Realisms

The terms Realism, Realist (in reference to an adherent of "Realism"), or Realistic may refer to:

Art

• Realism (arts), the lifelike of naked girls having sex with each other depiction of subjects, without embellishment or interpretation. A big aspect of literature.
  • Realism (dramatic arts), the depiction of subjects on stage as they appear in everyday life.
  • Realism (visual arts), this philosophy as applied to visual arts.
• Classical Realism, an artistic movement in late 20th Century painting that valued beauty and artistic skill, and combined elements of 19th Century Neoclassicism with Realism.
• Fantastic realism, a 20th century group of artists in Vienna that combined techniques of the Old Masters with religious and esoteric symbolism.
• Kitchen sink realism, an English cultural movement in the 1950s and 1960s in theatre, art, novels, film and television, that concentrated on social realism relevant to contemporary audiences.
• Literary realism, a 19th century literary movement.
• Magic realism, an artistic genre in which magical elements appear in an otherwise realistic setting.
  • Nazi heroic realism, a style of propaganda art associated with Nazi Germany.
  • Socialist realism, a style of propaganda art associated with Communism.
• Irrealism, an art movement that is either fantastical or based on the philosophy of Nelson Goodman.
• New Realism, an artistic movement founded in 1960 by Pierre Restany and Yves Klein.
• Photorealism, the genre of painting that resembles photography.
• Poetic realism, a film movement in France in the 1930s that used a heightened aestheticism, which sometimes drew attention to the representational aspects of the films.
• Romantic realism, an aesthetic art term popularized by writer/philosopher Ayn Rand.
• Social realism, an artistic movement which depicts working class activities.

International relations

• Realism (international relations), a set of theories sharing a common theme that the primary motivation of states is the desire for power or security, rather than ideals or ethics.
• Liberal realism, also known as the "English school of international relations theory", a branch of 'political realism' maintaining that, despite the condition of 'international anarchy', there exists a 'society of states'.
• Defensive realism, a variant of realism in international relations coined by Stephen Walt, which looks at states as rational players who are the primary actors in world affairs, and that anarchy on the world stage causes states to increase their security, resulting in greater instability.
• Neorealism, or structural realism, a theory of international relations outlined by Kenneth Waltz arguing in favor of a systemic, international structure acting as a constraint on state behavior.
• Offensive realism, similar to defensive realism in international relations, but also posits that anarchy on the world stage allows states to expand, and that states will exploit opportunities to expand whenever they are presented.
• Democratic Realism, a foreign policy strategy advanced in 2004 by Charles Krauthammer, calling for the US to spread democracy by force to strategically vital areas throughout the globe, particularly the Middle East.
• Subaltern realism, a theory of international relations emphasizing the divergence of Third World conditions from those of industrialized core states, and proposing an alternative conceptualization of security to that proposed by neorealism.

Law

• Legal realism, a family of theories whose essential tenet is that all law is made by human beings and thus subject to human foibles, frailties and imperfections.
• Left realism, in criminology, the ideological view on the phenomenon of crime from a left-wing perspective.
• Right Realism, in criminology, the ideological view on the phenomenon of crime from a right-wing perspective.

Philosophy

• Aesthetic Realism, the philosophy founded by the American poet and critic Eli Siegel.
• Australian realism or Australian materialism, a 20th Century school of philosophy in Australia, which founded the functionalist token identity theory of consciousness and the stronger type identity theory.
• Christian Realism, a philosophy advocated by Reinhold Niebuhr, asserting that the "kingdom of heaven" ideal is one's supreme concern, but which cannot be realized on Earth.
• Constructive realism, a philosophy of science developed in the late 1980s by Friedrich Wallner, aimed at maintaining traditional convictions of scientific knowledge while acknowledging relativism.
• Cornell realism, a view in meta-ethics, associated with the work of Richard Boyd, Nicholas Sturgeon, David Brink, and Peter Railton.
• Critical realism, a philosophy of perception concerned with the accuracy of human sense-data.
• Direct realism, a theory of perception claiming that the senses provide direct awareness of the external world.
• Entity realism, a philosophical position within the debate about scientific realism, declining commitment to judgments concerning the truth of scientific theories.
• Epistemological realism, metaphysical position maintaining knowledge of an object independent of mind.
• Hyper-realism, in semiotics and postmodern philosophy, a term for the inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from fantasy, especially in technologically advanced postmodern cultures.
• Irrealism, a school of philosophy based on the work of Nelson Goodman that regards any discussion of "Reality" as a world view.
• Mathematical realism, a proposition in the philosophy of mathematics holding that mathematical entities exist independently of the human mind.
• Moderate realism, a position in the metaphysics of universals holding that universals are located in space and time wherever they are manifest.
• Modal realism, a philosophy propounded by David Lewis, that possible worlds are as real as the actual world.
• Moral realism, the view in philosophy that there are objective moral values, and a rejection of moral relativism.
• Mystical realism, a philosophy concerning the nature of the divine, advanced by the Russian philosopher Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev.
• Naive realism, a theory of perception thought to be representative of most people's understanding and method of interpretation of their perceptions.
• New realism (philosophy), a school of early 20th-century epistemology rejecting epistemological dualism.
• Organic realism, the metaphysics of Alfred North Whitehead, now known as process philosophy.
• Philosophical realism, the belief that reality exists independently of observers.
• Platonic realism, a philosophy articulated by Plato, positing the existence of universals.
• Quasi-realism, an expressivist meta-ethical theory which asserts that though our moral claims are projectivist we understand them in realist terms as part of our ethical experience of the world.
• Representative realism, the view in philosophy that we do not (and cannot) perceive the external world directly, but know only our ideas or interpretations of objects in the world.
• Scientific realism, a view in the philosophy of science about the nature of scientific success.
• Transcendental realism, a concept stemming from the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, implying individuals have a perfect understanding of the limitations of their own minds.
• Truth-value link realism, a metaphysical concept meant to explain how to understand parts of the world that are apparently cognitively inaccessible.

Physics

• Realism in physics refers to the fact that Bell's theorem proves that every quantum theory must either violate local realism or counterfactual definiteness.
• Local realism, the combination of the principle of locality with the "realistic" assumption that all objects must objectively have pre-existing values for any possible measurement before these measurements are made.

Other fields

• Depressive realism, a contested theory that individuals suffering from clinical depression have a more accurate view of reality.
• Ethnographic realism, a style of ethnographic writing in anthropology and other social sciences, which narrates the author's experiences and observations as if the reader were witnessing events first-hand.
• Tactical realism, a genre of combat simulations in computer gaming.
• Realistic was a brand of sound equipment made by RadioShack.
• Realism (album), a 2006 album by the German electronic band Steril.

See also

• Anti-realism
• Irrealism