Qahr and ashti
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Qahr and Ashti is a culture-specific Iranian form of ostracism described by Dr. Kambiz Behzadi[1] as:
Qahr (to not be on speaking terms with someone) and ashti (to make up) represent a complex culture-specific fusion of emotional dynamics, cognitive evaluations, and behavioral tendencies, which codes both negative and 'distancing' emotions and initiates a set of social actions and gestures that lead to amelioration of that emotional state.[2]
In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the husband only has the right to practice qahr towards his wife, while the wife does not have the right to practice qahr towards her husband.[3] This is because in Islamic cultures, the husband's social status is that of Head of Household while the wife has the much lower social status of Subject.[4] She may practice qahr only towards others of equal or lower social status.
Qahr is social avoidance of another person who has committed a perceived insult. It is one of several ritualized social customs of Iranian culture.[5]
Gozasht, an Iranian word meaning 'tolerance, understanding and a desire or willingness to forgive'[6] is an essential componant of Qahr and Ashti[7] for both psychological needs of closure and cognition, as well as a culturally accepted source for practicing necessary religious requirements of tawbah (repentance, see Koran 2:222)[8][9] and du'a (supplication).[10]
See also
- Ostracism, Modern Usage
- Silent Treatment
- Passive-Aggressive Behavior
- Culture of Iran
- Taarof, an Iranian social custom
- Isolation Techniques (Individual)
- Need for cognition
- Closure (psychology)
References
- ^ U.S. News Health Care, Dr. Kambiz Behzadi, MD http://health.usnews.com/doctors/kambiz-behzadi-1166[full citation needed]
- ^ Behzadi KG (1994). "Interpersonal conflict and emotions in an Iranian cultural practice: qahr and ashti". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 18 (3): 321–59. PMID 7956304.
- ^ Gender Relationships in Iran http://www.cultureofiran.com/gender_relations_in_iran.html
- ^ Islam: Treatise On Rights (Risalat al-Huquq) https://www.al-islam.org/treatise-rights-risalat-al-huquq-imam-zain-ul-abideen
- ^ Iran: At War with History, by John Limbert, pub. 1987 ppg 37-38 https://books.google.com/books?id=rXS3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&dq=qahr+iranian+behavior&source=bl&ots=oT1PRsnIAA&sig=givEDjpjh1QgCDLtP2-FzTZPrcg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinzO_lorfPAhXH7SYKHWADBAIQ6AEIJzAD#v=onepage&q=qahr%20iranian%20behavior&f=false
- ^ Iran: At War with History, by John Limbert, pub. 1987 ppg 37-38
- ^ Iran: At War with History, by John Limbert, pub. 1987 ppg 37-38
- ^ Repentance http://sunnahonline.com/library/purification-of-the-soul/175-repentance
- ^ Koran 66:8 http://understandquran.com/how-repentance-can-draw-you-nearer-to-allah-swt.html
- ^ http://islam.ru/en/content/story/what-dua