Pseudosphere

In geometry, a pseudosphere is a surface with constant negative Gaussian curvature.

A pseudosphere of radius $R$ is a surface in $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$ having curvature $−.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}⁠1/R2⁠$ in each point. Its name comes from the analogy with the sphere of radius $R$ , which is a surface of curvature $⁠ 1 / R 2 ⁠$ . The term was introduced by Eugenio Beltrami in his 1868 paper on models of hyperbolic geometry.^[1]

Tractroid

The same surface can be also described as the result of revolving a tractrix about its asymptote. For this reason the pseudosphere is also called tractroid. As an example, the (half) pseudosphere (with radius 1) is the surface of revolution of the tractrix parametrized by^[2]

t\mapsto \left(t-\tanh {t},\operatorname {sech} \,{t}\right),\quad \quad 0\leq t<\infty .

It is a singular space (the equator is a singularity), but away from the singularities, it has constant negative Gaussian curvature and therefore is locally isometric to a hyperbolic plane.

The name "pseudosphere" comes about because it has a two-dimensional surface of constant negative Gaussian curvature, just as a sphere has a surface with constant positive Gaussian curvature. Just as the sphere has at every point a positively curved geometry of a dome the whole pseudosphere has at every point the negatively curved geometry of a saddle.

As early as 1693 Christiaan Huygens found that the volume and the surface area of the pseudosphere are finite,^[3] despite the infinite extent of the shape along the axis of rotation. For a given edge radius $R$ , the area is $4π R 2$ just as it is for the sphere, while the volume is $⁠ 2 / 3 ⁠ π R 3$ and therefore half that of a sphere of that radius.^[4]^[5]

Universal covering space

The half pseudosphere of curvature −1 is covered by the interior of a horocycle. In the Poincaré half-plane model one convenient choice is the portion of the half-plane with $y \geq 1$ .^[6] Then the covering map is periodic in the $x$ direction of period 2 $π$ , and takes the horocycles $y = c$ to the meridians of the pseudosphere and the vertical geodesics $x = c$ to the tractrices that generate the pseudosphere. This mapping is a local isometry, and thus exhibits the portion $y \geq 1$ of the upper half-plane as the universal covering space of the pseudosphere. The precise mapping is

(x,y)\mapsto {\big (}v(\operatorname {arcosh} y)\cos x,v(\operatorname {arcosh} y)\sin x,u(\operatorname {arcosh} y){\big )}

where

t\mapsto {\big (}u(t)=t-\operatorname {tanh} t,v(t)=\operatorname {sech} t{\big )}

is the parametrization of the tractrix above.

Hyperboloid

In some sources that use the hyperboloid model of the hyperbolic plane, the hyperboloid is referred to as a pseudosphere.^[7] This usage of the word is because the hyperboloid can be thought of as a sphere of imaginary radius, embedded in a Minkowski space.

References

^ Beltrami, Eugenio (1868). "Saggio sulla interpretazione della geometria non euclidea" [Treatise on the interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry]. Gior. Mat. (in Italian). 6: 248–312.
(Also Beltrami, Eugenio. Opere Matematiche [Mathematical Works] (in Italian). Vol. 1. pp. 374–405. ISBN 1-4181-8434-9.;
Beltrami, Eugenio (1869). "Essai d'interprétation de la géométrie noneuclidéenne" [Treatise on the interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry]. Annales de l'École Normale Supérieure (in French). 6: 251–288. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2010-07-24.)
^ Bonahon, Francis (2009). Low-dimensional geometry: from Euclidean surfaces to hyperbolic knots. AMS Bookstore. p. 108. ISBN 0-8218-4816-X., Chapter 5, page 108
^ Stillwell, John (2010). Mathematics and Its History (revised, 3rd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 345. ISBN 978-1-4419-6052-8., extract of page 345
^ Le Lionnais, F. (2004). Great Currents of Mathematical Thought, Vol. II: Mathematics in the Arts and Sciences (2 ed.). Courier Dover Publications. p. 154. ISBN 0-486-49579-5., Chapter 40, page 154
^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Pseudosphere". MathWorld.
^ Thurston, William, Three-dimensional geometry and topology, vol. 1, Princeton University Press, p. 62.
^ Hasanov, Elman (2004), "A new theory of complex rays", IMA J. Appl. Math., 69: 521–537, doi:10.1093/imamat/69.6.521, ISSN 1464-3634, archived from the original on 2013-04-15

Stillwell, J. (1996). Sources of Hyperbolic Geometry. Amer. Math. Soc & London Math. Soc.
Henderson, D. W.; Taimina, D. (2006). "Experiencing Geometry: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean with History". Aesthetics and Mathematics (PDF). Springer-Verlag.
Kasner, Edward; Newman, James (1940). Mathematics and the Imagination. Simon & Schuster. p. 140, 145, 155.

External links

Non Euclid
Crocheting the Hyperbolic Plane: An Interview with David Henderson and Daina Taimina
Norman Wildberger lecture 16, History of Mathematics, University of New South Wales. YouTube. 2012 May.
Pseudospherical surfaces at the virtual math museum.

[1] Beltrami, Eugenio (1868). "Saggio sulla interpretazione della geometria non euclidea" [Treatise on the interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry]. Gior. Mat. (in Italian). 6: 248–312.
(Also Beltrami, Eugenio. Opere Matematiche [Mathematical Works] (in Italian). Vol. 1. pp. 374–405. ISBN 1-4181-8434-9.;
Beltrami, Eugenio (1869). "Essai d'interprétation de la géométrie noneuclidéenne" [Treatise on the interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry]. Annales de l'École Normale Supérieure (in French). 6: 251–288. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2010-07-24.)

[2] Bonahon, Francis (2009). Low-dimensional geometry: from Euclidean surfaces to hyperbolic knots. AMS Bookstore. p. 108. ISBN 0-8218-4816-X., Chapter 5, page 108

[3] Stillwell, John (2010). Mathematics and Its History (revised, 3rd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 345. ISBN 978-1-4419-6052-8., extract of page 345

[4] Le Lionnais, F. (2004). Great Currents of Mathematical Thought, Vol. II: Mathematics in the Arts and Sciences (2 ed.). Courier Dover Publications. p. 154. ISBN 0-486-49579-5., Chapter 40, page 154

[5] Weisstein, Eric W. "Pseudosphere". MathWorld.

[6] Thurston, William, Three-dimensional geometry and topology, vol. 1, Princeton University Press, p. 62.

[7] Hasanov, Elman (2004), "A new theory of complex rays", IMA J. Appl. Math., 69: 521–537, doi:10.1093/imamat/69.6.521, ISSN 1464-3634, archived from the original on 2013-04-15

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Tractroid

Universal covering space

Hyperboloid

See also

References

External links