Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.021.586 |
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C10H16 | |
| Molar mass | 136.24 g/mol |
| Boiling point | 55 to 60 °C (131 to 140 °F; 328 to 333 K) at 13 mmHg (1.7 kPa) |
| Sparingly soluble | |
| Hazards | |
| Flash point | 114 °C (237 °F; 387 K) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene is a cyclic dialkene with the formula C5Me5H (Me = CH3).[1] 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene is the precursor to the ligand 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, which is often denoted Cp* (to signify the five methyl groups radiating from the periphery of this ligand as in a five-pointed star). In contrast to less-substituted cyclopentadiene derivatives, Cp*H is not prone to dimerization.
Synthesis
Pentamethylcyclopentadiene is commercially available. It was first prepared from tiglaldehyde via 2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-enone.[2] Alternatively 2-butenyllithium adds to ethyl acetate followed by acid-catalyzed dehydrocyclization:[3][4]
- 2 MeCH=C(Li)Me + MeC(O)OEt → (MeCH=C(Me))2C(OLi)Me + LiOEt
- (MeCH=C(Me))2C(OLi)Me + H+ → Cp*H + H2O + Li+
Organometallic derivatives
Cp*H is a precursor to organometallic compounds containing the C
5Me−
5ligand, commonly called Cp*−.[5]
| Cp*–metal complexes | |
|---|---|
| Cp*2Fe | yellow |
| Cp*TiCl3 | red |
| [Cp*Fe(CO)2]2 | red-violet |
| [Cp*RhCl2]2 | red |
| Cp*IrCl22 | orange |
| Cp*Re(CO)3 | colorless |
| Cp*Mo(CO)2CH3 | orange |
Some representative reactions leading to such Cp*–metal complexes follow:[6]
Some Cp* complexes are prepared using silyl transfer:
- Cp*Li + Me3SiCl → Cp*SiMe3 + LiCl
- Cp*SiMe3 + TiCl4 → Cp*TiCl3 + Me3SiCl
Some Cp* complexes were originally prepared using hexamethyl Dewar benzene as the precursor. This method was traditionally used for [Rh(C5Me5)Cl2]2, but has been discontinued with the increased commercial availability of Cp*H.
- 2 Cp*H + 2 Fe(CO)5 → [Cp*Fe(CO)2]2 + H2 + CO
For the related Cp complex, see cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer.
An instructive but obsolete route to Cp* complexes involves the use of hexamethyl Dewar benzene. This method was traditionally used for preparation of the chloro-bridged dimers [Cp*IrCl2]2 and [Cp*RhCl2]2. Such syntheses rely on a hydrohalic acid induced rearrangement of hexamethyl Dewar benzene[7][8] to a substituted pentamethylcyclopentadiene prior to reaction with the hydrate of either iridium(III) chloride[9] or rhodium(III) chloride.[10]
![Synthesis of the iridium(III) dimer [Cp*IrCl2]2 using hexamethyl Dewar benzene.](/wiki/File:C5Me5Ir2Cl2viaMe6DewarBen.png)
Comparison of Cp* with Cp
Complexes of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl differ in several ways from the more common cyclopentadienyl (Cp) derivatives. Being more electron-rich, Cp* is a stronger donor and is less easily displaced from the metal.[citation needed] Its steric bulk stabilizes complexes with fragile ligands. Its bulk also attenuates intermolecular interactions, decreasing the tendency to form polymeric structures. Its complexes also tend to be more soluble in non-polar solvents. The methyl group in Cp* complexes can undergo C–H activation leading to "tuck-in complexes".
See also
References
- ^ Elschenbroich, C.; Salzer, A. (1989). Organometallics: A Concise Introduction. VCH. p. 47. ISBN 9783527278183.
- ^ De Vries, L. (1960). "Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethyl-cyclopentadiene, 1,2,3,4,5,5-Hexamethyl-cyclopentadiene, and 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethyl-cyclopentadienylcarbinol". J. Org. Chem. 25 (10): 1838. doi:10.1021/jo01080a623.
- ^ Threlkel, S.; Bercaw, J. E.; Seidler, P. F.; Stryker, J. M.; Bergman, R. G. (1993). "1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene". Organic Syntheses; Collected Volumes, vol. 8, p. 505.
- ^ Fendrick, C. M.; Schertz, L. D.; Mintz, E. A.; Marks, T. J. (1992). "Large-Scale Synthesis of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. 29: 193–198. doi:10.1002/9780470132609.ch47. ISBN 978-0-470-13260-9.
- ^ Yamamoto, A. (1986). Organotransition Metal Chemistry: Fundamental Concepts and Applications. Wiley-Interscience. p. 105. ISBN 9780471891710.
- ^ King, R. B.; Bisnette, M. B. (1967). "Organometallic chemistry of the transition metals XXI. Some π-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl derivatives of various transition metals". J. Organomet. Chem. 8 (2): 287–297. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)91042-8.
- ^ Paquette, L. A.; Krow, G. R. (1968). "Electrophilic Additions to Hexamethyldewarbenzene". Tetrahedron Lett. 9 (17): 2139–2142. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)89761-0.
- ^ Criegee, R.; Gruner, H. (1968). "Acid-catalyzed Rearrangements of Hexamethyl-prismane and Hexamethyl-Dewar-benzene". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 7 (6): 467–468. doi:10.1002/anie.196804672.
- ^ Kang, J. W.; Mosley, K.; Maitlis, P. M. (1968). "Mechanisms of Reactions of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene with Rhodium and Iridium Chlorides". Chem. Commun. (21): 1304–1305. doi:10.1039/C19680001304.
- ^ Kang, J. W.; Maitlis, P. M. (1968). "Conversion of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene to Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium(III) Chloride". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (12): 3259–3261. doi:10.1021/ja01014a063.