Racialized society
 | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (April 2021) |
A racialized society is a society where socioeconomic inequality, residential segregation and low intermarriage rates are the norm, where humans' definitions of personal identity and choices of intimate relationships reveal racial distinctiveness.
A racialized society is a society that has undergone strong racialization, where perceived race matters profoundly for life experiences, opportunities, and interpersonal relationships.
A racialized society can also be said to be "a society that allocates differential economic, political, social, and even psychological rewards to groups along perceived racial lines; lines that are socially constructed."[1][2]
United States
[edit]It is argued that racial/ethnic identity are not separate or autonomous categories and what is called 'racial categories' in the United States are actually racialized ethnic categories.[3]
United States society is considered by some a racialized society in which divisions between the racial/ethnic groups are given. Critical race theory argues that racism is normal and is engrained [sic] in the fabric and system of the American society.[4][5] There are ongoing racial disparities between races in the United States in employment, housing, religion, and race-conscious institutions.[6] Some scholars argue a "privileged/non-privileged dynamic" exists. This means that cultural practice assigns value and assumed competence to people who have certain characteristics or features. The social psychological approach maintains that prejudice socialized early in life feeds racial stereotypes.[7][2]
It is often said that social interaction is infused with a privileged / non-privileged dynamic which is defined by racial identity — is very complex issue. Racialization hurts both the privileged and the non-privileged, but hurts the non-privileged most.[2]
Until the 1960s there was legal racial discrimination in the United States. The end of legal discrimination produced major improvements, but scarcely was successful in wiping the slate clean of the many legacies of more than three centuries of formalized state supported inequality. Even after the era of official social discrimination and segregation the lingering residual practices kept African Americans in lower-caste status. Racial problems were viewed as the nation's "most important problem" and many observers felt the United States was in a state of racial crisis. Racially related issues, such as welfare, crime, segregation, "permissive judges", affirmative action, group based rights, difference-blind treatment, and government regulation and state neutrality with respect to group, have been the subject of strenuous political debate and legislation in the past three decades. Significant gaps between blacks and whites in most domains that measure the quality of life continue to exist. Effective standards designed to eliminate discrimination, often described as race-conscious remedies, have been intensely debated. Supporters argue that institutional racism is so deeply and subtly embedded in the fabric of American society that little would change if more proactive methods of eliminating discrimination had been used.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Emerson, Michael O.; Smith, Christian (2000), "Confronting the black-white racial divide", in Emerson, Michael O.; Smith, Christian (eds.), Divided by faith: evangelical religion and the problem of race in America, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, p. 7, ISBN 9780195147070.
- ^ a b c Clark, David K. "BARRC Sociological Theory". Bethel University. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
- ^ Grosfoguel, Ramán (September 2004). "Race and ethnicity or racialized ethnicities? Identities within global coloniality". Ethnicities. 4 (3): 315–336. doi:10.1177/1468796804045237. S2CID 145445798.
- ^ "What is critical race theory?". Critical Race Studies, UCLA School of Public Affairs (via WordPress). 4 November 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ Ladson-Billings, Gloria (January 1998). "Just what is critical race theory and what's it doing in a nice field like education?". International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 11 (1): 7–24. doi:10.1080/095183998236863. S2CID 53628887.
- ^ Shepherd, Gregory J.; St. John, Jeffrey; Striphas, Ted (2006). Communication as ...:perspectives on theory. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. ISBN 9781412906586.
- ^ a b Sears, David O.; Sidanius, Jim; Bobo, Lawrence D. (2000). Racialized politics: the debate about racism in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226744070. Contributors are Lawrence Bobo, Gretchen C. Crosby, Michael C. Dawson, Christopher Federico, P.J. Henry, John J. Hetts, Jennifer L. Hochschild, William G. Howell, Michael Hughes, Donald R. Kinder, Rick Kosterman, Tali Mendelberg, Thomas F. Pettigrew, Howard Schuman, David O. Sears, James Sidanius, Pam Singh, Paul M. Sniderman, Marylee C. Taylor, and Steven A. Tuch.