View source for Rajputana famine of 1869

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox famine
| name             = Rajputana famine of 1869
| country          = [[princely states]] of [[Rajputana]], [[British Raj|India]], and the British territory of [[Ajmer]]

| period           = 1869
| total_deaths     = 1.5 million

| death_rate       = 
| preceded         = 
| succeeded        = 
|causes=late, brief monsoons, water shortage, swarms of locusts, epidemics}}

[[File:Rajputana 1909.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map of Rajputana consisting of the princely states of the Rajputana Agency and the British territory of Ajmer-Merwara, in 1909; the map was little changed since the year of the famine, 1869.]]

The '''Rajputana famine of 1869''' (also the '''Great Rajputana Famine''', '''Bundelkhand and Upper Hindustan famine''', '''Rajputana famine of 1868-70''') affected an area of {{convert|296000|sqmi|km2}} and a population of 44,500,000, primarily in the [[princely states]] of [[Rajputana]], [[British Raj|India]], and the British territory of [[Ajmer]]. Other areas affected included Gujarat, the North Deccan districts, the [[Jabalpur|Jubbalpore]] division of the [[Central Provinces and Berar]], the Agra and Bundelkhand division of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], and the [[Hisar District|Hissar]] division of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref name="igi-III-487b">{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=487}}</ref>

==Course of famine==

The monsoon of 1868 was late in coming. When it came, was light and brief, lasting until only August 1868.<ref name="igi-III-487b"/> There was a shortage of fodder in most areas of Rajputana, and some areas had water shortages as well. Since the much-needed grain could be brought in only on slow camel trains, the stricken areas were more or less inaccessible.<ref name="igi-III-487b"/>

Many inhabitants of the famine-stricken regions of Rajputana (for example, two-thirds of the population of [[Marwar]]) emigrated with their livestock or herds.<ref name="igi-III-487b"/> Initially, they did not go to the British territory of [[Ajmer]], where relief works had been arranged; many wandered in search of food until they died from starvation.<ref name="igi-III-487b"/> Late in 1868, epidemics of cholera broke out among the vulnerable population, and there was no harvest in the spring of 1869.<ref name="igi-III-487b"/>

In May 1869, many villagers, who had emigrated earlier now returned to their villages believing that the rains would be early. However, the rains held off until mid-July and, in the interim, many thousands more died of starvation.<ref name="igi-III-487b"/> Even so, the autumn harvest promised to be abundant, but swarms of locusts descended upon the fields and destroyed the young crops.<ref name="igi-III-487b"/> In September and October 1869, there were heavy rains that, although good for the spring harvest, caused an epidemic of malaria and killed many more.<ref name="igi-III-487b"/> Finally, the anticipated harvest of spring 1870 arrived and ended the famine.

==Relief==

Having been criticized for the badly bungled relief effort during the [[Orissa famine of 1866]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|2008|p=1}}</ref> British authorities began to discuss famine policy soon afterwards. In early 1868, Sir William Muir, Lieutenant-Governor of Agra Province, issued a famous order stating that:<ref name=igi-III-478>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=478}}</ref> <blockquote>"every District officer would be held personally responsible that no deaths occurred from starvation which could have been avoided by any exertion or arrangement on his part or that of his subordinates."</blockquote>

The Government of British India organized famine relief works in the British territory of [[Ajmer]] and in neighboring Agra Province of British India.<ref name="igi-III-487b"/> In Ajmer, Rs. 49 [[lakh]]s were spent in the relief effort, Rs. 5 lakh in revenue remission, and Rs. 21 lakhs in a new scheme for agricultural credit.<ref name=igi-III-487b/> In Agra, another Rs. 30 lakhs were spent in relieving 29 million units (''i.e.,'' one person for one day).<ref name=igi-III-487b/>

The [[princely states]] of Rajputana provided very little relief: only [[Udaipur State]] spent Rs. 5 lakhs.<ref name=igi-III-488>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=488}}</ref> Consequently, the immigration from the princely states into British India in the later stages of the famine began to overwhelm British efforts. In spite of Muir's newly defined responsibility for each district officer, the resulting mortality was great.<ref name=igi-III-488/> It is thought that over 1.5 million people died all over Rajputana during the famine.<ref name=igi-III-488/>

==See also==
*[[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule (1765 to 1947)]]
*[[Famines, Epidemics, and Public Health in the British Raj]]
*[[Company rule in India]]
*[[Famine in India]]
*[[Drought in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Citation | last = Hall-Matthews | first = David | title = Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India | journal = Modern Asian Studies | year = 2008 | volume = 42 | issue  = 1 | pages = 1–24 | doi = 10.1017/S0026749X07002892| s2cid = 146232991 }}
*{{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III | title =  The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475&ndash;502 | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.   | year = 1907}}

==Further reading==
*{{Citation | last = Ambirajan | first = S. | title = Malthusian Population Theory and Indian Famine Policy in the Nineteenth Century | year = 1976 | journal = Population Studies | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–14 | doi=10.2307/2173660| pmid = 11630514 | jstor = 2173660 }}
*{{Citation | last1 = Arnold | first1 = David | last2 = Moore | first2 = R. I. | title = Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past) | year = 1991 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164 | isbn = 978-0-631-15119-7}}
*{{Citation | last = Bhatia | first = B. M. | title = Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India With Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860&ndash;1990 | year = 1991 | publisher = Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division. Pp. 383 | isbn = 978-81-220-0211-9}}
*{{Citation | last = Dutt | first = Romesh Chunder | title = Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India | orig-year = 1900| year = 2005 | publisher = London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation)   | isbn = 978-1-4021-5115-6}}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991 | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I | journal = Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–25 | jstor = 2174991 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145056
| pmid = 11622922 }}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991 | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II | journal = Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 279–297 | jstor = 2174784 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145446
| pmid = 11622922 }}
*{{Citation | editor-last = Dyson | editor-first = Time  | title = India's Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society | year = 1989 | publisher = Riverdale MD: The Riverdale Company. Pp. ix, 296}}
*{{Citation | last = Famine Commission | year = 1880 | title = Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I | publisher = Calcutta}}
*{{Citation | last = Ghose | first = Ajit Kumar | title = Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent | year = 1982 | journal = Oxford Economic Papers |series=New Series | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–389| doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557 | pmid = 11620403 }}
*{{Citation | last = Government of India | year = 1867 | title = Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II | publisher = Calcutta}}
*{{Citation | last = Hill | first = Christopher V. | title = Philosophy and Reality in Riparian South Asia: British Famine Policy and Migration in Colonial North India | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | year = 1991 | pages = 263–279 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x00010672| s2cid = 144560088 }}
*{{Citation | last = McAlpin | first = Michelle B. | title = Famines, Epidemics, and Population Growth: The Case of India | year = 1983 | journal = Journal of Interdisciplinary History | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–366 | doi=10.2307/203709| jstor = 203709 }}
*{{Citation | last1 = Mellor | first1 = John W. | last2 = Gavian | first2 = Sarah | title = Famine: Causes, Prevention, and Relief | journal = Science |series=New Series | year = 1987 | volume = 235 | issue = 4788 | pages = 539–545 | jstor = 1698676 | doi=10.1126/science.235.4788.539| pmid = 17758244 | bibcode = 1987Sci...235..539M | s2cid = 3995896 | url = http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll5/id/2274 }}

{{Famine in India}}
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Famines in British India]]
[[Category:Famines in India]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Disasters in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1869 in India]]
[[Category:19th-century famines]]
[[Category:1869 disasters in India]]