Pushforward (homology)

In algebraic topology, the pushforward of a continuous function $f$ : $X\rightarrow Y$ between two topological spaces is a homomorphism $f_{*}:H_{n}\left(X\right)\rightarrow H_{n}\left(Y\right)$ between the homology groups for $n\geq 0$.

Homology is a functor which converts a topological space $X$ into a sequence of homology groups $H_{n}\left(X\right)$. (Often, the collection of all such groups is referred to using the notation $H_{*}\left(X\right)$; this collection has the structure of a graded ring.) In any category, a functor must induce a corresponding morphism. The pushforward is the morphism corresponding to the homology functor.

Definition for singular and simplicial homology

We build the pushforward homomorphism as follows (for singular or simplicial homology):

First we have an induced homomorphism between the singular or simplicial chain complex $C_{n}\left(X\right)$ and $C_{n}\left(Y\right)$ defined by composing each singular n-simplex $\sigma _{X}$ : $\Delta ^{n}\rightarrow X$ with $f$ to obtain a singular n-simplex of $Y$, $f_{\#}\left(\sigma _{X}\right)=f\sigma _{X}$ : $\Delta ^{n}\rightarrow Y$. Then we extend $f_{\#}$ linearly via $f_{\#}\left(\sum _{t}n_{t}\sigma _{t}\right)=\sum _{t}n_{t}f_{\#}\left(\sigma _{t}\right)$.

The maps $f_{\#}$ : $C_{n}\left(X\right)\rightarrow C_{n}\left(Y\right)$ satisfy $f_{\#}\partial =\partial f_{\#}$ where $\partial$ is the boundary operator between chain groups, so $\partial f_{\#}$ defines a chain map.

We have that $f_{\#}$ takes cycles to cycles, since $\partial \alpha =0$ implies $\partial f_{\#}\left(\alpha \right)=f_{\#}\left(\partial \alpha \right)=0$. Also $f_{\#}$ takes boundaries to boundaries since $f_{\#}\left(\partial \beta \right)=\partial f_{\#}\left(\beta \right)$.

Hence $f_{\#}$ induces a homomorphism between the homology groups $f_{*}:H_{n}\left(X\right)\rightarrow H_{n}\left(Y\right)$ for $n\geq 0$.

Properties and homotopy invariance

Main article: singular homology § Homotopy invariance

Two basic properties of the push-forward are:

1. $\left(f\circ g\right)_{*}=f_{*}\circ g_{*}$ for the composition of maps $X{\overset {f}{\rightarrow }}Y{\overset {g}{\rightarrow }}Z$.
2. $\left(id_{X}\right)_{*}=id$ where $id_{X}$ : $X\rightarrow X$ refers to identity function of $X$ and $id:H_{n}\left(X\right)\rightarrow H_{n}\left(X\right)$ refers to the identity isomorphism of homology groups.

A main result about the push-forward is the homotopy invariance: if two maps $f,g:X\rightarrow Y$ are homotopic, then they induce the same homomorphism $f_{*}=g_{*}:H_{n}\left(X\right)\rightarrow H_{n}\left(Y\right)$.

This immediately implies that the homology groups of homotopy equivalent spaces are isomorphic:

The maps $f_{*}:H_{n}\left(X\right)\rightarrow H_{n}\left(Y\right)$ induced by a homotopy equivalence $f$ : $X\rightarrow Y$ are isomorphisms for all $n$.

References

• Allen Hatcher, Algebraic topology. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79160-X and ISBN 0-521-79540-0