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Quantum robotics is an interdisciplinary field that investigates the intersection of robotics and quantum mechanics. This field, in particular, explores the applications of quantum phenomena such as quantum entanglement within the realm of robotics. Examples of its applications include quantum communication in multi-agent cooperative robotic scenarios, the use of quantum algorithms in performing robotics tasks, and the integration of quantum devices (e.g., quantum detectors) in robotic systems.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Introduction

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The free-space quantum communication between mobile platforms was proposed for reconfigurable Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) applications using drones [8] in 2017. This technology was later advanced in various aspects in mobile drone and vehicle platforms in several configurations such as drone-to-drone, drone-to-moving vehicle, and vehicle-to-vehicle systems [9][10][11].Communication system technology for demonstration of BB84 quantum key distribution in optical aircraft downlinks.[12] Airborne demonstration of a quantum key distribution receiver payload.[12] [13]. Communication system technology for demonstration of BB84 quantum key distribution in optical aircraft downlinks.[14]

Other researchers contributed to low size, weight and power quantum key distribution system for small form unmanned aerial vehicles [15]., characterization of a polarization-based receiver for mobile free space optical QKD [16]., and optical-relayed entanglement distribution using drones as mobile nodes.[17] The topic of free-space quantum communication between mobile platforms, which was initially implemented to fulfill the need for free-space QKD and entanglement distribution using mobile nodes, was brought into robotics domain as an emerging interdisciplinary mechatronics topic to investigate and explore the interface between the quantum technologies and robotic systems domain.[1][2][3][4][5][7] The main advantage of such integrated technology being the guaranteed security in communication between multiagent and cooperative autonomous systems. Although as a newfound emerging area, other benefits are anticipated in the future research by accessing the fast-growing and forthcoming quantum advantages. However, such progress can only be made after a foundation is laid out in what is referred to as “quantum robotics” and “quantum mechatronics”.[1][2][3][4][5][7] The paper contributes to providing the complementary background needed for the research in integrating free-space quantum communication into the robotics field. Other contributions include modernizing the mechatronics discipline with quantum engineering for educational purposes which was initially proposed in.[1][2][3][4][5][7] This paper further introduces quantum engineering topics needed in training and preparing the future engineering workforce to succeed in the rapid-paced ever-changing industry. In particular, the topics on the quantum mechanics fundamentals such as quantum entanglement, cryptography, teleportation, as well and the Bell test, are proposed which are suitable for engineering curriculum and University projects.

Alice and Bob Robots

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In the realm of quantum mechanics, the names Alice and Bob are frequently employed to illustrate various phenomena, protocols, and applications. These include their roles in quantum cryptography, quantum key distribution, quantum entanglement, and quantum teleportation. The terms "Alice Robot" and "Bob Robot"[1][2][3][4][5][7] serve as analogous expressions that merge the concepts of Alice and Bob from quantum mechanics with mechatronic mobile platforms (such as robots, drones, and autonomous vehicles). For example, the Alice Robot functions as a transmitter platform that communicates with the Bob Robot, housing the receiving detectors.

The schematic representation of the experimental setup for achieving quantum entanglement through the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process is shown in the figure.

Quantum Entanglement Experiment via Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion (SPDC)

The experimental setup that includes the laser source, and Alice and Bob is shown in the figure below.

Quantum Entanglement Experimental Setup via SPDC

The Alice and Bob and the corresponding components.

Alice and Bob Setup in a Polarization Quantum Entanglement Experiment

The schematic representation of the Alice and Bob robots when sharing entangled photons in a quantum communication or quantum key distribution experimental setup between moving robotic platforms is shown in the figure.

Alice and Bob Quantum Robots Schematic Representation

The nomenclature used in the figure:

AL: Alignment Laser

DMSP: Shortpass dichroic mirror

FSM: Fast steering mirror

FFC: Fixed focus collimator

HWP: Half-wave plate

M: Mirror

MTC: Motion tracking camera

MTC & M: Motion tracking camera and mirror

NBF: Narrowband filter

NPBS: Non-Polarizing beamsplitter cube (50:50)

PABBO: Paired Barium borate (BBO) Crystal (Type I SPDC crystals)

PBS: Polarizing beamsplitter cube

PSD: Position sensing detector

QP: Quartz plate

QRC: QR code

SL: Source Laser

SPCM: Single photon counter module

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Farbod Khoshnoud, Lucas Lamata, Clarence W. De Silva, Marco B. Quadrelli, Quantum Teleportation for Control of Dynamic Systems and Autonomy, Journal of Mechatronic Systems and Control, Volume 49, Issue 3, pp. 124-131, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Lamata, Lucas; Quadrelli, Marco B.; de Silva, Clarence W.; Kumar, Prem; Kanter, Gregory S.; Ghazinejad, Maziar; Khoshnoud, Farbod (12 October 2021). "Quantum Mechatronics". Electronics. 10 (20): 2483. doi:10.3390/electronics10202483.
  3. ^ a b c d e Farbod Khoshnoud, Maziar Ghazinejad, Automated quantum entanglement and cryptography for networks of robotic systems, IEEE/ASME International Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications (MESA), IDETC-CIE 2021, Virtual Conference: August 17 – 20, DETC2021-71653, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e Lamata, Lucas; Aiello, Clarice D.; Quadrelli, Bruno Marco; Ghazinejad, Maziar; de Silva, Clarence W.; Khoshnoud, Farbod; Bahr, Behnam (23 April 2021). "Modernizing Mechatronics course with Quantum Engineering, The American Society for Engineering Education". Retrieved 7 September 2023. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e Khoshnoud, Farbod; Esat, Ibrahim I.; de Silva, Clarence W.; Quadrelli, Marco B. (April 2019). "Quantum Network of Cooperative Unmanned Autonomous Systems". Unmanned Systems. 07 (2): 137–145. doi:10.1142/S2301385019500055. ISSN 2301-3850. S2CID 149842737. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  6. ^ Tandon, Prateek; Lam, Stanley; Shih, Ben; Mehta, Tanay; Mitev, Alex; Ong, Zhiyang (2017). "Introduction". Quantum Robotics: A Primer on Current Science and Future Perspectives. Synthesis Lectures on Quantum Computing. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-02520-4_1. ISBN 978-3-031-02520-4. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e Farbod Khoshnoud, Marco B. Quadrelli, Enrique Galvez, Clarence W. de Silva, Shayan Javaherian, B. Bahr, M. Ghazinejad, A. S. Eddin, M. El-Hadedy, Quantum Brain-Computer Interface, ASEE PSW, 2023, in press.
  8. ^ P. G. Kwiat, and D. J. Gauthier, “Reconfigurable free-space quantum cryptography system,” U.S. Patent, No.: US 2017/0250805 A1, 2017].
  9. ^ A. Conrad, D. Chaffee, J. Chapman, C. Chopp, K. Herdon, A. Hill, D. Sanchez-Rosales, J. Szabo, D. J. Gauthier, and P. G. Kwiat, “Drone-based Quantum Key Distribution,” Bulletin of the American Physical Society, March Meeting, Volume 64, Number 2, March 4–8, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 2019].
  10. ^ S. Isaac, A. Conrad, A. Hill, K. Herndon, B. Wilens, D. Chaffee, D. Sanchez-Rosales, R. Cochran, D. Gauthier, and P. Kwiat, “Drone-Based Quantum Key Distribution,” 2020 Conference on Lasers and ElectroOptics (CLEO), San Jose, CA, USA, 2020, pp. 1-2.
  11. ^ Andrew Conrad, Samantha Isaac, Roderick Cochran, Daniel Sanchez-Rosales, Tahereh Rezaei, Timur Javid, A. J. Schroeder, Grzegorz Golba, Daniel Gauthier, Paul Kwiat, “Drone-Based Quantum Communication Links,” Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Volume 12446, Quantum Computing, Communication, and Simulation III 2023, San Francisco, USA, February 2023].
  12. ^ a b Florian Moll, Sebastian Nauerth, Christian Fuchs, Joachim Horwath, Markus Rau, Harald Weinfurter, "Communication system technology for demonstration of BB84 quantum key distribution in optical aircraft downlinks," Proc. SPIE 8517, Laser Communication and Propagation through the Atmosphere and Oceans, 851703 (24 October 2012); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929739].
  13. ^ Kagan, E., & Ben-Gal, I. (2011). "Navigation of quantum-controlled mobile robots" (PDF). Recent advances in mobile robotics, 15, 311-220.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ , and airborne demonstration of a quantum key distribution receiver payload Christopher J Pugh, Sarah Kaiser, Jean-Philippe Bourgoin, Jeongwan Jin, Nigar Sultana, Sascha Agne, Elena Anisimova, Vadim Makarov, Eric Choi, Brendon L Higgins and Thomas Jennewein].
  15. ^ C. Quintana, P. Sibson, G. Erry, Y. Thueux, E. Kingston, T. Ismail, G. Faulkner, J. Kennard, K. Gebremicael, C. Clark, C. Erven, S. Chuard, M. Watson, J. Rarity, and D. O'Brien, “Low size, weight and power quantum key distribution system for small form unmanned aerial vehicles,” Proc. SPIE 10910, Free-Space Laser Communications XXXI, 1091014, March 2019.].
  16. ^ W. Miller, A. DeCesare, R. Snyder, D. Carvalho, P. M. Alsing, D. Ahn, (2020). Toward mobile free space optical QKD: characterization of a polarization-based receiver, Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 11391, id. 1139105 10 pp., 2020.].
  17. ^ H.-Y. Liu, X.-H. Tian, C. Gu, P. Fan, X. Ni, R. Yang, J.-N. Zhang, M. Hu, J. Guo, X. Cao, X. Hu, G. Zhao, Y.-Q. Lu, Y.-X. Gong, Z. Xie, and S.-N. Zhu, “Optical-Relayed Entanglement Distribution Using Drones as Mobile Nodes,” Physical Review Letters, 126, 020503, 2021.
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