View source for REMUS (vehicle)

{{short description|Autonomous underwater vehicle series}}
[[File:REMUS 100 Merivoimien vuosipäivä 2014 01.JPG|thumb|REMUS 100 used by [[Finnish Navy]]]]
[[File:US Navy 070611-N-7676W-023 Remote Environmental Monitoring Units (REMUS) with an autonomous docking station from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) is lowered into the water pierside during the Autonomous Underwater Ve.jpg|thumb|Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) REMUS 100 with autonomous docking station (2007)]]
The '''REMUS''' (Remote Environmental Monitoring UnitS) series are [[autonomous underwater vehicle]]s (AUVs) made by the [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]] and designed by their Oceanographic Systems Lab (OSL). More recently REMUS vehicles have been manufactured by the spinoff company Hydroid Inc, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Kongsberg Maritime]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hydroid.com/products|title=Marine Robots (AUVs) {{!}} Hydroid, Inc.|website=www.hydroid.com|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=6 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206155337/http://www.hydroid.com/products|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hydroid was acquired by [[Huntington Ingalls Industries]] (HHI) in March 2020.<ref name=HII>{{Cite web|url=https://hii.com/news/huntington-ingalls-industries-closes-the-acquisition-of-hydroid-inc/|title=HUNTINGTON INGALLS INDUSTRIES CLOSES THE ACQUISITION OF HYDROID INC.|website=hii.com|access-date=28 April 2023|date=26 March 2020}}</ref>
The series are designed to be low cost, they have shared control software and electronic subsystems and can be operated from a [[laptop]] computer.<ref name=WHOIREMUSmain>{{cite web|title=REMUS|url=http://www.whoi.edu/main/remus|publisher=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution|access-date=9 July 2012|author-link=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution}}</ref> They are used by civilians for [[seafloor mapping]], underwater [[surveying]], and search and recovery as well as by several navies for [[mine countermeasures]] missions.

==Models==
There are a number of variants of the REMUS; all are torpedo-shaped vessels with reconfigurable sensors.

===REMUS 6000===
The largest model is the REMUS 6000 at {{convert|3.84|m|ft}} long and {{convert|71|cm|in}} in diameter; it is named after its maximum diving depth of 6000m.<ref name=WHOIREMUS6000spec>{{cite web|title=REMUS 6000|url=http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=38144|publisher=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution|access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> It can travel at speeds of up to {{convert|5|kn|kph}} and has an endurance of up to 22 hours.<ref name=WHOIREMUS6000spec /> It was developed through cooperation between the [[Naval Oceanographic Office]], the [[Office of Naval Research]], and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI).<ref>{{cite web |title=AUV System Spec Sheet |url=http://auvac.org/configurations/view/40 |website=auvac.org |publisher=Autonomous Undersea Vehicle Application Center |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>

In 2018 the [[Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology]] (JAMSTEC) received an order of New Generation REMUS 6000 AUVs. The New Generation REMUS 6000 is based on the legacy REMUS 6000 platform with "a modular architecture that allows for the addition of multiple payloads including customer sensor packages, forward fins and additional battery sections.”<ref>{{cite press release |title=Hydroid Receives Order for New Generation REMUS 6000 AUV from Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology (JAMSTEC) |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hydroid-receives-order-for-new-generation-remus-6000-auv-from-japan-agency-for-marine-earth-science-technology-jamstec-300752637.html |website=prnewswire.com |publisher=prnewswire.com |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref> Hydroid also claims that the New Generation model has increased endurance.

===REMUS 620===
In November 2022, the development of the REMUS 620 was announced. It is an enhanced version of the REMUS 300, built to the same size as the REMUS 600. It has a battery endurance of up to 110 hours and a range of up to {{cvt|275|nmi|km|abbr=off}}, depending on installed modules, and a sprint speed of {{convert|8|kn|kph}}. With a [[synthetic-aperture sonar]] installed, battery life is reduced to 78 hours with a range of {{cvt|200|nmi|km|abbr=off}}.  Design missions include mine countermeasures, hydrographic surveys, intelligence collection, surveillance, cyber warfare and electronic warfare. It can also launch smaller [[UUV]]s or [[UAV]]s. It can be launched from submarines, surface ships, small manned or unmanned craft, and helicopters. It can be recovered underwater by submarines, and recovery back into torpedo tubes is being developed at Woods Hole.<ref name=seapower-20221107>{{cite magazine |url=https://seapowermagazine.org/hii-announces-remus-620-next-generation-submarine-deployable-medium-usv/ |title=HII Announces REMUS 620 Next-Generation, Submarine-Deployable Medium UUV |last=Burgess |first=Richard R. |publisher=Seapower |date=7 November 2022 |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>

===REMUS 600===
[[File:160514-N-SF508-179.jpg|thumb|US Navy sailors lower a REMUS 600 into the water during a mine countermeasures exercise]]
The midsized REMUS 600 was previously known as the REMUS 12.75, so called due to its {{convert|12.75|in|cm|adj=on}} diameter. It was renamed to the 600 to correspond to the maximum depth at which it can operate (600m).<ref name=WHOIREMUS600pic>{{cite web|title=REMUS in Photos|url=http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=38175&tid=4142&cid=39133&i=9|publisher=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution|access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> It can travel at speeds of up to {{convert|5|kn|kph}} and has an endurance of up to 70 hours at its standard cruising speed of {{convert|3|kn|kph}}.<ref name=WHOIREMUS600pic/>

A US Navy derivative of this platform designated Mk 18 Mod 2 Kingfish was manufactured from 2012 to 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mk 18 Mod 2 Kingfish configuration |url=http://auvac.org/configurations/view/225 |website=AUVAC.com |publisher=AUVAC |access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=nr-20230206>{{cite news |url=https://navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2023/february/12794-hii-completes-production-of-mk-18-unmanned-underwater-vehicle-systems.html |title=HII completes production of Mk 18 Unmanned Underwater Vehicle Systems |website=Navy Recognition |date=6 February 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> The Mk 18 Mod 2 is equipped with side-scan [[sonar]], a downward-looking video camera, [[ADCP]], [[GPS]], beam attenuation meter (BAM) to measure [[turbidity]], and a conductivity temperature depth (CTD) sensor.<ref name=RFP>{{cite report |author=William W Sprigg |date=September 12, 2018 |title={{sic|Envirom|ental|nolink=y}} Services for Unmanned Maritime Systems|url=https://e-commerce.sscno.nmci.navy.mil/Command/02/ACQ/navhome.nsf/homepage?readform&db=navbusopor.nsf&whichdoc=25E926C25313510C862582F90076CF18&editflag=0 |publisher=SPAWAR Contracts Directorate Office |page= |docket=N66001-18-T-2006 |access-date=September 18, 2018}}</ref><ref name=auvac-spec>{{cite web |url=https://auvac.org/225-2/ |title=AUV System Spec Sheet - Mk 18 Mod 2 Kingfish configuration |website=AUVAC |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>

A total of 175 REMUS 600s were delivered to customers in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Japan.<ref name=seapower-20221107/>

===REMUS 300===
The small-sized REMUS 300 is a development of the REMUS 100, announced in April 2021. It has a length of {{cvt|2.3|m}} and a diameter of {{cvt|19|cm}}. The standard REMUS 300 weighs {{cvt|56|kg}}, but its modular design permits a {{cvt|45.4|kg|0}} expeditionary configuration to a {{cvt|67.6|kg|0}} long-endurance configuration. It can be configured with lithium-ion batteries for an endurance of up to 30 hours, with a maximum range of {{cvt|165|km|nmi}}. It can dive to {{cvt|305|m}} and has a speed of up to {{convert|5|kn|kph}}.<ref name=nt-20230321>{{cite news |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/remus-300-unmanned-underwater-vehicle-uuv/ |title=REMUS 300 Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) |website=NavalTechnology |date=21 March 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>

It is designed for mine countermeasures, search and recovery, rapid environmental assessment, hydrographic survey, anti-submarine warfare, and [[intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance]]. It has civil applications in the fields of marine archaeology, renewables, and offshore oil and gas.<ref name=nt-20230321/>

In March 2022, the [[U.S. Navy]] selected the REMUS 300 as its next generation small [[UUV]] (SUUV).<ref name=janes-20220401>{{cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/usn-selects-remus-300-uuv-as-next-generation-suuv-programme-of-record |title=USN selects REMUS 300 UUV as next-generation SUUV programme of record |last1=Kumar |first1=Nishant |last2=Fabey |first2=Michael |publisher=IHS |work=Janes |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> As of 2024, the system was also being adopted by the [[Royal Navy]]'s Mine and Threat Exploitation Group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Autonomous minehunting test team mark one year in the Gulf |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2024/march/13/240313-harrier-in-the-gulf |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=Royal Navy |date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

===REMUS 100=== 
[[File:Katanpää Lippujuhlan päivän kalustoesittely 2016 2 REMUS 100.JPG|thumb|REMUS 100 of the Finnish Navy]]
The REMUS 100 takes its name from its max operating depth of 100 meters.<ref name=":0" /> The US Navy operates a derivative of the REMUS 100, in addition to the standard REMUS 100, designated Mk 18 Mod 1 “Swordfish”.<ref name=100spec>{{cite web |title=Swordfish Mk 18 Mod 1 configuration |url=http://auvac.org/configurations/view/226 |website=auvac.com |publisher=auvac |access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref> It can travel at speeds of up to {{convert|5|kn|kph}} and has an endurance of up to 22 hours at its standard cruising speed of {{convert|3|kn|kph}}.<ref name=100spec />

===REMUS M3V=== 
The REMUS M3V (Micro 300 Meter Rated Vehicle) is the smallest in the range and is designed to fit the A-type [[sonobouy]] design envelope (91.5 x 12.4&nbsp;cm). The M3V can travel at 10 knots and dive to 300 meters, apparently uniquely among the REMUS family the M3V can be airdropped.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leoni |first1=Victoria |title=New undersea drones are smaller, cheaper and can be refueled deep under water |url=https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/navy-league/2018/04/10/new-undersea-drones-are-smaller-cheaper-and-can-be-refueled-deep-under-water/ |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Defense News |access-date=18 January 2019|date=2018-04-11 }}</ref>

==Operational history==
REMUS units were used successfully in 2003 during [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] to detect mines,<ref name=JANESMinesIRAQF>{{cite web|title=Clearing the way: UUVs evolve to meet front-line MCM requirements|url=http://www.janes.com/products/janes/defence-security-report.aspx?ID=1065926420|publisher=IHS Jane's: Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis|access-date=9 July 2012|author=Richard Scott|date=14 February 2008}}</ref> and in 2011 during the fourth search for the missing aircraft "[[Flight recorder|black boxes]]" from the crashed [[Air France]] [[Air France Flight 447|flight AF447]],<ref name=NYTAF447>{{cite news|title=What Happened to Air France Flight 447?|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Wil S. Hylton|author-link=Wil S. Hylton|date=4 May 2011|quote=The ship carried three Remus 6000 submarines, some of the most advanced underwater search vehicles on earth, which swept the seafloor in 20-hour runs.}}</ref> which they successfully found.<ref name=ABCREMUSAF447found>{{cite web|title=Robots Find Many of the Missing Bodies Amid Wreckage of Air France Flight 447|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/years-air-france-flight-447-crashed-robots-find/story?id=13292850&page=2#.T_o_D_WPm_4|publisher=abc.com|access-date=9 July 2012|author=Cindy E. Rodriguez|page=1|date=4 April 2011}}</ref> Three REMUS 6000 units were used in the AF447 search.<ref>{{cite magazine |title= How Air France 447's Missing Wreckage Was Found—and Why It Took So Long |url= http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/robots/how-air-france-447s-missing-wreckage-was-found-5583302 |date= 18 April 2011 |author= Jeff Wise |magazine= Popular Mechanics }}</ref> In a video posted by Colombian president [[Juan Manuel Santos]], a REMUS 6000 is seen being used by the [[Colombian Navy]] to examine the shipwreck, now patrimony, of [[galleon]] ''San José'' that sunk in 1708 off the coast of [[Cartagena de Indias]].<ref name="Hallazgo del Galeón San José - 5 de diciembre de 2015">{{cite web|title=Hallazgo del Galeón San José – 5 de diciembre de 2015| date=5 December 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQ3zSHYPm9c|publisher=Presidency of Colombia|access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref> 
[[File:160802-N-WB378-087 (28933152736).jpg|thumb|US Navy sailors launch a REMUS 600 (designated Mk 18 Mod 2 in Navy service) in the Persian Gulf]]

In 2012, the mine detection-variant of the REMUS 600 was deployed by the [[US Navy]] to the [[5th Fleet]], operating primarily in the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=MK18 Kingfish UUV Deployed to 5th Fleet |url=https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=75039 |location=[[Panama City, FL]] |publisher=Naval Surface Warfare Center Panama City Division Public Affairs |agency=NNS |date=June 25, 2013 |access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref> REMUS vehicles in Navy service are generally deployed from {{convert|11|m|ft|adj=on}} [[rigid hull inflatable boat]]s, which can carry two vehicles,<ref name=RFP /> although they have been deployed from [[littoral combat ship]] {{USS|Freedom|LCS-1|6}}<ref>{{cite press release |author=DON Innovation |title=The Expeditionary MCM (ExMCM) Company: The Newest Capability in U.S. Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Community |url=http://www.secnav.navy.mil/innovation/HTML_Pages/2017/07/ExMCM.htm |publisher=Department of the Navy |date=July 2017 |access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref> and from an [[MH-60S Seahawk]] helicopter in exercises.<ref>{{cite news |title=US Navy deploys mine countermeasure UUV from helicopter |url=https://navaltoday.com/2017/03/06/us-navy-deploys-mine-countermeasure-uuv-from-helicopter/ |access-date=18 September 2018 |work=Naval Today |date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> In 2018, a US Navy REMUS 600 named “Smokey” was captured by [[Houthi]] combat divers off the coast of [[Yemen]]; the Houthi forces published a video of the captured vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Werner |first1=Ben |title=VIDEO: Houthi Forces Capture U.S. Navy Unmanned Underwater Vehicle Off Yemen |url=https://news.usni.org/2018/01/03/houthi-rebels-find-likely-u-s-navy-unmanned-underwater-vehicle |website=news.usni.org |publisher=US Naval Institute |access-date=6 July 2018|date=2018-01-03 }}</ref>

The [[University of Hawaii at Manoa]] operates a REMUS 100 equipped to measure salinity, temperature, currents, bathymetry and water quality parameters. These measurements help support research conducted by the university's nearshore/offshore sensor network and water sampling programs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remus AUV |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/UMC/cms/remus-auv/ |website=soest.hawaii.edu |publisher=University of Hawaii Marine Operations |access-date=8 January 2019|date=2013-02-14 }}</ref>

In 2017 a REMUS 6000 operated from the billionaire [[Paul Allen]]’s research vessel R/V Petrel helped discover the {{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35}} at 5,500m in the [[Philippine Sea]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wreckage From USS Indianapolis Located In Philippine Sea |url=https://www.paulallen.com/wreckage-from-uss-indianapolis-located-in-philippine-sea/#wreckage-from-uss-indianapolis-located-in-philippine-sea |website=paulallen.com |publisher=Paul Allen |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820234258/https://www.paulallen.com/wreckage-from-uss-indianapolis-located-in-philippine-sea/#wreckage-from-uss-indianapolis-located-in-philippine-sea |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2018 a REMUS 6000 operated from R/V Petrel discovered the wreck of the {{USS|Lexington|CV-2}} in the Western Pacific, the USS ''Lexington'' was sunk in 1942 during the [[Battle of the Coral Sea]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gallagher |first1=Sean |title=World War II carrier "Lady Lex" found 2 miles under sea by Allen expedition |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/03/paul-allens-rv-petrel-finds-sunken-uss-lexington-2-miles-down-in-coral-sea/ |website=arstechnica.com |date=6 March 2018 |publisher=Ars Technika |access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>

In 2019 researchers at the [[University of Exeter]] used a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution owned REMUS 100 based SharkCam off the coast of [[Coll]] and [[Tiree]] to study [[basking sharks]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Howard |first1=Michelle |title=SharkCam Reveals Secrets of UK Basking Sharks |url=https://www.marinetechnologynews.com/news/sharkcam-reveals-secrets-basking-592300 |website=www.marinetechnologynews.com |date=6 August 2019 |publisher=Marine Technology News |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Robot cameras reveal secret lives of basking sharks |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-08-robot-cameras-reveal-secret-basking.html |website=phys.org |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

On February 20th, 2024 a video surfaced on X showing fighters of the [[Ansar Allah]] movement in [[Yemen]] with a captured REMUS 600 reportedly belonging to the United States Navy <ref>https://x.com/Zlatti_71/status/1760089310974345351 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==Operators==
[[File:REMUS UAV, HMS Hurworth.jpg|thumb|REMUS used for mine countermeasure operations by the Royal Navy]]
{{ALG}}
*[[Algerian National Navy|Forces navales algériennes]]
{{USA}}
*[[United States Navy]]
*[[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute]]
*[[Naval Oceanographic Office]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hydroid Delivers First High Resolution Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Sonar |url=https://www.km.kongsberg.com/ks/web/nokbg0238.nsf/AllWeb/44515F2F9EE96158C125825600370B5E?OpenDocument |website=kongsberg.com |publisher=kongsberg |access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref> 
*[[University of Hawaii at Manoa]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Remus AUV |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/UMC/cms/remus-auv/ |website=soest.hawaii.edu |publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa |access-date=13 November 2018|date=2013-02-14 }}</ref>
{{UK}}
*[[Royal Navy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Navy Demonstrates REMUS 600 UUV At 'Unmanned Warrior 16' |date=October 15, 2016|url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/17365/Royal_Navy_Demonstrates_REMUS_600_UUV_At__Unmanned_Warrior_16_#.Wz7NybaZMch |website=defenseworld.net |publisher=Defense World |access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref>
{{Flag|Croatia}}
*[[Croatian Navy]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pintarić |first1=Vesna |title=The Remus 100 Underwater Vehicles upgrading the Navy's countermine capabilities |url=https://hrvatski-vojnik.hr/en/item/3262-the-remus-100-underwater-vehicles-upgrading-the-navy-s-countermine-capabilities.html |website=hrvatski-vojnik.hr |publisher=hrvatski-vojnik |access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref>
{{Flag|Finland}}
*[[Finnish Navy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hunt when you can |url=https://www.km.kongsberg.com/ks/web/nokbg0238.nsf/AllWeb/FB86865D1FC8B1F0C12578A000490B2C?OpenDocument |website=Kongsberg.com |publisher=Kongsberg |access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref>
{{Flag|Netherlands}}
*[[Royal Netherlands Navy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=RNLN Integrates SeeByte's Neptune into its AUVs |url=https://www.marinetechnologynews.com/news/integrates-seebyte-neptune-565085 |website=marinetechnologynews.com |publisher=Marine Technology News |access-date=13 November 2018|date=2018-09-28 }}</ref>
{{Flag|Canada}}
*[[Royal Canadian Navy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=New REMUS 100 for the Royal Canadian Navy |url=http://www.lookoutnewspaper.com/new-remus-100-royal-canadian-navy/ |website=lookoutnewspaper.com |publisher=Lookout Newspaper |access-date=13 November 2018|date=2018-10-18 }}</ref>
{{Flag|Japan}}
*[[Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hydroid Bags AUV Order from Japan |url=https://www.marinetechnologynews.com/news/hydroid-order-japan-567223 |website=marinetechnologynews.com |publisher=Marine Technology News |access-date=23 December 2018|date=2018-11-19 }}</ref>
*[[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]] 
**Remus 100 used as OZZ-1/3.<ref name="sekan22-05">{{Cite journal|author = Koji Inoue | date = 2022-03-23| title = 海自UUV その現況と将来展望 | journal = 世界の艦船| publisher = 海人社}}</ref>
**Remus 600 used as OZZ-2/4 at [[Awaji-class minesweeper]]<ref name="sekan22-05"></ref><ref>{{cite web |title=掃海艦あわじ|url=https://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/mf/1md/awaji/99_blank017.html |access-date=2023-03-05}}</ref>
{{Flag|Ireland}}
*[[Irish naval service]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Irish navy training with Remus 100 AUV |url=https://www.facebook.com/irishnavalservice/posts/the-naval-service-diving-section-nsds-are-busy-this-week-training-with-the-remus/2089377201145165/ |website=Irish naval service facebook page |access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref>
{{Flag|New Zealand}}
*[[Royal New Zealand Navy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=NZ Defence Force: Searching for the missing |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=VfWvyJ7o1BU |website=NZDF YouTube video |access-date=2021-06-03 | date=2021-06-02}}</ref>
{{flag|Ukraine}}
*[[Ukrainian Navy]] Unmanned surface vehicles announced as military aid to be sent to Ukraine by the United Kingdom (from industry) in August 2022

== See also ==
[[Exercise REP(MUS)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|REMUS}}
* [http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/2009_OSL_Group_97770_99357.jpg A picture of the types of REMUS units produced]

{{WHOI-Ships}}

[[Category:Autonomous underwater vehicles]]
[[Category:Oceanography]]