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{{otherpersons|Renoir}}

{{Infobox Artist
| name = Pierre-Auguste Renoir
| image = PARenoir.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| birthname = Pierre-Auguste Renoir
| birthdate = {{birth date|1841|2|25|mf=y}}
| location = [[Limoges]], [[Haute-Vienne]], [[France]]
| deathdate = {{death date and age|1919|12|3|1841|2|25|mf=y}}
| deathplace = [[Cagnes-sur-Mer]], [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], [[France]]
| nationality = [[France|French]]
| field = [[Painting]]
| training =
| movement =
| famous works = ''[[Bal au moulin de la Galette, Montmartre]]'', 1876<br>
''[[Luncheon of the Boating Party]]'' ,1880<br>
''[[Nude (painting)]]'', 1910<br>
| patrons =
| awards =
}}
'''Pierre-Auguste Renoir''' ([[February 25]], [[1841]]&ndash;[[December 3]], [[1919]]) was a French [[artist]] who was a leading [[painter]] in the development of the [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] style. As a celebrator of beauty, and especially feminine sensuality, it has been said that "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]] to [[Watteau]]".<ref>Read, Herbert: ''The Meaning of Art'', page 127. Faber, 1931.</ref>

==Biography==
===Youth===
Pierre-Auguste Renoir was born in [[Limoges]], [[Haute-Vienne]], [[France]], the [[child]] of a [[working class]] [[family]]. As a [[boy]], he worked in a [[porcelain]] [[factory]] where his drawing talents led to him being chosen to paint designs on [[fine china]].<ref>Renoir, Jean: ''Renoir, My Father'', pages 57-67. Collins, 1962.</ref> He also painted hangings for overseas missionaries and decorations on fans before he enrolled in art school.<ref>Vollard, Ambroise: ''Renoir, An Intimate Record'', pages 24-29. Knopf, 1925.</ref> During those early years, he often visited the [[Louvre]] to study the [[France|French]] master painters.

[[Image:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir,_La_loge_(The_Theater_Box).jpg|thumb|left|''The Theater Box'', 1874 by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, [[Courtauld Institute Galleries]], London]]
In 1862 he began studying art under [[Charles Gleyre]] in [[Paris]]. There he met [[Alfred Sisley]], [[Frédéric Bazille]], and [[Claude Monet]].<ref>Vollard, page 30.</ref> At times during the 1860s, he did not have enough money to buy paint. Although Renoir first started exhibiting paintings at the [[Paris Salon]] in 1864,<ref>Wadley, Nicholas: ''Renoir, A Retrospective'', page 15. Park Lane, 1989.</ref> recognition did not come for another ten years, due, in part, to the turmoil of the [[Franco-Prussian War]].

During the [[Paris Commune]] in 1871, while he painted on the banks of the [[Seine River]], some members of a commune group thought he was a spy, and were about to throw him into the river when a commune leader, Raoul Rigault, recognized Renoir as the man who had protected him on an earlier occasion.<ref>Renoir, Jean, pages 118-21. Different and less life-threatening versions are offered by Paul Valéry and Vollard. In all accounts, however, their re-acquaintance led to great celebration.</ref>

In 1874, a ten-year friendship with Jules Le Coeur and his family ended,<ref>Wadley, page 15.</ref> and Renoir lost not only the valuable support gained by the association, but a generous welcome to stay on their property near [[Fontainebleau]] and its scenic [[Forest of Fontainebleau|forest]].
This loss of a favorite painting location resulted in a distinct change of subjects.

===Maturity===
Renoir experienced his initial acclaim when six of his paintings hung in the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874. In the same year two of his works were shown with [[Durand-Ruel]] in London.<ref>Wadley, page 15.</ref>

[[Image:Auguste Renoir - La Balançoire.jpg|thumb|250px|''The Swing (La Balançoire)'', 1876, oil on canvas, [[Musée d'Orsay]], Paris]]

In 1881, he traveled to [[Algeria]], a country he associated with [[Eugène Delacroix]], then to [[Madrid]], in [[Spain]], to see the work of [[Diego Velázquez]]. Following that he traveled to [[Italy]] to see [[Titian]]'s masterpieces in [[Florence]], and the paintings of [[Raffaello Santi|Raphael]] in [[Rome]]. On [[January 15]], [[1882]] Renoir met the composer [[Richard Wagner]] at his home in [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]. Renoir painted Wagner's portrait in just thirty-five minutes. In the same year, Renoir convalesced for six weeks in Algeria after contracting pneumonia, which would cause permanent damage to his respiratory system.<ref>Wadley, page 25.</ref>

In 1883, he spent the summer in [[Guernsey]], creating fifteen paintings in little over a month. Most of these feature Moulin Huet, a bay in [[Saint Martin's, Guernsey]]. Guernsey is one of [[the Channel Islands]] in the [[English Channel]], and it has a varied landscape which includes beaches, cliffs, bays, forests, and mountains. These paintings were the subject of a set of commemorative postage stamps, issued by the Bailiwick of Guernsey in 1983.

While living and working in Montmartre, Renoir employed as a [[model (person)|model]] [[Suzanne Valadon]], who posed for him (''The Bathers'', 1885-7; ''Dance at Bougival'', 1883)<ref>Wadley, pages 371, 374.</ref> and many of his fellow painters while studying their techniques; eventually she became one of the leading painters of the day.

In 1887, a year when [[Queen Victoria]] celebrated her Golden Jubilee, and upon the request of the queen's associate, Phillip Richbourg, he donated several paintings to the "French Impressionist Paintings" catalog as a token of his loyalty.

In 1890 he married [[Aline Victorine Charigot]], who, along with a number of the artist's friends, had already served as a model for ''Les Déjeuner des canotiers'' ([[Luncheon of the Boating Party]], 1881), and with whom he had already had a child, Pierre, in 1885.<ref>Wadley, page 25.</ref> After his marriage Renoir painted many scenes of his wife and daily family life, including their children and their nurse, Aline's cousin [[Gabrielle Renard]]. The Renoirs had three sons, one of whom, [[Jean Renoir|Jean]], became a [[filmmaker]] of note and another, [[Pierre Renoir|Pierre]], became a stage and film actor.

[[Image:Renoir23.jpg|thumb|left|''Girls at the Piano'', 1892, by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, [[Musée d'Orsay]], Paris.]]

===Later years===
Around 1892, Renoir developed [[rheumatoid arthritis]]. In 1907, he moved to the warmer climate of "Les Collettes," a farm at Cagnes-sur-Mer, close to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] coast.<ref>Wadley, page 28.</ref> Renoir painted during the last twenty years of his life, even when arthritis severely limited his movement, and he was wheelchair-bound. He developed progressive deformities in his hands and [[ankylosis]] of his right shoulder, requiring him to adapt his painting technique. In the advanced stages of his arthritis, he painted by having a brush strapped to his paralyzed fingers.<ref>André, Albert: ''Renoir''. Crés, 1928.</ref>

During this period he created [[sculpture]]s by directing an assistant who worked the clay. Renoir also used a moving canvas, or picture roll, to facilitate painting large works with his limited joint mobility.

In 1919, Renoir visited the Louvre to see his paintings hanging with the old masters. He died in the village of [[Cagnes-sur-Mer]], [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], on December 3.

==Artworks ==
[[Image:Renoir21.jpg|thumb|right|''Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (Le Bal au Moulin de la Galette)'', 1876, Pierre-Auguste Renoir|250px]]

Renoir's paintings are notable for their vibrant light and saturated color, most often focusing on people in intimate and candid compositions. The female nude was one of his primary subjects. In characteristic Impressionist style, Renoir suggested the details of a scene through freely brushed touches of color, so that his figures softly fuse with one another and their surroundings.

His initial paintings show the influence of the colourism of [[Eugène Delacroix]] and the luminosity of [[Camille Corot]]. He also admired the realism of [[Gustave Courbet]] and [[Édouard Manet]], and his early work resembles theirs in his use of black as a color. As well, Renoir admired [[Edgar Degas]]' sense of movement. Another painter Renoir greatly admired was the 18th century master [[François Boucher]].<ref>Rey, Robert: ''La Renaissance du Sentiment Classique'', Les Beaux Arts, 1931.</ref>

A fine example of Renoir's early work, and evidence of the influence of Courbet's realism, is ''Diana'', 1867. Ostensibly a mythological subject, the painting is a naturalistic studio work, the figure carefully observed, solidly modeled, and superimposed upon a contrived landscape. If the work is still a 'student' piece, already Renoir's heightened personal response to female sensuality is present. The model was Lise Tréhot, then the artist's mistress and inspiration for a number of paintings.<ref>[http://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/pinfo?Object=46397+0+none "From the Tour: Mary Cassatt"], August Renoir. Accessed March 07, 2007.</ref>

In the late 1860s, through the practice of painting light and water ''[[en plein air]]'' (in the open air), he and his friend [[Claude Monet]] discovered that the color of shadows is not brown or black, but the reflected color of the objects surrounding them. Several pairs of paintings exist in which Renoir and Monet, working side-by-side, depicted the same scenes (''La Grenouillère'', 1869).[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Renoir11.jpg][http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Claude_Monet_La_Grenouill%C3%A9re.jpg]

One of the best known Impressionist works is Renoir's 1876 ''Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (Le Bal au Moulin de la Galette)''. The painting depicts an open-air scene, crowded with people, at a popular dance garden on the Butte Montmartre, close to where he lived.[[Image:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_007.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''On the Terrace'', oil on canvas, 1881, [[Art Institute of Chicago]]]]
The works of his early maturity were typically Impressionist snapshots of real life, full of sparkling colour and light. By the mid-1880s, however, he had broken with the movement to apply a more disciplined, formal technique to portraits and figure paintings, particularly of women, such as ''The Bathers'', which was created during 1884-87. It was a trip to [[Italy]] in 1881, when he saw works by [[Raphael]] and other [[Renaissance]] masters, that convinced him that he was on the wrong path, and for the next several years he painted in a more severe style, in an attempt to return to classicism.<ref>Clark, Kenneth: ''The Nude'', pages 154-61. Penguin, 1960.</ref> This is sometimes called his "[[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres|Ingres]] period", as he concentrated on his drawing and emphasized the outlines of figures.<ref>Asked late in life if he felt an affinity to Ingres, he responded: "I should very much like to". Rey, quoted in Wadley, page 336.</ref>

After 1890, however, he changed direction again, returning to the use of thinly brushed color which dissolved outlines as in his earlier work. From this period onward he concentrated especially on monumental nudes and domestic scenes, fine examples of which are ''Girls at the Piano'', 1892, and ''Grandes Baigneuses'', 1918-19. The latter painting is the most typical and successful of Renoir's late, abundantly fleshed nudes.<ref>" For me, Renoir becomes a really great artist in the late nudes, above all in ''Les Grandes Baigneuses''". David Sylvester, quoted by Wadley, page 378.</ref>

A prolific artist, he made several thousand paintings. The warm sensuality of Renoir's style made his paintings some of the most well-known and frequently-reproduced works in the history of art.

==Assessment==
Acknowledging modern criticism of Renoir's sensuality, [[Lawrence Gowing]] wrote:

{{cquote|"Is there another respected modern painter whose work is so full of charming people and attractive sentiment? Yet what lingers is not cloying sweetness but a freshness that is not entirely explicable...One feels the surface of his paint itself as living skin: Renoir's aesthetic was wholly physical and sensuous, and it was unclouded...These interactions of real people fulfilling natural drives with well-adjusted enjoyment remain the popular masterpieces of modern art (as it used to be called), and the fact that they are not fraught and tragic, without the slightest social unrest in view, or even much sign of the spacial and communal disjunction which some persist in seeking, is far from removing their interests." <ref>Gowing, Lawrence: " Renoir's Sense and Sentiment", ''Renoir: A Retrospective'', page 373. Park Lane, 1989.</ref>}}

[[Albert Aurier]], an art critic and early essayist on the impressionists, wrote in 1892:

{{cquote|"With such ideas, with such a vision of the world and of femininity, one might have feared that Renoir would create a work which was merely ''pretty'' and merely ''superficial''. Superficial it was not; in fact it was profound, for if, indeed, the artist has almost completely done away with the intellectuality of his models in his paintings, he has, in compensation, been prodigal with his own. As to the ''pretty'', it is undeniable in his work, but how different from the intolerable ''prettiness'' of fashionable painters." <ref>Aurier, Albert: "Renoir", ''Renoir: A Retrospective'', page 184. Park Lane, 1989.</ref>}}

In a preview to the exhibition 'Renoir Landscapes 1865-1883' at the [[National Gallery, London]] in spring 2007, ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote that "Even Degas laughed at his friend's style, calling it as puffy as cotton wool," but that "if we're going to love him, we need to love his [[Chocolate box art|chocolate box]] qualities, too."<ref>[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/visualart/story/0,,2010972,00.html "Angry young man"], ''The Guardian'', 12 February 2007</ref>

==Posthumous sales==
Two of Renoir's paintings have sold for more than [[United States dollar|$]]70 million. <!--When?--> ''Bal au moulin de la Galette, Montmartre'' sold for [[United States dollar|$]]78.1 million in 1990.
==See also==
*[[History of painting]]
*[[Western painting]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Renoir11.jpg|''La Grenouillère,'' 1868, [[National Museum]], [[Stockholm, Sweden]]
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 110.jpg|''Portrait of [[Alfred Sisley]],'' 1868
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 083.jpg|''[[Claude Monet]] Painting in His Garden at [[Argenteuil]],'' 1873, [[Wadsworth Athenaeum]], [[Hartford, Connecticut]]
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 112.jpg|''Portrait of [[Claude Monet]],'' 1875, [[Musée d'Orsay]], [[Paris, France]]
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 094.jpg|''Mme. Charpentier and her children,'' 1878, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York]]
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - By the Water.jpg|''By the Water,'' 1880, [[Art Institute of Chicago]], [[Chicago, Illinois]]
Image:Auguste Renoir - Le Déjeuner des canotiers.jpg|''Luncheon of the Boating Party,'' 1880-1881, The [[Phillips Collection]] [[Washington, DC]]
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 107.jpg|''Portrait of Charles and Georges [[Durand-Ruel]],'' 1882
Image:Auguste Renoir - La danse à la campagne.jpg|''The Country Dance,'' 1883, [[Musée d'Orsay]], [[Paris, France]]
Image:Girl with a hoop.jpg|''Girl With a Hoop,'' 1885
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Girl Braiding Her Hair (Suzanne Valadon).jpg|''Girl Braiding Her Hair ([[Suzanne Valadon]]),'' 1885
Image:Pierre Auguste Renoir - Portrait Berthe Morisot and daughter Julie.jpg|''Portrait of [[Berthe Morisot]] and daughter [[Julie Manet]],'' 1894
Image:Pierre Auguste Renoir La famille d artiste.jpg|''The Artist's Family,'' 1896, The [[Barnes Foundation]], Merion, [[Pennsylvania]]
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 106.jpg|''Portrait of [[Ambroise Vollard]],'' 1908
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 113.jpg|''Portrait of [[Paul Durand-Ruel]],'' 1910
Image:Renoir Self-Portrait 1910.jpg|''[[Self-portrait]],'' 1910
</gallery>

==Renoir and the nude==
<gallery>
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 020.jpg|''Diana the Huntress,'' 1867, The [[National Gallery of Art]] [[Washington, DC]]
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 002.jpg|''Nude In The Sun,'' 1875, [[Musée d'Orsay]], [[Paris, France]]
Image:Renoir15.jpg|''Seating Girl,'' 1883
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 021.jpg|''The Large Bathers,'' 1887, [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], [[Philadelphia, Pa.]]
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 085.jpg|''After The Bath,'' 1888
Image:Renoir26.jpg|''Three Bathers,'' 1895, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] [[Cleveland, Ohio]]
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Femme nue couchée (Gabrielle).jpg|''Woman on a Couch (Gabrielle),'' 1906-1907
Image:Renoir18.jpg|''After The Bath,'' 1910, [[Barnes Foundation]], Merion [[Pennsylvania]]
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 030.jpg|''Woman At The Well,'' 1910
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Baigneuse assise s'essuyant une jambe.jpg|''Seated Bather Drying Her Leg,'' 1914, Musee de l'Orangerie, [[Paris, France]]
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 009.jpg|''Women Bathers,'' 1916, [[National Museum]], [[Stockholm, Sweden]]
Image:Pierre Auguste Renoir Les baigneuses.jpg|''Bathers,'' 1918, [[Barnes Foundation]], Merion [[Pennsylvania]]
</gallery>

== Selected works==
<div style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count:2; ">
*''Mademoiselle Romaine Lacaux'' (1864)
*''La Promenade'' (1870)
*''Monet Painting in His Garden at Argenteuil'' (1873)
*''La Loge'' (1874)
*''Woman with Fan'' (1875)
*''The Swing'' (1876)
*''Lunch at the [[Restaurant Fournaise]] (The Rowers' Lunch)'' (1875)
*''[[:Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 073.jpg|Girl with a Watering Can]]'' (1876)
*''[[Bal au moulin de la Galette, Montmartre]]'' (1876)
*''Nude in the Sunlight'' (1876)
*''Madame Charpentier and Her Children'' (1878)
*''Jeanne Samary'' (1879)
*''Acrobats at the Cirque Fernando (Francisca and Angelina Wartenberg)'' (1879)
*''Two Women with Umbrellas'' (1879)
*''On the Terrace'' (1881)
*''[[Luncheon of the Boating Party]]'' (1881)
*''The Piazza San Marco, Venice'' (1881)
*''Blonde Bather'' (1881)
*''[[Pink and Blue (Renoir)|Alice and Elisabeth Cahen d'Anvers (Pink and Blue)]]'' (1881)
*''[[By the Seashore]]'' (1883)
*''Umbrellas'' (1883)
*''Dance at Bougival'' (1883)
*''Fog at Guernsey'' (1883)
*''Children on the Sea Shore in Guernsey'' (1883)
*''The Bay of Moulin Huet Seen Through the Trees'' (1883)
*''[[:Image:Girl with a hoop.jpg|Girl with a Hoop]]'' (1885)
*''Bathers'' (1887)
*''The Bather (After the Bath)'' (1888)
*''Young Girl with Daisies'' (1889)
*''In the Meadow'' (1890)
*''The Apple Sellers'' (1890)
*''Two Girls at the Piano'' (1892)
*''Vase of Chrysanthemums'' (1895)
*''Coco'' (1905)
*''[[Nude (painting)|Nude]]'' (1910)
*''The Farm at Les Collettes, Cagnes'' (1908-1914)
*''The Concert'' (1918)

</div>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | author=Claude Roger-Marx | title=Les Lithographies de Renoir | location=Monte-Carlo | publisher=Andre Sauret | year=1952 }}
* {{cite book | author=Joseph G. Stella | title=The Graphic Work of Renoir: Catalogue Raisonne | location=London | publisher=Lund Humphries | year=n. d. }}
* {{cite book | author=Jean Leymarie et Michel Melot | title=Les Gravures Des Impressionistes, Manet, Pissarro, Renoir, Cezanne, Sisley | location=Paris | publisher=Arts et Metiers Graphiques | year=1971 }}
* {{cite book | author=Michel Melot | title=The Impressionist Print | location=New Haven | publisher=Yale University Press | year=1996 }}
* {{cite book | author=Theodore Duret | title=Renoir | location=Paris | publisher=Bernheim-Jeune | year=1924 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Related links==
*[[Gabrielle Renard]] - Renoir family's nanny
*[[Jean Renoir]] - This legendary [[Film director|director]] was the second son of Renoir

==External links==
{{commons+cat|Pierre-Auguste Renoir}}
{{wikiquotepar|Pierre Auguste Renoir}}
*[http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9455662 Renoir at biography.com]
*[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/315/7123/1704 How Renoir Coped with Rheumatoid Arthritis] article in British Medical Journal by Boonen A. et al.
*[http://www.phillipscollection.org/html/lbp.html The Story Behind the Masterpiece...] The Luncheon of the Boating Party
*[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/visualart/story/0,,2020144,00.html Suburban Pastoral], The Guardian, 24 Feb 2007
*[http://www.renoir.org.yu/ Auguste Renoir Gallery]
* {{findagrave|8087}}

{{Impressionists}}

[[Category:Pierre-Auguste Renoir| ]]
[[Category:French painters|Renoir, Pierre Auguste]]
[[Category:Impressionist painters|Renoir, Pierre Auguste]]
[[Category:People from Limousin|Renoir, Pierre Auguste]]
[[Category:1841 births|Renoir, Pierre Auguste]]
[[Category:1919 deaths|Renoir, Pierre Auguste]]

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