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People's Liberation Army of Namibia

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People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN)
Active1962–1990
CountryNamibia, Angola, Zambia, Tanzania
AllegianceSouth-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO)
TypeParamilitary
Nickname(s)PLAN
Commanders
Ceremonial chiefSam Nujoma
Notable
commanders		Sam Nujoma, Dimo Hamaambo, Peter Nanyemba, Danger Ashipala, Solomon Huwala, Peter Nambundunga, Peter Mweshihange

The People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) was the active military wing of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) during the Namibian War of Independence founded in 1962 by Sam Nujoma as the South West Africa Liberation Army (SWALA).[1] It sought independence for the territory (then South West Africa, now Namibia) from South African rule.

History

SWAPO Flag

PLAN was first attacked by the South African Defence Force at Ongulumbashe in northern Namibia on 26 August 1966. Operation Blouwildebees was launched by the South African Police catching the PLAN combatants by surprise. Throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, PLAN launched incursions from bases in Zambia then later Angola. PLAN was integrated into the Namibian Defence Force upon independence in 1990. The first commander of PLAN was Tobias Hainyeko. He was killed in combat by the South African forces on the Cuando River in the Caprivi strip now the Zambezi Region in 1967. Dimo Hamaambo replaced Hainyeko as Commander of PLAN. Solomon Huwala was the Deputy Commander of PLAN and served as Chief of Security concurrently.

The first combatants were trained under the banner of PLAN's forerunner South West African Liberation Army (SWALA). In July 1962 seven male combatants consisting of; Tobias Hainyeko, John Otto Nankudhu, Vilho Haitembu, Titus Muailepeni Shitilifa, Patrick Israel Iyambo, Petrus Hambija and Lazarus Sakaria were sent to Egypt for training. These combatants were trained in conventional warfare and guerilla warfare tactics. Included in the training was marine training, parachuting, hand-to-hand combat and military topography they additionally trained as company commanders so they could train and lead new recruits upon their return to South West Africa.[2][full citation needed]

In January 1963 Tobias Hainyeko was joined by five other combatants and some of them went to the Nanking Military Academy for training until April 1964. On 27 May 1963 at Kongwa in Tanzania SWALA opened its first military camp with Tobias Hainyeko as the first SWALA Commander, Petrus Hambija as Military Secretary and Titus Muailepeni Shitilifa as Deputy Military Secretary.[3] About two weeks later in June 1963 another group led by Dimo Hamaambo arrived from Algeria. Overtime more recruits joined the military camp coming from all over Southern Africa including from FRELIMO of Mozambique, MPLA of Angola, ZANU and ZAPU of Zimbabwe and ANC and PAC of South Africa.[3]

G1

The first group known as G1 was armed with two PPSH Sub-Machines and two TT-pistols from the Algerian government. The group was led by John Otto Nankudhu (Koshiuanda) and consisting Simeon Shixungileni (Kambo), Patrick Israel Iyambo (Lunganda), Messah Victory Namuandi (Shiuajanga) and Nelson Kavela (Sadrag) amongst others. G1 left on 4 March 1965 for its first mission together with Tobias Hainyeko and Peter Nanyemba from Kongwa to South West Africa. Tobias Hainyeko and Peter Nanyemba stayed behind in Zambia. G1 crossed into Katima Mulilo and made their way westwards into the Kavango district until it reached Ovamboland. While the group was in the Mbukushu area it split into two subgroups; The reconnaissance group consisting of Messah Victory Namuandi, Patrick Israel Iyambo and Nelson Kavela left first while the rest of the group left the next day for Ovamboland to Eliaser Tuhadeleni's homestead that was their assembling point.[4]

Organization

SWAPO Military Council

The SWAPO Military Council was the highest decision making body of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). The council was constituted in 1977 and met once a year to review the political and military situation and the progress of the war. It drew up strategies for the operations conducted by PLAN during the liberation struggle. The Military Council was one of SWAPO most solid branches during the liberation struggle. Its members were either regional commanders or political commissars while others were chosen by merit of their vast experience in the struggle. They were instrumental in creating the Operational Command Headquarters which was situated in Lumbango.[5]

Operational Command HeadQuarters

The Operational Command Headquarters was a highest level military command within PLAN. Consisting of the Commander of PLAN and its deputy, PLAN Chief Political Commissar, Chief of Staff, and all other departments within PLAN.[5]

PLAN Command Structure

  • PLAN Commander: Dimo Hamaambo[6]
  • PLAN Deputy Commander: Solomon Huwala
  • PLAN Chief-of-Staff: Charles Ndaxu Namoloh
  • PLAN Chief of Operations: Martin Shalli
  • PLAN Chief of Reconnaissance: Isaak "Pondo" Shikongo
  • PLAN Chief of Intelligence: James Auala
  • PLAN Chief of Counter Intelligence: Israel Patrick Iyambo "Lunganda"
  • PLAN Chief of Artillery: Kristoph Kala
  • PLAN Chief of Engineering: Nande Shafombambi
  • PLAN Chief of Air Defence: Andrew "Bongi" Intamba
  • PLAN Chief of Logistics: Isaak Kapuleko
  • PLAN Chief of Medical Health Services: Eloby Amundamba
  • PLAN Chief of Communication: Augustus "McNamara" Nghaamwa
  • PLAN Chief of Personnel: Patrick Mwinga

Military Regions

For administration purposes the battle field front was divided into different "fronts", Each front had its own Regional Commander,Political Commissar & Chief of Staff as part of the front's Command structure.[5]

  • Eastern Front
  • North-Eastern Front
  • Northern Front
  • North-Western Front

The Eastern Front was the only region located in Zambia while the North-Eastern,Northern Front & North-Western were located in Southern Angola.

Commanders of the Regions
The Eastern Front Front had these fighters as its Commander;
Absai Hanghome as founding Commander who then was succeeded by Joseph Amunyela wa Shalali and later Ehrenfried "Baby" Jeombe.[7]

The North-Eastern Front Front had these fighters as its Commander;
Matias "Mbulunganga" Ndakolonkoshi as founding Commander who then was succeeded by George "Chicken" Kaxuxwena, Ruben "Danger Ashipala" & Ehrenfried "Baby" Jeombe.[7]

The Northern Front had these fighters as its Commander;
Fillipus Amutenya "Zulu" Nandenga as founding Commander who then was succeeded by Shilongo Elia, Nguluma Sheehama,Ehrenfried "Baby" Jeombe, Festus "Uudjuu wa Nangula" Hamukoto & Tomas "Mapaya" Shuuya[7]

The Northern-Western Front had these fighters as its Commander;
Wilbardt "Nakada" Tashiya as founding Commander who then was succeeded by Uuno "Kanana" Shaanika & Erastus "Zicky" Negonga.[7]

Strategy

The first incursions were made from Zambia into the Caprivi strip by combatants in the early 1960s. PLAN incursions from Angola into Namibia restarted in Ernest after the Portuguese withdrawal from Angola. Infiltration particularly started after the first rains during the rainy season when conditions were favourable for the combatants.Vegetation was tall and this provided for cover. The Oshanas were filled with drinking water that combatants needed during the long treks from their Angolan bases into Namibia. The rain also washed away foot tracks which made follow up operations by South African forces difficult. Once in Namibia combatants either planted Landmines, sabotaging administration infrastructure i.e. electricity pylons, ambushed SADF convoys, or attacked SADF bases from a stand off Distance mainly with mortars.[8]

Facilities

PLAN had numerous facilities/bases first across Southern Zambia and then across Southern Angola. Its premier training facilities were located around Lubango, Angola and it was known as the Tobias Hainyeko Training Centre (THTC) and Jumbo Training Centre (JTC). Due to the nature of guerrilla warfare PLAN did not have permanent bases closer to the Namibia Angola border as compared to a conventional army. Bases were set up as the security situation changed every time.

Units

Some units of PLAN included:[9]

  • 1st Motorized Infantry Brigade
  • Moscow Battalion
  • Alpha Battalion
  • Bravo Battalion
  • 8th Battalion
  • Salute Unit
  • Volcano unit

Volcano unit was a special commando unit that was trained to penetrate the Farming areas south of Oshivelo.[9]

Arms and equipment

Personal arms

Vehicles and Towed Artillery

Origin Type Acquired In service Notes
T-34  Soviet Union Medium Tank
BTR-60  Soviet Union Armoured Personnel Carrier
BTR-152  Soviet Union Armoured Personnel Carrier
BRDM-2  Soviet Union Scout Car
BM-21 Grad  Soviet Union Multiple Rocket Launcher
ZIS-3  Soviet Union Antitank Gun
ZIS-2  Soviet Union Antitank Gun
ZPU-4  Soviet Union Anti-aircraft Gun
ZU-23-2  Soviet Union Anti-aircraft Gun

Notable former PLAN combatants

See also

References

  1. ^ Peoples Liberation Army of Namibia, or PLAN (army of SWAPO) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  2. ^ Nujoma S 2001, p. 158
  3. ^ a b Nujoma S. 2001, p. 159
  4. ^ Nujoma S 2001, p. 160
  5. ^ a b c http://www.thevillager.com.na/articles/2298/Whatever-happened-to-the-Military-Council-/
  6. ^ Ekandjo, Peter (2014). The Volunteers Army, p. 38., Windhoek. ISBN 978-99945-78-18-4.
  7. ^ a b c d Ekandjo, Peter (2014). The Volunteers Army, p. 47., Windhoek. ISBN 978-99945-78-18-4.
  8. ^ https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10210/7595/J.L.%20NENGOVHELA_1999_MA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  9. ^ a b http://www.swapoparty.org/zoom_in_126.html
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