East" and had his seat originally at Seleucia-Ctesiphon (after 775 it was shifted to Baghdad)"}} is the [[patriarch]], or leader and head [[bishop]] (sometimes referred to as [[Catholicos]] or universal leader) of the [[Church of the East]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Carlson |first=Thomas A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXlnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |title=Christianity in Fifteenth-Century Iraq |date=2018-09-06 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-18627-9 |language=en |quote=The head of the hierarchy of the Church of the East was the Catholicos-Patriarch of the East}}</ref> The position dates to the early centuries of [[Christianity]] within the [[Sassanid Empire]], and the Church has been known by a variety of names, including the [[Church of the East]], [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] Church, the Persian Church, the Sassanid Church, or ''East Syrian''.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=4}}

{{Infobox diocese|jurisdiction=Catholicos–Patriarch|founded=|coat=|patron=|image=Ctesiphon, Iraq, 1932.jpg|caption=[[Taq Kasra]], [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] ruins in Seleucia-Ctesiphon|flag=|country=[[Iraq]]|headquarters=[[Seleucia-Ctesiphon]] (410 – 775)<br/>[[Baghdad]] (775 - 1317)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vine|first=Aubrey R.|title=The Nestorian Churches|year=1937|location=London|publisher=Independent Press|url=https://archive.org/details/MN41565ucmf_1 |page= 104}}</ref>|denomination=[[Church of the East]]|churches=|rite=[[East Syriac Rite]]|established=|name=the Church of the East|cathedral=Church of Kokhe,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassis |first=Marica |title=Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 2 |chapter=Kokhe, Cradle of the Church of the East: An Archaeological and Comparative Study |date=2009-01-01 |pages=62–78 |publisher=Gorgias Press |isbn=978-1-4632-1620-7 |language=en |doi=10.31826/9781463216207-007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cassis |first=Marica C. |title=Kokhe |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Kokhe |journal=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition}}</ref> [[Veh-Ardashir]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mesopotamiaheritage.org/en/monuments/leglise-assyrienne-de-kokhe/ | title=The Church in Kokhe }}</ref>|dissolved=|language=[[Syriac language|Syriac]]|bishop=|first_incumbent=[[Thomas the Apostle]] (church tradition)<ref>{{cite book|first=Christoph|last=Baumer|title=The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA330|page=330|publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781838609344}}</ref><br/>[[Papa bar Aggai]] (as bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=John|title=Nestorian Missionary Enterprise: A Church on Fire|year=1928|location=Edinburgh|publisher=T. & T. Clark|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68434 |page=15}}</ref>|patriarch=|latin=|local=|territory=|metropolitan=|parishes=|sui_iuris_church=|image_size=|border=Holy See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon}}

Since 1552, rival patriarchal lines were established, traditionalist on one side and pro-Catholic on the other. In modern times, patriarchal succession is claimed from this office to the patriarchal offices of the successor churches: the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], and the [[Ancient Church of the East]].{{sfn|Burleson|Rompay|2011|p=481-491}}{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2019|p=799–805}}

==Early history of the Patriarchate of the East ==

The geographic location of the patriarchate was first in [[Edessa]] and then transferred to the Persian capital of [[Seleucia-Ctesiphon]] in central Mesopotamia during the Roman conquest of Edessa. In the 9th century the patriarchate moved to [[Baghdad]] and then through various cities in what was then [[Assyria]] ([[Assuristan]]/[[Athura]]) and is now northern [[Iraq]], south east [[Turkey]] and northwest [[Iran]], including, [[Tabriz]], [[Mosul]], and [[Maragheh]] on [[Lake Urmia]]. Following the Chaldean Catholic Church split from the Assyrian Church, the respective patriarchs of these churches continued to move around northern Iraq. In the 19th century, the patriarchate of the Assyrian Church of the East was in the village of [[Qudshanis]] in southeastern [[Turkey]].{{sfn|Wigram|1910|p=90}} In the 20th century, the Assyrian patriarch went into exile, relocating to [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States. Another patriarchate, which split off in the 1960s as the [[Ancient Church of the East]], is in Baghdad.

The patriarchate of the Church of the East evolved from the position of the leader of the Christian community in [[Seleucia-Ctesiphon]], the Persian capital. While Christianity had been introduced into [[Assyria]] then largely under the rule of the [[Parthian Empire]] in the first centuries AD, during the earliest period, leadership was unorganized and there was no established succession. In 280, [[Papa bar Aggai]] was consecrated as Bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon by two visiting bishops, Akha d'abuh' of [[Erbil|Arbela]] and Hai-Beël of [[Beth Huzaye (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)|Susa]], thereby establishing the generally recognized succession.{{sfn|Wigram|1910|p=42-44}} Seleucia-Ctesiphon thus became its own [[episcopal see]], and exerted some ''de facto'' control over the wider Persian Christian community. Papa's successors began to use the title of ''[[Catholicos]]'', a Roman designation probably adopted due to its use by the [[Catholicos of Armenia]], though at first it carried no formal recognition.{{sfn|Wigram|1910|p=90-91}} In 409 the Church of the East received state recognition from the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid Emperor]] [[Yazdegerd I]], and the [[Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]] was called, at which the church's hierarchy was formalized. Bishop [[Mar Isaac (bishop)|Mar Isaac]] was the first to be officially styled Catholicos over all of the Christians in Persia. Over the next decades, the Catholicoi adopted the additional title of [[Patriarch]], which eventually became the better known designation.{{sfn|Wigram|1910|p=91}}

The conventional [[list of patriarchs of the Church of the East]] includes around 130 patriarchs. A number of these patriarchs are legendary, or have been included in the standard lists on dubious evidence according to some historians like [[Jean Maurice Fiey]]. According to him, the Church of the East, although separated from the [[State church of the Roman Empire]], was not immune to its fashions.  One such fashion was to fill in the inevitable gaps in the historical record to trace a succession of bishops in individual dioceses right back to the 1st century, preferably to an apostolic founder.  This fashion found particular favour in the case of the diocese of Seleucia-Ctesiphon.  The first bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon for whom incontestable evidence exists was Papa, who was consecrated around 280.  During the 6th century ingenious attempts were made to link Papa with [[Saint Mari|Mari]], the legendary apostle of Babylonia.  The author of the 6th-century ''Acts of Mari'' simply ignored the gap of two and a half centuries that separated the two men and declared that Mari had founded the diocese of Seleucia-Ctesiphon shortly before his death and consecrated Papa as his successor.  According to Fiey, later writers were more cunning with their inventions.  [[Shahlufa]] and [[Ahadabui]], two late-3rd-century bishops of Erbil who had played a notable part in the affairs of the church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, were 'converted' retrospectively into early patriarchs.  Ahadabui was said to have governed the church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon from 204 to 220, and Shahlufa from 220 to 224. However the ''[[Chronicle of Seert]]'', names Shahloopa (Shahlufa) as a Patriarch of the Church of the East.<ref>"Histoire nestorienne inédite: Chronique de Séert. Première partie."</ref> Fiey also claims that, for the 2nd century, three patriarchs were frankly invented:  [[Abris]] (121–37), [[Abraham (bishop)|Abraham]] (159–71) and [[Yaqob I|Ya{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}qob]] (190). All three men were declared to be relatives of Joseph, the earthly father of Jesus, and given plausible backstories. Fiey also claims these five phantom 'patriarchs' were included in all the later histories of the Church of the East, and by the 12th century their existence was an article of faith for the historian Mari bin Sulaiman. According to Feiy, they are still included by courtesy in the traditional [[list of patriarchs of the Church of the East]], even though most scholars agree that they never existed.{{sfn|Fiey|1970|p=64-65}} However, not all historians and ecclesiastical scholars regard Fiey's opinion to be correct.<ref name=":0">E. Tisserant, ‘L’Église nestorienne’, in Dictionnaire de théologie catholique XI.1 (1931), col. 260–63.</ref><ref>D. D. Benjamin, The patriarchs of the Church of the East (Translated from Assyrian into English by Y. A. Baaba) (2008). (includes a comparison of different existing lists)</ref><ref>H. Teule, Les Assyro-Chaldéens. Chrétiens d’Irak, d’Iran et de Turquie (Fils d’Abraham, 2008), 211–14.</ref><ref>J. F. Coakley, ‘The patriarchal list of the Church of the East’, in After Bardaisan. Studies on continuity and change in Syriac Christianity in honour of Professor Han J. W. Drijvers, ed. G. J. Reinink and A. C. Klugkist (OLA 89; 1999), 65–83. (includes comparative discussion of two lists, by Yawsep d-Beth Qelayta [1924, reprint 1955] and by Iskhaq Rehana d-Beth Gadda [1965, reprint 1988])</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=List of Patriarchs of the Main Syriac Churches in the Middle East|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/List-of-Patriarchs-Churches-Middle-East|website=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition|last1=Burleson |first1=Samuel |last2=Rompay |first2=Lucas Van }}</ref>

== Uncertain patriarchal succession, 1318–1552 ==
The patriarch [[Yahballaha III]] died in November 1317, probably on Saturday 12 November.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=3478}}

His successor [[Timothy II (Nestorian Patriarch)|Timothy II]], according to the acts of his synod, was consecrated in February 1318.  He was still alive in 1328, but probably died two or three years later, to be succeeded after an uncertain interval by [[Denha II]] in 1336/7, who himself died in 1381/2.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=347}} Denha II is known to have been consecrated in Baghdad, thanks to the patronage of the Christian emir Haggi Togai, but may have been normally resident in the Mosul plain village of Karamlish.  Three ceremonial contacts between Denha II and the Jacobite church are recorded by the continuator of Bar Hebraeus's ''Ecclesiastical Chronicle'' between 1358 and 1364, and on each occasion Denha was living in Karamlish.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=18-19}}

Denha II is conventionally believed to have been succeeded by the patriarchs [[Shemʿon II]], [[Shemʿon III]] and [[Eliya IV]], but a 15th-century list of patriarchs mentions only a single patriarch named Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on between Denha II and Eliya IV, and is probably to be preferred.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=347-348}}

Eliya IV was succeeded by Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on IV at an unknown date in the first half of the 15th century.  Eliya's death has conventionally been placed in 1437 but must have been earlier, as a patriarch named Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on is mentioned in a colophon of 1429/30.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=348}}

[[Shemʿon IV]] died on 20 February 1497 and was buried in the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] near the Mosul village of Alqosh.{{sfn|Vosté|1930|p=283–285}} He was succeeded by two short-reigned patriarchs:  Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on V, first mentioned in a colophon of 1500/1, who died in September 1502 and was buried in the monastery of Mar Awgin; and [[Eliya V]], elected in 1503, who died in 1504 and was buried in the church of Mart Meskinta in Mosul.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=348}}

Eliya V was succeeded by the patriarch Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VI (1504–38), who died on 5 August 1538 and was buried in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd.{{sfn|Vosté|1930|p=286}} According to the [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] of a contemporary manuscript, the patriarchal throne was still vacant on 19 October 1538.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=348}}

Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on's brother the metropolitan Isho{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb Bar Mama, who had been ''[[natar kursya]]'' throughout his reign, is first mentioned as patriarch in a colophon of 1539.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=348}} Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VII Isho{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb died on 1 November 1558 and was buried, like his predecessor, in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd near [[Alqosh]].{{sfn|Vosté|1930|p=286}} His reign saw the schism of 1552 that resulted in the creation of the ''Shimun line'' in 1553.

== 'Shemon VIII Denha' and the schism of 1552 ==
{{main|Schism of 1552}}

In 1552 a section of the Church of the East, angered by the appointment of minors to important episcopal positions by the patriarch [[Shemon VII Ishoyahb|Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VII Isho{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb]], revolted against his authority. The rebels elected in his stead Sulaqa, the superior of the monastery of Rabban Hormizd near Alqosh, but were unable to consecrate him as no bishop of metropolitan rank was available, as canonically required. Franciscan missionaries were already at work among the Nestorians, and they persuaded Sulaqa's supporters to legitimize their position by seeking Sulaqa's consecration by [[Pope Julius III]] (1550–5).  Sulaqa went to Rome, where he made a satisfactory Catholic profession of faith and presented a letter, drafted by his supporters in Mosul, which set out his claims to be recognized as patriarch. This letter, which has survived in the Vatican archives, grossly distorted the truth. The rebels claimed that the Nestorian patriarch Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VII Isho{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb had died in 1551 and had been succeeded illegitimately by 'Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VIII Denha' (1551–8), a non-existent patriarch invented purely for the purpose of bolstering the legitimacy of Sulaqa's election. The Vatican was taken in by this fraud, and recognised Sulaqa as the founding patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] in April 1553, thereby creating a lasting schism in the Church of the East.  It was only several years later that the Vatican discovered that Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VII Isho{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb was still alive.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=21-22}}

== Patriarchal succession, 16th to 18th centuries ==
The patriarchal succession after the schism of 1552 is certain in the case of the Mosul patriarchate, because up to the beginning of the 19th century all but one of its patriarchs were buried in the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] and their epitaphs, which give the date of their deaths, have survived.  Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VII's successor [[Eliya VI]] died on 26 May 1591, after having been a metropolitan for 15 years and patriarch for 32 years;{{sfn|Murre van den Berg|1999|p=243-244}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=116, 174}} [[Eliya VII]] on 26 May 1617; [[Eliya VIII]] on 18 June 1660; [[Eliya IX]] Yohannan on 17 May 1700; [[Eliya X]] Marogin on 14 December 1722; and [[Eliya XII]] Isho{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb in 1804. [[Eliya XI]] Denha died of plague in Alqosh on 29 April 1778, and was exceptionally buried in the town rather than the monastery, which had been abandoned and locked up following a Persian attack in 1743.

The information available on Sulaqa and his successors is much less exact.  The date of Sulaqa's election in 1552 is not known, but he was confirmed as 'patriarch of Mosul' by the Vatican on 28 April 1553, and was martyred at the beginning of 1555, probably (according to a contemporary poem of [[Abdisho IV Maron|{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Abdisho{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}} IV]]) on 12 January. The date of [[Abdisho IV Maron|{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Abdisho{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}} IV]]’s succession in 1555 is not known, but a colophon mentions that he died on 11 September 1570.  The dates of Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VIII Yahballaha's succession and death (presumably in 1570 and 1580 respectively) are not known.  Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on IX Denha was elected patriarch in 1580 and (according to Assemani) died in 1600.  Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on X, elected in 1600, is said to have died in 1638, according to a later letter of [[Eliya XII]] (d. 1804) cited by Tisserant.<ref name=":0" />

Information on the patriarchal succession in the [[Qudshanis]] patriarchate for the remainder of the seventeenth and the whole of the 18th century is equally scanty.  Several of the Qudshanis patriarchs who succeeded Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on X corresponded with the Vatican, but the surviving correspondence does not enable individual patriarchs to be distinguished.  The following list of 17th- and 18th-century Qudshanis patriarchs has conventionally been adopted, most recently by Fiey and (provisionally) by Wilmshurst:  Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XI (1638–56), Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XII (1656–62), Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIII Denha (1662–1700), Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIV Shlemun (1700–40), Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XVI Mikhail Mukhtas (1740–80), and Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XVI Yohannan (1780–1820).{{sfn|Fiey|1993|p=37}}{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=356-357}}

These names and reign-dates were first given towards the end of the 19th century by the Anglican missionary William Ainger Wigram. A recently discovered list of Qudshanis patriarchs compiled after the First World War by the bishop Eliya of Alqosh, however, gives a completely different set of dates:  Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on X (1600–39); Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XI (1639–53); Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XII (1653–92); Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIII Denha (1692–1700); and Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIV Shlemun (1700–17).

=== Catholic ===
In 1681 a Catholic line of patriarchs who took the name Joseph was founded at Amid (Diyarbakr). The Patriarch of this church were: [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]] (1681–95); [[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II]] (1696–1712); [[Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph III]] (1713–57); [[Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph IV]] (patriarch, 1757–80; patriarchal administrator, 1781–96); and [[Augustine Hindi|Joseph V]] (1804–28).  Strictly speaking, Augustine Hindi, who styled himself Joseph V, was merely the patriarchal administrator of the Amid and Mosul patriarchates, but he liked to think of himself as a patriarch and the Vatican found it politic to indulge him in this fantasy.

== Patriarchal succession, 19th and 20th centuries and at present ==
There were three Qudshanis patriarchs in the decades leading up to the First World War: [[Shimun XVII Abraham|Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XVII Abraham]] (1820–61), [[Shimun XVIII Rubil|Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XVIII Rubil]] (1861–1903), and [[Shimun XIX Benyamin|Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIX Benjamin]] (1903–18), who was consecrated at an uncanonically early age.  Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIX Benjamin (1903–18) was murdered in the village of [[Tazeh Shahr|Kohnashahr]] in the Salmas district in 1918, and was succeeded by the feeble [[Shimun XX Paulos|Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XX Paul]] (1918–20). Paul died only two years after taking office. As there were no other qualified members of the patriarchal family available, he was succeeded by his twelve-year-old nephew Eshai, who was consecrated patriarch on 20 June 1920 under the name [[Shimun XXI Eshai|Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XXI Eshai]].

[[Shimun XXI Eshai|Shem{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XXI Eshai]] was murdered in the United States in 1975 and succeeded in 1976 by [[Mar Dinkha IV|Dinkha IV Hnanya]], the first non-Patriarch of the Church of the East to be appointed not by hereditary succession since the 15th century. Dinkha IV was succeeded by [[Gewargis III]]. Following the resignation of Gewargis III on 6 September 2021, he was succeeded by [[Awa Royel|Awa IIl]].

=== Catholic ===
The recognition of the Mosul patriarch [[Yohannan VIII Hormizd]] by the Vatican in 1830 marked the birth of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]. Yohannan Hormizd died in 1838, and was succeeded by [[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]] (1848–1878), [[Nicholas I Zaya|Nicholas I Zay{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a]] (1840–1847), [[Eliya Abulyonan]] (1879–1894), [[Audishu V Khayyath|{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Abdisho{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}} V Khayyat]] (1895–1899), [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas|Emmanuel II Thomas]] (1900–1947), [[Yousef VII Ghanima|Joseph VII Ghanima]] (1947–1958), [[Paul II Cheikho]] (1958–1989) and [[Raphael I Bidawid]] (1989–2003).  Patriarch [[Emmanuel III Delly]] was consecrated in 2003 and abdicated on 19 December 2012. He was succeeded by [[Louis Raphaël I Sako]] since  31 January 2013 to the present as the Chaldean Patriarch of Babylon.

== See also ==
*[[Ancient Christianity in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[East Syriac Rite]]
* [[List of patriarchs of the Church of the East]]
* [[Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]
* [[Church of the East]]
* [[Schism of 1552]]
* [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
* [[Assyrian Church of the East]]
* [[Ancient Church of the East]]
* [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)]]
*[[Primate of the East Indies]]
* [[Synod of Diamper]]
* [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
* [[Church of the East in China]]
* [[List of Chaldean Catholic patriarchs of Babylon]]
* [[List of patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East]]
* [[List of patriarchs of the Ancient Church of the East]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Assemani|first=Giuseppe Luigi|author-link=Giuseppe Luigi Assemani|title=De catholicis seu patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum commentarius historico-chronologicus|year=1775|location=Roma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_CQ-CWsHqTgC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Assemani|first=Giuseppe Luigi|author-link=Giuseppe Luigi Assemani|title=History of the Chaldean and Nestorian Patriarchs|year=2004|location=Piscataway, New Jersey|publisher=Gorgias Press}}
* {{Cite book|last=Assemani|first=Giuseppe Simone|author-link=Giuseppe Simone Assemani|title=Bibliotheca orientalis clementino-vaticana|year=1719|volume=1|location=Roma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxbAAAAcAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author-link1=Wilhelm Baum (historian)|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|author2-link=Dietmar W. Winkler|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|year=2003|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon|isbn=9781134430192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Baumer|first=Christoph|title=The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity|year=2006|location=London-New York|publisher=Tauris|isbn=9781845111151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ7ZAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Benjamin|first=Daniel D.|title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East|year=2008|location=Piscataway|publisher=Gorgias Press|isbn=9781463211059|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IT_oxQEACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Burleson|first1=Samuel|last2=Rompay|first2=Lucas van|chapter=List of Patriarchs of the Main Syriac Churches in the Middle East|title=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage|year=2011|location=Piscataway, NJ|publisher=Gorgias Press|pages=481–491|chapter-url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/List-of-Patriarchs-Churches-Middle-East}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chabot|first=Jean-Baptiste|author-link=Jean-Baptiste Chabot|title=Synodicon orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens|year=1902|location=Paris|publisher=Imprimerie Nationale|url=https://archive.org/download/ChabotSynodiconOrientale/chabot%20synodicon%20orientale.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|last=Coakley|first=James F.|chapter=The Patriarchal List of the Church of the East|title=After Bardaisan: Studies on Continuity and Change in Syriac Christianity|year=1999|location=Louvain|publisher=Peeters Publishers|pages=65–84|isbn=9789042907355|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2b4ADqorY1oC}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Coakley|first=James F.|title=Mar Elia Aboona and the History of the East Syrian Patriarchate|journal=Oriens Christianus|year=2001|volume=85|pages=119–138|isbn=9783447042871 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVzYAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fiey|first=Jean Maurice|author-link=Jean Maurice Fiey|title=Jalons pour une histoire de l'Église en Iraq|year=1970|location=Louvain|publisher=Secretariat du CSCO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3YPAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fiey|first=Jean Maurice|author-link=Jean Maurice Fiey|title=Communautés syriaques en Iran et Irak des origines à 1552|year=1979|orig-year=1963|location=London|publisher=Variorum Reprints|isbn=9780860780519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BIXAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fiey|first=Jean Maurice|author-link=Jean Maurice Fiey|title=Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux|year=1993|location=Beirut|publisher=Orient-Institut|isbn=9783515057189|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cE5tAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Foster|first=John|title=The Church of the T'ang Dynasty|year=1939|location=London|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scpZAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hage|first=Wolfgang|title=Das Orientalische Christentum|year=2007|location=Stuttgart|publisher=[[Kohlhammer Verlag]]|isbn=9783170176683|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgz_NyvRFIUC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jakob|first=Joachim|title=Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts|year=2014|location=Münster|publisher=LIT Verlag|isbn=9783643506160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNV8BAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lampart|first=Albert|title=Ein Märtyrer der Union mit Rom: Joseph I. 1681-1696, Patriarch der Chaldäer|year=1966|location=Köln|publisher=Benziger Verlag|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DgjDTQRyrAC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.|series=The Church in history|volume=2|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=9780881410563|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Murre van den Berg|first=Heleen H. L.| author-link = Heleen Murre-van den Berg | title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries|journal=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies|year=1999|volume=2|issue=2|pages=235–264|doi=10.31826/hug-2010-020119|s2cid=212688640|url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/journals/hug/2/1/article-p235.pdf|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=John|title=Nestorian Missionary Enterprise: A Church on Fire|year=1928|location=Edinburgh|publisher=T. & T. Clark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqoNAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Tfinkdji|first=Joseph|title=L' église chaldéenne catholique autrefois et aujourd'hui|journal=Annuaire Pontifical Catholique|year=1914|volume=17|pages=449–525}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tisserant|first=Eugène|author-link=Eugène Tisserant|chapter=L'Église nestorienne|title=Dictionnaire de théologie catholique|year=1931|volume=11|location=Paris|publisher=Letouzey et Ané|pages=157–323|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxhAAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vine|first=Aubrey R.|title=The Nestorian Churches|year=1937|location=London|publisher=Independent Press|isbn=9780404161880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhLcAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Vosté|first=Jacques Marie|title=Les inscriptions de Rabban Hormizd et de N.-D. des Semences près d'Alqoš (Iraq)|journal=Le Muséon|year=1930|volume=43|pages=263–316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaBFAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Vosté|first=Jacques Marie|title=Mar Iohannan Soulaqa, premier Patriarche des Chaldéens, martyr de l'union avec Rome (†1555)|journal=Angelicum|year=1931|volume=8|pages=187–234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20fCp25zx4wC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wigram|first=William Ainger|author-link=William Ainger Wigram|title=An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church or The Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire 100-640 A.D.|year=1910|location=London|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|isbn=9780837080789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUYKAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|year=2000|location=Louvain|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East|year=2011|location=London|publisher=East & West Publishing Limited|isbn=9781907318047|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|chapter=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East|title=The Syriac World|year=2019|location=London|publisher=Routledge|pages=799–805|isbn=9781138899018|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Walker|first=Williston|author-link=Williston Walker|title=A History of the Christian Church|year=1985|orig-year=1918|location=New York|publisher=Scribner|isbn=9780684184173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFw8PtQhpVoC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zora|first=Subhi|chapter=Some Outstanding Events in the History of the Chaldean Christians of the East (1551-1992)|title=VI Symposium Syriacum 1992|year=1994|location=Roma|publisher=Pontificium institutum studiorum orientalium|pages=347–359|isbn=9788872103050|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNE9tp58Uq8C}}
{{refend}}

{{Patriarchs of the Church of the East}}
{{Patriarchates in Christianity}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patriarchs Of The Church Of The East}}
[[Category:Patriarchs of the Church of the East| ]]
[[Category:Catholicos Patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East| ]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon| ]]
[[Category:Assyrian Church of the East-related lists]]