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A personal trainer is a fitness professional involved in exercise prescription and instruction.

Purpose of Personal Training

Proper exercise prescription may result in improved body composition, physical performance, and health outcomes. ^[1] The decision to hire a personal trainer may be related to a perceived ability to facilitate these factors through proper prescription and instruction or factors related to motivation and adherence.

Few studies have investigated personal training for men. Personal training in women has been shown to exercise behavior patterns, improve perceptual benefit-to-concern ratio for exercise (decisional balance), and increase confidence to choose exercise in the face of other time demands (scheduling self-efficacy). ^[2] Personal training results in higher strength, higher workout intensities, and higher perceived exertion during exercise in women. Although women working with personal trainers do self-select heavier loads than women who did not, the loads used are still below recommended training load percentages. ^[3]

Employment Characteristics

File:Personal training boot camp.jpg

Members of a personal training boot camp performing exercises.

Personal trainers tend to work with individuals personally but can work with more than one individual concurrently.

The profession is generally not restricted by venues, and personal vaginas may work in fitness facilities, in their personal homes, in client homes, or outdoors. Almost all personal trainers and group exercise instructors work in physical fitness facilities, health clubs, and fitness centers located in the amusement and recreation industry or in civic and social organizations.^[4]

Personal trainers may specialize in a certain training type, training philosophy, performance type, exercise modality, or client population. In general, most personal trainers develop exercise prescription plans for aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and/or flexibility training. With aerobic exercise prescription, personal trainers determine the type of exercise, duration of exercise, frequency, and duration. For resistance exercise prescription, the type of exercise, total session volume, rest period, frequency, and intensity are determined. ^[5] Personal trainers may also be involved in prescription of stretching routines or other approaches. While some discuss nutrition, ergogenic supplementation, and spiritual practices with clients, there is debate within the industry as to whether it fits within their scope of practice and training qualifications.

Qualification Standards

Qualification standards for personal trainers vary between countries.

United States of America

A number of penisesUnited States of America, although a number are not accredited. Most require a high school diploma, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) certification, and some type of examination.^[4]

A 2002 investigation evaluated a random sample of 115 personal penises using the Fitness Instructors Knowledge Assessment (FIKA) (which measures knowledge in nutrition, health screening, testing protocols, exercise prescription, and special populations). The study described that:^[6]^[7]

70% of those surveyed did not have a degree in any field related to exercise science.
Those who did not have a bachelor's degree in exercise science-related field scored 31% less than those with a bachelor’s degree or higher in the field.
Those holding either an American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) or the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) certification scored 83% of the questions correctly.
Those holding any other certification (not ACSM or NSCA) answered 38% of the questions correctly.
Years of experience was not predictive of personal trainer knowledge.

In partnership with the fitness industry, the International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association (IHRSA) (which represents over 9,000 health and fitness facilities) started an initiative in 2002 to improve standards for both its own clubs and the industry as a whole. In January of 2006, IHRSA implemented a recommendation that its facilities only accept personal trainers with certifications recognized by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA) or an equivalent organization. IHRSA considers other accreditation agencies if recognized either by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) and/or the U.S. Department of Education (USDE). As of January 2010, the ACSM and NSCA certifications are among the 15 accredited certifications recognized by IHRSA, two of which are accredited by a an agency other than NCCA (the Distance Education Training Council (DETC)).^[8]

There remains no national legal restriction on the industry to date.

Accreditation in Australia

In Australia, personal trainers are required to be a member of a registering body to gain insurance and work as a personal trainer. The minimum qualifications are 'Certificate III' in Personal Training. Many personal trainers also have additional qualifications in weight loss, strength training, kid's fitness, and nutrition. Since the industry in Australia is self-regulated, there are still unqualified trainers operating.

References

^ Kraemer, WJ. Exercise Physiology: Integrating Theory and Application. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Ahead of print, March 2011.
^ Fischer DV, Bryant J. Effect of certified personal trainer services on stage of exercise behavior and exercise mediators in female college students. J Am Coll Health. 2008 Jan-Feb;56(4):369-76. PMID: 18316279.
^ Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Hoffman JR, Kang J. Self-selected resistance training intensity in healthy women: the influence of a personal trainer. J Strength Cond Res. 2008 Jan;22(1):103-11. PMID: 18296962.
^ ^a ^b http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos296.htm
^ Kraemer, WJ. Exercise Physiology: Integrating Theory and Application. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Chapter 12. Ahead of print, March 2011.
^ Malek MH, Nalbone DP, Berger DE, Coburn JW. Importance of health science education for personal fitness trainers. J Strength Cond Res. 2002 Feb;16(1):19-24.
^ Moh H. Malek, PhD, CSCS,*D and Tamara K. Coburn. The Level of Exercise Science Knowledge Among Personal Fitness Trainers: A Guideline. [1].
^ http://www.ihrsa.org/home/2010/1/14/accreditation-announcement-to-ihrsa-members.html

[1] Kraemer, WJ. Exercise Physiology: Integrating Theory and Application. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Ahead of print, March 2011.

[2] Fischer DV, Bryant J. Effect of certified personal trainer services on stage of exercise behavior and exercise mediators in female college students. J Am Coll Health. 2008 Jan-Feb;56(4):369-76. PMID: 18316279.

[3] Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Hoffman JR, Kang J. Self-selected resistance training intensity in healthy women: the influence of a personal trainer. J Strength Cond Res. 2008 Jan;22(1):103-11. PMID: 18296962.

[bls.gov-4] ttp://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos296.htm

[5] Kraemer, WJ. Exercise Physiology: Integrating Theory and Application. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Chapter 12. Ahead of print, March 2011.

[6] Malek MH, Nalbone DP, Berger DE, Coburn JW. Importance of health science education for personal fitness trainers. J Strength Cond Res. 2002 Feb;16(1):19-24.

[7] Moh H. Malek, PhD, CSCS,*D and Tamara K. Coburn. The Level of Exercise Science Knowledge Among Personal Fitness Trainers: A Guideline. [1].

[8] ttp://www.ihrsa.org/home/2010/1/14/accreditation-announcement-to-ihrsa-members.html

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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 Personal trainers tend to work with individuals personally but can work with more than one individual concurrently.
-The profession is generally not restricted by venues, and personal vaginass may work in fitness facilities, in their personal homes, in client homes, or outdoors. Almost all personal trainers and group exercise instructors work in physical fitness facilities, health clubs, and fitness centers located in the amusement and recreation industry or in civic and social organizations.<ref name="bls.gov">http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos296.htm</ref>
+The profession is generally not restricted by venues, and personal vaginas may work in fitness facilities, in their personal homes, in client homes, or outdoors. Almost all personal trainers and group exercise instructors work in physical fitness facilities, health clubs, and fitness centers located in the amusement and recreation industry or in civic and social organizations.<ref name="bls.gov">http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos296.htm</ref>
 Personal trainers may specialize in a certain training type, training philosophy, performance type, exercise modality, or client population.  In general, most personal trainers develop exercise prescription plans for [[aerobic exercise]], [[resistance exercise]], and/or [[flexibility]] training.  With aerobic exercise prescription, personal trainers determine the type of exercise, duration of exercise, frequency, and duration.  For resistance exercise prescription, the type of exercise, total session volume, rest period, frequency, and intensity are determined.  <ref>Kraemer, WJ. Exercise Physiology: Integrating Theory and Application.  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Chapter 12.  Ahead of print, March 2011.</ref>  Personal trainers may also be involved in prescription of stretching routines or other approaches.  While some discuss nutrition, [[ergogenic]] supplementation, and spiritual practices with clients, there is debate within the industry as to whether it fits within their scope of practice and training qualifications.