View source for Port of Liverpool

{{short description|Series of docks on the River Mersey, Liverpool, England}}
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{{Infobox Port
| name =Port of Liverpool
| image =File:Katherine Borchard (IMO 9246530) Liverpool 2021.jpg
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| country =United Kingdom
| location =[[Liverpool]], England
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| operated =[[The Peel Group]]
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| employees = 1000
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| website = [https://www.peelports.com/port-locations/liverpool Port of Liverpool]
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[[File:A Packet off Liverpool RMG BHC1862 inverted.tif|thumb|Port of Liverpool in 1809]]
The '''Port of Liverpool''' is the enclosed {{convert|7.5|mi|km|adj=on}} [[Dock (maritime)|dock]] system that runs from [[Brunswick Dock]] in [[Liverpool]] to [[Seaforth Dock]], [[Seaforth, Merseyside|Seaforth]], on the east side of the [[River Mersey]] and the [[Great Float|Birkenhead Docks]] between [[Birkenhead]] and [[Wallasey]] on the west side of the river. 

In 2023, the Port of Liverpool was the UK’s fourth busiest container port, handling around 900,000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]] of cargo each year, equivalent to over 30 million tonnes of freight per annum. It handles a wide variety of cargo, including containers, bulk cargoes such as coal, grain and animal feed, and [[roll-on/roll-off]] cargoes such as cars, trucks and recycled metals. The port is also home to one of the largest [[Liverpool Cruise Terminal|cruise terminals]] in the UK which handles approximately 200,000 passengers and over 100 cruise ships each year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liverpool cruise port to double operations with £25m plan featuring new pontoon |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-cruise-port-double-operations-28927092 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.liverpoolecho.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The UK’s Top 5 Busiest Shipping Ports |url=https://www.highway-logistics.co.uk/the-uks-top-5-busiest-shipping-ports |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.highway-logistics.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Liverpool holds key to slashing road emissions |url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/port-of-liverpool-holds-key-to-slashing-road-emissions |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.lbndaily.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port and domestic waterborne freight statistics: data tables (PORT) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/port-and-domestic-waterborne-freight-statistics-port#port-and-domestic-waterborne-freight-table-index |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.gov.uk}}</ref>

The port has significant links to North America and the rest of Europe via the [[Irish Sea]] and [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It is the most significant port in the UK for [[Transatlantic crossing|transatlantic trade]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Liverpool: The rich history of trade in the Merseyside docks |url=https://www.export.org.uk/insights/trade-news/port-of-liverpool-the-rich-history-of-trade-in-the-merseyside-docks |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.export.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inspiring Connectivity |url=https://investliverpoolcityregion.com/growth-sectors/port-logistics |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.investliverpoolcityregion.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422180703/https://investliverpoolcityregion.com/growth-sectors/port-logistics/|archive-date=2024-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> The port's history spans over 800 years and at its peak in the 19th century, it was the second most important port in the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The port of Liverpool Information sheet 34 |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/archivesheet34 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk}}</ref> In 2016, the port was extended by the building of an in-river container terminal at Seaforth Dock, named [[Liverpool2]]. The terminal can berth two 14,000 container [[Post-Panamax]] ships.

[[Port of Garston|Garston Docks]], which are in the city of Liverpool, are not a part of the Port of Liverpool. The working docks are operated by [[Mersey Docks and Harbour Company]], the docks to the south of the [[Pier Head]] are operated by the [[Canal&nbsp;&amp; River Trust]], the successor to former operator [[British Waterways]].

==History ==
{{see also|List of Liverpool Docks|Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City|Liverpool slave trade}}
[[File:Mann Island Liverpool 2023.jpg|thumb|Modern developments at Pier Head and Canning Dock.]]
Liverpool's first dock was the world's first enclosed commercial dock, the [[Old Dock]], built in 1715. The Lyver Pool, a tidal inlet in the narrows of the estuary, which is now largely under the [[Liverpool One]] shopping centre, was converted into the enclosed dock. Further docks were added and eventually all were interconnected by lock gates, extending {{convert|7.5|mi|km}} along the Liverpool bank of the River Mersey. From 1830 onwards, most of the building stone was granite from [[Kirkmabreck]] near [[Creetown]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dalbeattie.com/scotland-creetown/quarries/index.html|title=Kirkmabreck Quarry - The History|work=dalbeattie.com|access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>

The interconnected dock system was the most advanced port system in the world. The docks enabled ship movements within the dock system 24 hours a day, isolated from the high River Mersey tides. Parts of the system were a [[World Heritage Site]] from 2004 until 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1150|title=Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City|work=UNESCO|access-date=12 June 2008}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-57879475 Liverpool stripped of Unesco World Heritage status] ''[[BBC News]]'' 21 July 2021</ref>
[[File:Port of Liverpool Building Front.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Liverpool Building]]]]
From 1885, the dock system was the hub of a [[hydraulic power network]] that stretched beyond the docks. Both [[White Star Line]] and [[Cunard Line]] were based at the port. It was also the home port of many great ships, including {{RMS|Baltic|1903|6}}, {{RMS|Olympic}}, {{RMS|Mauretania|1906|6}}, {{RMS|Aquitania}} and the ill-starred ''[[Tayleur]]'', {{MV|Derbyshire}}, {{HMHS|Britannic}}, {{RMS|Lusitania}}, and the {{RMS|Titanic}}.

Most of the smaller south end docks were closed in 1971 with Brunswick Dock remaining until closure in 1975. Many docks have been filled in to create land for buildings: at the [[Pier Head]], an arena at [[King's Dock, Port of Liverpool|Kings Dock]], commercial estates at [[Toxteth Dock|Toxteth]] and [[Harrington Dock]]s and housing at [[Herculaneum Dock]].  In the north, some [[branch dock]]s have been filled in to create land. [[Sandon Dock|Sandon]] and [[Wellington Dock]]s have been filled in and are now the location of a sewage works.  Most of [[Hornby Dock]] was filled in to allow [[Gladstone Dock]]'s coal terminal to expand.

The largest dock on the dock network, [[Seaforth Dock]], was opened in 1972 and deals with grain and containers, accommodating what were the largest containers ships at that time. In 1972, [[Canadian Pacific Limited|Canadian Pacific]] unit [[CP Ships]] was the last transatlantic line to operate from Liverpool. Liverpool Freeport Zone was opened in the North Docks 1984, expanding to include some of the Birkenhead Dock system in 1992.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archive sheet 34 - The port of Liverpool |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/archivesheet34 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=National Museums Liverpool}}</ref> The Euro Rail terminal was established at Seaforth Dock in 1994 and the port expanded five years later, including construction of the Liverpool Intermodal Freeport Terminal.<ref name=":0" />

In 2004 UNESCO announced [[Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City]].

==Port statistics ==
[[File:Liverpool docks 2018.jpg|thumb|right|Three tugs transitting the Liverpool dock system, October 2018]]

In 2020 Liverpool was the United Kingdom's fourth largest port by tonnage of freight, handling 31.1 million tonnes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1014546/port-freight-annual-statistics-2020.pdf|title=UK Port Freight Statistics 2017|access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ddd;"
! Product
! 2004
! 2003 
! 2002 
! 2001 
|-
|[[cereal|Grain]]|| 2,289,000 [[tonnes]]|| 2,377,000 [[tonnes]] || 2,360,000 [[tonnes]] || 2,455,000 [[tonnes]] 
|-
|[[Timber]]||295,000 [[tonnes]]||391,000 [[tonnes]]||406,000 [[tonnes]]||452,000 [[tonnes]] 
|-
|[[Bulk liquids]]||774,000 [[tonnes]]||727,000 [[tonnes]]||788,000 [[tonnes]]||707,000 [[tonnes]]
|-
|[[Bulk cargo]]||6,051,000 [[tonnes]]||6,296,000 [[tonnes]]||5,572,000 [[tonnes]]||5,026,000 [[tonnes]]
|-
|[[Petroleum|Oil]] Terminal||11,406,000 [[tonnes]] ||11,406,000 [[tonnes]] ||11,604,000 [[tonnes]] ||11,236,000 [[tonnes]]
|-
|[[General cargo]]||374,000 [[tonnes]]||556,000 [[tonnes]]||468,000 [[tonnes]]||514,000 [[tonnes]]
|-
|Total||32,171,000 [[tonnes]]||31,753,000 [[tonnes]]|| 30,564,000 [[tonnes]] ||30,501,000 [[tonnes]]
|-
|[[Passengers]]||720,000||734,000|| 716,000 || 654,000
|-
|[[Containerization|Containers]]||616,000||578,000|| 535,000 || 524,000
|-
|[[Roll-on/roll-off|RoRo]] (car ferry)||513,000||476,000||502,000||533,000 
|}

==Marina==
{{main|Liverpool Marina}}
Liverpool Marina is in [[Coburg Dock]] and has 340 berths.

==Cruise terminal==
{{main|Liverpool Cruise Terminal}}
[[File:RMS Queen Mary 2, Liverpool (geograph 4556001).jpg|thumb|right|''[[RMS Queen Mary 2|Queen Mary 2]]'' at the Liverpool Cruise Terminal, 2015.]]
Cruise ships once sailed from [[Langton Dock]], part of the enclosed north docks system. Departures and arrivals were subject to tides. Cruise ships returned to Liverpool's [[Pier Head]] in 2008, berthing at a newly constructed [[Liverpool Cruise Terminal|cruise terminal]], enabling departures and arrivals at any time. Until 2012, any cruises beginning in Liverpool still departed from [[Langton Dock]] but, since 2012, the terminal has been used as the start and end of voyages, and not merely a stop-off point.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-18246361|title=First cruise liner since 1972 leaves Liverpool|publisher=BBC|date=29 May 2012|access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> This led to a dispute with [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]] due to the large public subsidy provided for the new terminal,<ref>{{cite news|title=Southampton's battle plans drawn up for cruise terminal dispute with Liverpool|url=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/briefing/cruise_wars/9180806.Battle_plans_drawn_up_for_cruise_terminal_dispute/|work=Southern Daily Echo|date=5 August 2011|access-date=23 September 2011}}</ref> which [[Liverpool City Council]] has agreed to repay.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-17469646|title=Liverpool cruise terminal building begins|publisher=BBC|date=22 March 2012|access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref>
 
Ships which have called at Liverpool Cruise Terminal include ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]'' (QE2), ''[[Grand Princess]]'', ''[[Caribbean Princess]]'' and [[RMS Queen Mary 2|RMS ''Queen Mary 2'']]. A number of large [[Royal Navy]] vessels, such as {{HMS|Illustrious|R06|6}} and {{HMS|Ark Royal|R07|6}}, have also visited the terminal.

==Rail connections==
[[File:Liverpool RJD 42.jpg|thumb|right|The extent of the Liverpool Docks rail network in 1909]]
At one point the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company freight railway totalled {{convert|104|mi|abbr=on}} of rail track, with connections to many other railways. A section of freight rail line ran under the [[Liverpool Overhead Railway|Liverpool Overhead passenger railway]], with trains constantly crossing the Dock Road from the docks into the freight terminals. Today, only the [[Canada Dock Branch|Canada Dock branch line]] is used to serve the docks, using diesel locomotives.

The first rail link to the docks was the construction of the 1830 [[Park Lane railway goods station]] opposite the Queen's Dock in the south of the city. The terminal was accessed via the {{convert|1.26|mi|km|abbr=on}} [[Wapping Tunnel]] from Edge Hill rail junction in the east of the city. The station was demolished in 1972. The tunnel is still intact.

Until 1971, [[Liverpool Riverside railway station]] served the liner terminal at the Pier Head. Today, for passengers disembarking from the new [[Liverpool Cruise Terminal|cruise terminal]], city centre circular buses call at the terminal directly, while [[Moorfields railway station|Moorfields]] and [[James Street railway station (England)|James Street]] are the nearest [[Merseyrail]] stations.

On the opposite side of the river, the [[Birkenhead Dock Branch]] served the docks between 1847 and 1993. This route remains intact, albeit disused.

==Quotes about Liverpool docks==
{{poemquote|For more than six weeks, the ship Highlander lay in Prince's Dock; and during that time, besides making observations upon things immediately around me, I made sundry excursions to the neighbouring docks, for I never tired of admiring them.

Previous to this, having only seen the miserable wooden wharves, and slip-shod, shambling piers of New York, the sight of these mighty docks filled my young mind with wonder and delight...

In Liverpool, I beheld long China walls of masonry; vast piers of stone; and a succession of granite-rimmed docks, completely inclosed, and many of them communicating, which almost recalled to mind the great American chain of lakes: Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, Michigan, and Superior. The extent and solidity of these structures, seemed equal to what I had read of the old Pyramids of Egypt...

For miles you may walk along that river-side, passing dock after dock, like a chain of immense fortresses: Prince's, George's, Salt-House, Clarence, Brunswick, Trafalgar, King's, Queen's, and many more.|[[Herman Melville]], ''Redburn - his first voyage'', 1849}}

{{quote|It is a region, this seven-mile sequence of granite-lipped lagoons, which is invested ... with some conspicuous properties of romance; and yet its romance is never of just that quality one might perhaps expect ... Neither of the land nor of the sea, but possessing both the stability of the one and the constant flux of the other—too immense, too filled with the vastness of the outer, to carry any sense of human handicraft—this strange territory of the Docks seems, indeed, to form a kind of fifth element, a place charged with daemonic issues and daemonic silences, where men move like puzzled slaves, fretting under orders they cannot understand, fumbling with great forces that have long passed out of their control ... |Walter Dixon Scott, ''Liverpool'', 1907<ref name="accessmylibrary.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33911347_ITM|title=Shifted tideways: Liverpool's changing fortunes|work=Architectural Review|year=2008}}</ref>}}

{{quote|...Liverpool is the biggest port ... there was something to see from Dingle up to Bootle, and as far again as Birkenhead on the other side. Yellow water, bellowing steam ferries, white trans-atlantic liners, towers, cranes, stevedores, skiffs, shipyards, trains, smoke, chaos, hooting, ringing, hammering, puffing, the ruptured bellies of the ships, the stench of horses, the sweat, urine, and waste from all the continents of the world ... And if I heaped up words for another half an hour, I wouldn't achieve the full number, confusion and expanse which is called Liverpool.|[[Karel Čapek]], ''Letters from England'', 1924<ref name="accessmylibrary.com"/>}}

{{quote|...Old photographs and even the print of Liverpool Docks as seen from the overhead railway would fail to convey the powerful reality of the Port of Liverpool in the 1950s. This was at the time when every berth had a ship alongside, vessels were waiting off the Port to enter, and they were waiting off the locks on both sides of the river.  There were seemingly endless queues of lorries on the Dock Road stretched as far as the eye could see. Delivering exports right up to closing day.|Francis Major, ''Ports of Liverpool, The Memoir Club''}}

==Image gallery==
<gallery caption="1909 maps">
File:Dkbkpl26.jpg

File:Dkbkpl27.jpg
File:Dkbkpl28.jpg

File:Dkbkpl29.jpg
File:Dkbkpl30.jpg
</gallery>

<gallery caption="Modern images">
File:Queens Dock, Liverpool.jpg
File:Wapping Dock buildings 1.jpg
File:Canning Half Tide Dock.jpg
File:Ship in Canning Half Tiide Dock.jpg
File:Albert Dock3.JPG
File:Boat in Victoria Dock.jpg
File:Princes dock, Liverpool.jpg
File:Clarence Graving Dock's Enterance .jpg
File:Dock Clock Tower.jpg
File:Nelson Dock sign.jpg
File:Wellington Dock sign.jpg
File:Waterloo dock gates.jpg
File:Liverpool - Wellington Dock and the Tall Ships - geograph.org.uk - 472478.jpg
File:Bramley Dock Dock sign.jpg
File:Sandon Dock sign.jpg
File:Sandon Dock gates 2019-2.jpg
File:Collingwood Dock sign.jpg
File:HornbyDock.jpg
File:Stanley Dock sign.jpg
File:Stanley Dock 2.jpg
File:Dock in Port of Liverpool 2.jpg
File:North Docks Clock.jpg
File:GladstoneLock.jpg
File:GladstoneDocks-June2009.jpg
File:Balmoral (cruise ship).jpg|
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Isle of Man Steam Packet Company]]
*[[List of Liverpool Docks]]
*[[Twelve Quays]]
*[[Port of Liverpool Building]]
*[[Architecture of Liverpool]]
*[[Liverpool slave trade]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|Liverpool|Transport}}
*[https://www.peelports.com/port-locations/liverpool Port of Liverpool Official Website] 
*[http://www.visitmyharbour.com/harbours/wales-nw-england/liverpool-marina/charts.asp?cattype=5  UKHO nautical charts of Liverpool Docks and approaches via Queens and Crosby Channels]
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41373 'Liverpool: The docks', A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4 (1911), pp. 41-43.]    Date accessed: 16 November 2009.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070621175054/http://www.btinternet.com/~philipbparker/index.htm The Port of Liverpool In Camera]
*[http://www.lenpentin.20fr.com/local%20rail%20map.htm Historic map of railways in Liverpool]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051216163756/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmenvtra/18/18ap44.htm  Select Committee on Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs: Memorandum by Merseytravel]

{{Liverpool related articles}}
{{Port of Liverpool docks}}
{{UK Docks}}
{{Transport in Merseyside}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Port Of Liverpool}}
[[Category:Port of Liverpool| ]]
[[Category:Transport in Liverpool]]
[[Category:Peel Ports]]
[[Category:Mersey docks]]
[[Category:Economy of Liverpool]]