Polo-like kinase
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are important regulators of the cell cycle. Plks are involved in the formation of and the changes in the mitotic spindle and in the activation of CDK/cyclin complexes during the M-phase of the cell cycle. Polo-like kinases (Plks) are a family of conserved serine/threonine kinases involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression through G2 and mitosis. Mammalian polo-like kinases include Plk1 (Xenopus Plx1), Plk2/Snk (Xenopus Plx2), Plk3/Prk/FnK (Xenopus Plx3), Plk4/Sak and Plk5.[1] Most species have only one form of Plk; Drosophila (Polo), Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Plo1) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Cdc5). Polo-like kinases are involved in aspects of mitosis that include mitotic entry and exit and cytokinesis.[2]
Structure
The catalytic domain of polo-like kinases is located in the N-terminus. The C-terminus of Plks contains one or two motifs known as polo boxes that help localize the kinase to specific mitotic structures during mitosis. These include the centrosomes in early M phase, the spindle midzone in early and late anaphase and the midbody during cytokinesis.[3]
Cell Cycle Regulation
Plks mediate G2/M transitions, activation of cdc25 and mitotic processes including centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle formation, activation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), chromosome segregation, and actin ring formation (cytokinesis). Plk1 is involved in the regulation of key steps during cell division, DNA damage repair pathways, apoptosis, and the progression of the cell cycle.[4] Plk3 is a multifunctional stress response protein that responses to signals induced by DNA damage and/or mitotic spindle disruption.[5]
Substrates
Plk3 substrates include Chk2 and p53.
Described and named in 1993.[6]
See also
References
- ^ Andrysik, Z.; Bernstein, W. Z.; Deng, L.; Myer, D. L.; Li, Y. Q.; Tischfield, J. A.; Stambrook, P. J.; Bahassi, E. M. (2010). "The novel mouse Polo-like kinase 5 responds to DNA damage and localizes in the nucleolus". Nucleic Acids Research. 38 (9): 2931–43. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq011. PMC 2875007. PMID 20100802.
- ^ Glover, D. M.; Hagan, I. M.; Tavares, A. A.M. (1998). "Polo-like kinases: A team that plays throughout mitosis". Genes & Development. 12 (24): 3777–87. doi:10.1101/gad.12.24.3777. PMID 9869630.
- ^ Fenton, Brian; Glover, David M. (1993). "A conserved mitotic kinase active at late anaphase—telophase in syncytial Drosophila embryos". Nature. 363 (6430): 637–40. Bibcode:1993Natur.363..637F. doi:10.1038/363637a0. PMID 8510757.
- ^ Van De Weerdt, Barbara C.M.; Medema, René H. (2006). "Polo-Like Kinases: A Team in Control of the Division". Cell Cycle. 5 (8): 853–64. doi:10.4161/cc.5.8.2692. PMID 16627997.
- ^ Xie, S.; Wu, H; Wang, Q; Cogswell, J. P.; Husain, I; Conn, C; Stambrook, P; Jhanwar-Uniyal, M; Dai, W (2001). "Plk3 Functionally Links DNA Damage to Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis at Least in Part via the p53 Pathway". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (46): 43305–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106050200. PMID 11551930.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Clay, Fiona J.; McEwen, Stephen J.; Bertoncello, Ivan; Wilks, Andrew F.; Dunn, Ashley R. (1993). "Identification and Cloning of a Protein Kinase-Encoding Mouse Gene, Plk, Related to the Polo Gene of Drosophila". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (11): 4882–6. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.4882C. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.11.4882. JSTOR 2362185. PMC 46617. PMID 8099445.