Richard Thurnwald

Richard Thurnwald
Born	(1869-09-18)September 18, 1869 Vienna
Died	January 19, 1954(1954-01-19) (aged 84) Berlin
Nationality	Austrian
Scientific career
Fields	Anthropology

Richard Thurnwald (September 18, 1869 – January 19, 1954) was an Austrian anthropologist and sociologist, known for his comparative studies of social institutions.

Biography

He studied law, economics and oriental languages in Berlin, earning a law degree in 1891. He then took a government post, and while being stationed in Bosnia (from 1896), he conducted research of the local social and economic climate. In 1898 he travelled to Egypt, and following his return to Berlin, he took classes in Egyptology and Assyriology (1901–05). In Berlin, he found employment as an assistant curator at the Museum für Völkerkunde.

In 1917 he completed his habilitation at the University of Halle, and several years later, began giving lectures in sociology and anthropology in Berlin (1924). From 1931 to 1936, he taught classes in the United States, giving lectures at Harvard, Yale and at the University of California. After World War II, as a professor at the Free University of Berlin, he established the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology.

During his career, he conducted ethno-sociological studies in the Solomon Islands and Micronesia (1906–09), in New Guinea (1912–15) and in East Africa (1930). He departed from the influential views of Wilhelm Wundt and Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, and believed that by analyzing social institutions comparatively, one could better explain their differences and how these differences determined the fundamental function of each institution. Thus, by comparing functional social structures, Thurnwald formed sequences of historical development.

Robert Lowie praised him in an obituary as "one of the most productive ethnologists of his time".

Published works

In 1925 he founded the journal, Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Soziologie, a publication that was later renamed "Sociologus". From 1931 to 1934, he published the highly acclaimed Die menschliche Gesellschaft in ihren ethno-soziologischen Grundlagen ("The ethno-sociological foundations of human society"; 5 volumes). Several of his works have been published in English, such as:

• "Bánaro society; social organization and kinship system of a tribe in the interior of New Guinea", 1916.
• "Economics in primitive communities", 1932.
• "Black and white in East Africa; the fabric of a new civilization; a study in social contact and adaptation of life in East Africa", 1935.
• "Profane literature of Buin, Solomon Islands", 1936.