Periodic sentence
A periodic sentence is a stylistic device employed at the sentence level, described as one that is not complete grammatically or semantically before the final clause or phrase.[1]
Characteristics
The periodic sentence emphasizes its main idea by placing it at the end, following all the subordinate clauses and other modifiers that support the principal idea.[2] The sentence unfolds gradually, so that the thought contained in the subject/verb group only emerges at the sentence's conclusion.[3] Obviously artificial, it is used mostly in what in oratory is called the grand style.[4]
It is the opposite of the loose sentence, also continuous or running style, where the subject and verb are introduced at the beginning of the sentence.[3] Periodic sentences often rely on hypotaxis, whereas running sentences are typified by parataxis.[5]
Cicero is generally considered to be the master of the periodic sentence.[6]
Decline
In English literature, the decline of the periodic sentence's popularity goes hand in hand with the development toward a less formal style, which some authors date to the beginning of the Romantic period, specifically the 1798 publication of the Lyrical Ballads, and the prevalence in twentieth-century literature of spoken language over written language.[5] In American literature, scholars note the explicit rejection by Henry David Thoreau of the formal style of his time, of which the periodic sentence was characteristic; in his journal, Thoreau criticized those sentences as the "weak and flowing periods of the politician and scholar."[7]
Rhetorical and literary usage
According to William Harmon, the periodic sentence is used "to arouse interest and curiosity, to hold an idea in suspense before its final revelation."[3] In the words of William Minto, "the effect...is to keep the mind in a state of uniform or increasing tension until the dénouement."[8]
In his Handbook to Literature, Harmon offers an early example in American literature found in Longfellow’s "Snowflakes":[3]
- Out of the bosom of the Air,
- Out of the cloud-folds of her garment shaken,
- Over the woodlands brown and bare,
- Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
- Silent and soft, and slow,
- Descends the snow.
Starting with a succession of parallel adverbial phrases ("Out of the bosom," "Out of the cloud-folds," "Over the woodlands," "Over the harvest-fields"), each followed by parallel modification ("of the air," "of her garment shaken," "brown and bare," "forsaken"), the sentence is left grammatically incomplete until the subject/verb group "Descends the snow".[3] Other American examples cited include the opening lines of William Cullen Bryant's "A Forest Hymn" and lines 9-16 of his "Thanatopsis".[9] A particularly long example is the opening stanza (lines 1-22) of Walt Whitman's "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking."[10]
A "now-famous periodic sentence" occurs in Nikolai Gogol's short story "The Overcoat":[11]
- Even at those hours when the gray Petersburg sky is completely overcast and the whole population of clerks have dined and eaten their fill, each as best he can, according to the salary he receives and his personal tastes; when they are all resting after the scratching of pens and bustle of the office, their own necessary work and other people's, and all the tasks that an overzealous man voluntarily sets himself even beyond what is necessary; when the clerks are hastening to devote what is left of their time to pleasure; some more enterprising are flying to the theater, others to the street to spend their leisure staring at women's hats, some to spend the evening paying compliments to some attractive girl, the star of a little official circle, while some—and this is the most frequent of all—go simply to a fellow clerk's apartment on the third or fourth story, two little rooms with a hall or a kitchen, with some pretensions to style, with a lamp or some such article that has cost many sacrifices of dinners and excursions—at the time when all the clerks are scattered about the apartments of their friends, playing a stormy game of whist, sipping tea out of glasses, eating cheap biscuits, sucking in smoke from long pipes, telling, as the cards are dealt, some scandal that has floated down from higher circles, a pleasure which the Russian do never by any possibility deny himself, or, when there is nothing better to talk about, repeating the everlasting anecdote of the commanding officer who was told that the tail had been cut off the horse on the Falconet monument—in short, even when everyone, was eagerly seeking entertainment, Akaky Akakievich did not indulge in any amusement.[12]
See also
References
- ^ Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1999). Stephen Ciraolo (ed.). Pro Caelio (2 ed.). Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-86516-461-1.
- ^ Baldwin, Charles Sears (1909). Composition, Oral and Written. Longmans, Green and Co. p. 122. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c d e Harmon, William (2006). A handbook to literature (10 ed.). Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 386. ISBN 978-0-13-134442-6.
- ^ Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1993). Harold C. Gotoff (ed.). Cicero's Caesarian speeches: a stylistic commentary. UNC Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-8078-4407-6.
- ^ a b Carter, Ronald; McRae, John (2001). The Routledge history of literature in English: Britain and Ireland. Routledge. p. 475. ISBN 978-0-415-24317-9.
- ^ Chevalier, Tracy (1997). Encyclopedia of the essay. Taylor & Francis. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-884964-30-5.
- ^ Dillman, Richard H. (1988). "Thoreau's Philosophy of Style". In Richard Fleming, Michael Payne (ed.). New interpretations of American literature. Bucknell UP. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8387-5127-5.
- ^ Minto, William (1895). A manual of English prose literature: biographical and critical, designed mainly to show characteristics of style. Ginn. p. 5.
- ^ Blount, Alma (1914). Intensive studies in American literature. Macmillan. pp. 39–41.
- ^ Blount, Alma (1914). Intensive studies in American literature. Macmillan. p. 277.
- ^ McFarlin, Harold A. (1979). "'The Overcoat' As a Civil Service Episode". Canadian-American Slavic Studies. 13 (3): 235–53. doi:10.1163/221023979X00096.
- ^ Sarah Lawall; et al., eds. (2006). "Nikolai Gogol: "The Overcoat"". The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Vol. 2 (8 ed.). New York: Norton. pp. 1008–33. ISBN 978-0-393-92616-3. Quote on pp. 1016-17.
